aircraft fire and cabin safety research conference 2004 - dr. a. freiling - ref. x26pr0407223 -...
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AIRCRAFT FIRE AND CABIN SAFETY RESEARCH CONFERENCE 2004 - Dr. A. Freiling - Ref. X26PR0407223 - Issue 1
Relation between active and passive Fire Protection Means by the example of Aircraft Lavatories
THE FOURTH
AIRCRAFT FIRE AND CABIN SAFETY RESEARCH CONFERENCE
Lisbon, Portugal
November 15-18 2004
Presented by
Dr. André FreilingFire Protection Systems
Airbus GmbH28199 Bremen / Germany
Tel.: +49 (0) 421 – 538 2762
Fax: +49 (0) 421 – 538 5031
E-mail: [email protected]
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Fire Protection Means in Lavatories
Active Fire Protection Means:
• Smoke Detector
• Automatic receptacle fire extinguisher
Passive Fire Protection Means
• Materials, linings
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Criticality assumptions
Is an undetected Lavatory Fire to be regarded to have a
• HAZARDOUS • allowed probability p=10E-7/FH –> passenger injuries
or
• CATASTROPHIC • allowed probability p=10E-9/FH –> fatalities / loss of aircraft
• shall not result from a single failure
impact on the aircraft?
System Layout of the Fire / Smoke Detection system
depends on the risk to be protected
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Design requirements
Top Level Requirements for Lavatory Design
• The Materials used shall have high burnthrough resistance
• A fire shall be contained within the lavatory compartment
• Small amounts of Smoke may be leaking out of the lavatory, so that the Crew / Pax get aware of the situation
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Assumptions
Assumptions for criticality determination
• Worst case conditions:
The waste bin fire extinguisher and the smoke detector are out of function
The waste bin is the fire source The flap is open (Newspaper stuck inside) A fire in the waste bin ignites also the towel dispenser
(Newspaper could act as fire bridge).
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Test setup
• The receptacle was filled with paper towels according to
MPS „Lavatory Disposal Receptacle Built-In Extinguisher Minimum
Performance Standard“
• An A320 lavatory was used for the test
• The layout of the lavatory was such that the dispenser was located directly
above the receptacle (worst case)
• The flap of the receptacle was opened and fixed by means of a metal device
to assure that it would not close during the test
• The towel dispensers were totally filled
• A Newspaper was arranged in a way that it dealt as fire bridge between the
waste bin and the dispenser
Test setup
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Test setup
Filled receptacleFire Bridge
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Data Recording
2 b/w video cameras inside the lavatory
1 b/w video camera outside the lavatory
1 infrared thermal imaging camera outside the lavatory (monitoring of waste bin area)
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Screenshot / Video
Smoke Generation inside the lavatory
Receptacle is getting hot
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Screenshot / Video
Camera above the receptacle broken
Open fire inside the lavatory
Dispenser has caught fire
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Screenshot / Video
...after the test
The outside wall temperature exceeded 274°C (max thermal imaging camera temperature range)
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Events during the test
Time Event
0min Test Start
5min40sec On the image of the Thermal Camera, the position where the receptacle is located becomes visible on the outer wall (Temperature slightly above room temperature)
8min First smoke becomes visible (inside the lavatory)
13min Smoke emerges visibly out of the lavatory door
14min30sec Open flames from the receptacle
25min The main fire scenario is over, some Elastomers from the dispenser are still burning with a small flame on the basin
30min The fire has extinguished itself
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Test results
Floor: No obvious damages (Dispense fell off the wall) Walls: No burnthrough occurred. On the outside, a small color
damage was noted (30x30cm) Ceiling: No severe damage, just burn marks occurred. Receptacle: The flap showed burn marks but did not start to melt. Installations: The mirror broke due to thermal stress. The basin
area had some burn marks but did not start to melt. Air extraction duct (intake): The thermoplast of the air intake grid
was deformed, but the outlet opening was partially still intact, so that air extraction was assured until the end of the test.
Test Results
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Conclusions
• The test was performed with inoperative extinguishing and fire/smoke detection system
• Lavatory integrity was still given after the fire test due to properties of the lining materials
• If the lavatory lining materials and layout assure that an undetected fire has a HAZARDOUS impact, the fire/smoke detection system design can be simplified compared to fulfilment of requirements for CATASTROPHIC failure conditions (e.g. no redundancy necessary).
Conclusions
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Questions
Thank you.
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