airfield capacity guidebook - center for air transportation systems

DE

N572

Presented by

Pam Keidel-Adams, Landrum & Brown

Brian Poe, Landrum & Brown

PRESENTATION

ACRP Project 03-17 Evaluating Airfield Capacity

February 13, 2012

2 Transportation Research Board 91

st Annual Meeting

Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM

ACRP 03-17: Evaluating Airfield Capacity

JC

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Objectives of Research

Develop Guidebook for airport planners

– All types of airports

– Runways, taxiways, apron areas, aircraft parking positions,

approach/departure procedures

Assess existing modeling techniques beyond AC 150/5060-5 and

ACM

– Identify capabilities and limitations of the existing techniques

– Develop specifications and functional prototype for new model

Present capacity modeling guidelines for

– Determining the appropriate level of modeling sophistication

– Making the process more consistent from airport to airport



st Annual Meeting

Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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ACRP Project 03-17 – Panel and Project Team

Panel and ACRP Support

Rick Busch, Denver – Chair

Greg Albjerg, HNTB

Monica Alcabin, Boeing

David Byers, University of Nebraska

Nancy Dorighi, NASA

Bruce Love, URS

Scott Marsh, PANY&NJ

ACRP Support

Theresia Schatz, ACRP

Joseph Snell, ACRP

Liaison members

Aimee McCormick, FAA

Chris Oswald, ACI-NA

Kent Duffy, FAA

Don Guffey, FAA

Richard Cunard, TRB

Timmy RoIf Schindler, GAO

LeighFisher

Bill Dunlay, PI

Suzanne Akkoush, Project Manager

Landrum & Brown

Matt Lee, Deputy, Deputy PI

Pam Keidel-Adams, Deputy PM

Brian Poe

University of California, Berkeley

Mark Hansen

Liuyi Feier

George Mason University

Lance Sherry

Presentation & Design, Inc.

Patti J. Douglas


st Annual Meeting

Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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ACRP 03-17 – Deliverables

1. Guidebook

2. Decision Hierarchy – How to Choose a Level of Modeling

Sophistication

3. New and Newly Available Tools

a. Prototype of New Spreadsheet Tools

b. Assessment of MITRE runwaySimulator (plans for public release)

4. Final Report

Project deliverables will provide comprehensive

tools for evaluating airfield capacity


st Annual Meeting

Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Scoping Issues for the Project

1. Definitions of Capacity

2. Capacity vs. Aircraft Delay

3. Airfield Components

Three major scope items that define project


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Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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1. Definitions of Capacity

Maximum Throughput:

– How many aircraft operations can a particular airfield accommodate in

given period when there is a continuous demand for service in that

period (i.e., the period is saturated)?

Practical Capacity or Service Volume:

– How many aircraft operations can a particular airfield accommodates at a

specified level of service (e.g., at a specified level of aircraft delay)?

Time interval (15-minutes, hourly, daily, annual)

Guidebook will suggest under what circumstances the various

definitions are appropriate.


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Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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2. Estimating Capacity vs. Aircraft Delay

Will focus on methods for estimating capacity not delay

Will emphasize “maximum-throughput” definition of airfield

capacity rather than practical/service-volume capacity

Will provide guidance and examples for using capacity

estimates in analytical models for estimating aircraft delay


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Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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3. Airfield Components

Major emphasis will be on runways and close-in terminal airspace

Taxiways, aprons, and gates will be included only in terms of how

they affect runway/airspace capacity

– Runway exit and entrance taxiways, parallel taxiways, runway crossings,

bypass taxiways, aprons

– High-level measures of gate capacity vs. airfield capacity


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Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Guidebook Overview


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Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Chapter 2 – Review of Airfield Capacity Concepts

1. Capacity definitions

a. Maximum sustainable throughput

b. Delay-based

2. Factors that Affect Capacity

3. Levels of Capacity Modeling

Sophistication


Primary Reliever GA

Airport Geometry

Runway Exit Design

Runway Entrance Taxiways

Staging Pads/Taxiways

Runway Crossings

Parallel Taxiway

Airport User Information

Aircraft Fleet Mix

Daily Demand Distribution

Aircraft Performance

Avionics Equipage

Braking Action

Random Variability

Runway Use & ATC Procedures

Applicability of Visual Flight Rules

Wake Turbulence #N/A #N/A

Weather

Multiple Approach Technology #N/A #N/A

Runway Specific Fleet Mix

Human Factors

Air Traffic Controller Workload #N/A

Air-Ground Communications

Random Variability

Airspace Factors

Departure Fix Restrictions

Neighboring Airports

Missed Approach

Airport Type

21 Factors


st Annual Meeting

Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Chapter 2 – Levels of Modeling Sophistication



st Annual Meeting

Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Chapter 4 – New and Newly Available Capacity Evaluation

Tools and Guidance

1. Prototype of New Spreadsheet Models (Levels 1, 2, and 3)

2. Soon-to-be-released Level 4 Model – MITRE runwaySimulator

3. Guidance on Estimating Capacity of Specialty Cases

a. Effects of partial parallel taxiways and runway crossings

b. Effects of staggered runway thresholds/runway ends

c. Aircraft type runway-use restrictions

d. Airports without an operating Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT)



st Annual Meeting

Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Chapter 4 – Prototype of New Spreadsheet Tool

Addresses 3 levels of modeling sophistication in 1 tool

Macro-enabled Excel-based file using “tabs”

Will have 3 model options

– Single runway

– Parallel runways

– Intersecting runways

Can calculate hourly capacity and Annual Service Volume

(ASV) as defined in FAA AC 150/5060-5, Airport Capacity and

Delay



st Annual Meeting

Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Chapter 4 – Levels of Modeling



st Annual Meeting

Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Chapter 4 – Prototype of Spreadsheet Model


Airfield Capacity Estimation using Spreadsheet Models

Use the spreadsheet model to quickly estimate airfield capacities for Arrivals only, Departures only and Mixed Operations.

ENTER OR ADJUST MODEL INPUTS

Light Green fill, with Bold Green text

OBSERVE AND EVALUATE OUTPUTS

Blue fill, with Bold White text

USE RESET BUTTON TO RETURN INPUTS TO DEFAULT SETTINGS

Grey fill, with Bold Red text

Calculated/Linked Values & Descriptions have white backgrounds

Comments are attached to Input descriptions to provide understanding/definitions to input titles

INPUTS

OUTPUTS

Reset Inputs

Calculated Values Linked Values


st Annual Meeting

Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Chapter 4 – Partial Input Screen

Meteorological Conditions 90% 10%

VMC-Departure-Arrival Separation 2.0 nm Arrival - Arrival Std. Dev. 18.0 sec

IMC-Departure-Arrival Separation 2.0 nm Departure ROT Std. Dev. 6.0 sec

Length of Common Approach 7.0 nm Z-Value, 95% Confidence 1.645 ------------

Operations Assumption on Touch -N- Go's 0% T-Factor (Touch-N-Go's) 1.00

Aircraft Classification

New Category

Previous FAA Category A B C C C C D

Maximum Gross Takeoff Weight

(MTOW)

Less than 12,500

lbs (Single Engine)

Less than

12,500 lbs

(Twin Engine)

Between

12,500 lbs and

41,000 lbs

Between 41,000

lbs and 255,000

lbs

Between 41,000

lbs and 255,000

lbs

Boeing 757

Series

More than

300,000 lbs

Fleet Mix Enter the actual or expected % share each aircraft class

Share Allocations 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Arrival Runway Occupancy Time Enter the estimated time from touchdown to runway clearance

Time in Seconds 35 40 42 48 52 55 60

Average Approach Speeds Enter the average suggested manufacturers final approach speed under normal conditions

Velocity in Knots 80 90 115 130 135 140 150

Runway Exit Availability 100% No 0

Full Parallel Taxiway 1.00 Yes Availability

Heavy

Excellent (4 or more Exits) Runway Crossing Demand

Full Taxiway Approach Control Radar

Use Advanced Settings to change ATC procedures and adjust

Arrival/Departure mix and priority

INPUTS

VMC, % Occurrence IMC, % Occurrence

Small - S Small - T Small + Large-TP Large-Jet Large-757

RESET INPUTS


st Annual Meeting

Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Chapter 4 – Advanced Features Example

Arrival Gap Spacing Buffer 0.0 sec <----OR----> 1.0 nmiles

Departure Hold Buffer 0.0 sec

Arrival-Arrival Separation Requirements Distance in Nautical Miles (nm)

Trailing Aircraft Leading Aircraft VMC IMC

Small-S --- Heavy Small-S, Small-T 1.9 3.0 3 Alternate IMC Minimum

Small-S --- Small+ Small + 1.9 3.0 3 (if Observed AROT < 50 Seconds)

Large --- Heavy Small + 1.9 3.0 3 Use 2.5 nm in place of 3.0 nm?

Small-S --- Small+ Large-TP, Jet 2.7 4.0

Large --- Heavy Large-TP, Jet 1.9 3.0 3

Small-S --- Small+ Large-757 3.7 5.0

Large --- Heavy Large-757 2.7 4.0

Small-S --- Small-T Heavy 4.6 6.0

Small + --- 757 Heavy 3.6 5.0

Heavy Heavy 2.7 4.0

Departure - Departure Separation Requirements Time in Seconds

Trailing Aircraft Leading Aircraft VMC IMC

Small-S --- Small + Small-S- Small + 35 60

Large -TP --- Large 757 Small-S- Small + 45 60

Heavy Small-S- Small + 50 60

Small-S --- Small+ Large 50 60

Large --- Heavy Large 60 60

Small-S --- Large 757 Heavy 120 120

Heavy Heavy 90 90

Arrival Gap Spacing Buffer

No

Use Advanced Settings to change ATC procedures and adjust

Arrival/Departure mix and priority


st Annual Meeting

Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Chapter 4 – Partial Output Screen

Capacity estimates for:

• Arrival priority

• Departure priority

• Various percentages

of arrivals

Similar to capacity

charts in the FAA

Airport Capacity

Benchmark Report

2004 (and upcoming

2011)

VMC IMC Average

Arrivals Only Capacity 34 26 33

Arrivals Only Capacity (including TNG's) 34 26 33

Departures Only Capacity 60 60 60

Mixed Ops - Departure Capacity (including TNG's) 34 26 33

Total Mixed Operations Capacity 67 52 66

Arrivals Percentage 50% 50% 50%

VMC

VMC Arrival -Departure Capacity Frontier

Save - Used for Graphing only!

Used in Graph

Departures Arrivals Departures Arrivals Departures Arrivals

0 34 0 26 0 33 0 3434 34 26 26 33 33 34 34

60 0 60 0 60 0 60 0

VMC IMC Average

OUTPUTS

Pareto Frontier Chart Selection

0, 3434, 34

60, 0

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Arr

ival

s/H

ou

r

Departures/Hour

VMC Arrival -Departure Capacity Frontier


st Annual Meeting

Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Chapter 4 – MITRE runwaySimulator

ACRP 03-17 Project will provide an independent assessment

of the runwaySimulator for purposes of airfield capacity

evaluation

– Developed at MITRE CAASD

– Discrete-event simulator based on link-node system

– Simulates aircraft on runways & terminal airspace

– Comparison with data from ASPM database

– Appropriate level of modeling sophistication and applications

MITRE plans to release this model to the public in 2012

Jennifer Gentry and Bill Swedish of MITRE will cover this model in more detail


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Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Chapter 5 – How to Select the Level of Modeling Sophistication

Hierarchy/Decision Tree (see next 6 slides)



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Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Chapter 5 – Decision Hierarchy 1: Data Requirements / Availability



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Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Chapter 5 – Decision Hierarchy 2: Checklist Items (1 of 3)


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Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Chapter 5 – Decision Hierarchy 3: Questionnaire (1 of 2)


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Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Chapter 5 – Decision Hierarchy 3: Questionnaire (2 of 2)


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Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Chapter 6: Subsequent Uses of Capacity Information

1. Demand-Capacity Comparisons

2. Aircraft Delay Estimation

3. Aircraft delay-based definitions of capacity (e.g., annual

service volume as defined in FAA FACT studies)

4. Reference ACRP Project 03-20, Defining and Measuring

Aircraft Delay and Airport Capacity Thresholds



st Annual Meeting

Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Guidebook Appendices

A. User’s Guide for Spreadsheet Model

B. Available Guidance on MITRE runwaySimulator

C. Definitions of Terms

D. Essential References and Data Sources

E. Case Studies – lessons learned



st Annual Meeting

Session 562: Jan 24, 2012, 1:30PM- 3:15PM


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Next Steps

1. Submit draft Guidebook, draft Final Report, and results of

modeling tasks to ACRP Panel for review in February 2012

2. Submit final Project deliverables to ACRP by end of March

2012

3. Expect publication of final ACRP Report a few months

thereafter


airfield capacity guidebook - center for air transportation systems

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