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Airo International Research Journal
Volume XIV, ISSN: 2320-3714 March, 2018 UGC Approval Number 63012 Impact Factor 0.75 to 3.19
1
Airo International Research Journal
Volume XIV, ISSN: 2320-3714 March, 2018 UGC Approval Number 63012 Impact Factor 0.75 to 3.19
2
A GEO-ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL OF LANDSLIDES ON ROAD
STRETCH NH-22 NEAR DHARAMPUR, HIMACHAL PRADESH,
INDIA
Mukta Sharma
Assistant Professor, Dept. of civil Engineering, IKGPTU
Shivani Sharma
Project Research fellow, Dept. of civil Engineering, IKGPTU
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ABSTRACT
NH 22 is one of the major National Highways and the only road connecting Shimla with Chandigarh, Haryana
and Punjab. Various newspapers reported more than a dozen landslides in the month of June, July and August
2017 on this highway, which was otherwise been a comfortable route. An expansion of four laning of this
highway is in the process. Unplanned excavation is clearly the major reason for these landslides which has a
multitude of road accidents leading to losses in terms of life and economy apart from creating chaos on the
entire stretch. As a part of the study, 25 km road stretch from Timber trail (Parwanoo) to Kumarhatti was
traversed and 26 landslides were recorded out of which a few were quite major. These landslides have become
an unpredictable dangers in this area, particularly the rubble and boulder mounds, which flank the sides of the
highway. This also poses a threat to the field’s downhill, as these can be easily washed away by heavy
downpour. The entire traversed stretch of the road from Timber trail to Kumarhatti has become highly landslide
prone. Geologically, sandstones intercalated with shales are repeatedly exposed in this area. Area is in the
close vicinity of two major thrusts passing through this area making some of the slopes inherently unstable.
Discontinuity planes have also played a major role in the rock failure at a few of the sites. Detailed geological
investigation of all these reported landslides and other slopes for the slope stability studies have been done. The
scope of this paper is to understand the nature of these landslides and also to study the environmental and
social impact of the same.
Keywords: Landslides, Geo-environment, Road widening, Social impact
1. INTRODUCTION
In the Himalayan terrain slope failures are one of
the most frequently experienced disasters. There
are number of factors which are responsible for
slope failures in Himalayas like geo-dynamics,
steep slopes, fragile geology, hydro-geological
conditions with the natural denudation processes
like weathering and erosion coupled with intense
rainfall (Umrao et.al. 2011). Man-modified slope
constructed for major transportation and
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excavations are the additional triggering factors
along with the factors liable for landsliding in the
natural slopes (Das et al. 2010). Slope failures
along the roads connecting distant mountainous
destinations have a great environmental, social and
economic impact. Numbers of major and minor
landslides are reported every year in the Himalayan
terrain especially in the rainy season disconnecting
the major routes, causing lot of inconvenience to
locals and commuters (Rautela and Pande 2005).
This trend is expected to continue and even worsen
in future due to rapid increase in developmental
activities like road construction, unplanned
mushrooming of shops, hotels, dhabas along the
road side and continued deforestation. The
anthropogenic effects on the mountains resulting
into landslides have become one of the most
important causative factors for slope failures. The
present focus of the paper is a 25 km road stretch of
National Highway 22. NH-22 also known as
Hindustan –Tibet road is one of the major road
connecting Shimla with state of Haryana, Punjab
and Chandigarh. 26 major and minor landslides
have been mapped on a 25 km road stretch from
Timber Trail Resort to Kumarhatti on the highway.
These landslides are reported to be initiated during
the rainy season in months of July and August
2017. Occasional landslides following torrential
rains are not new to this region. However,
the damage caused by these has
enormously increased during this year, after the
beginning of road widening project NH-22 from
Parwanoo to Solan. The unplanned excavation of
rock slopes for road construction and widening
makes the slopes vulnerable (Umrao et.al 2011,
Sarkar et.al, 2012). The stability of the slopes of
NH-22 appears to be altered by ill-planned cutting
of the mountains for the road widening causing
number of failures. This has badly laid down the
entire stretch from Timber Trail to Kumarhatti. The
present study aims to assess the stability of road cut
slopes of this road section and evaluate all the
factors responsible for the first time reported slope
failures. An attempt has been made to assess the
environmental and social impact of these slope
failures.
2. Study Area
The study area, located at 30°5'47'' N latitude,
76°59'41'' E longitude represents varied relief with
high rugged mountains having sharp ridges, deep
narrow valleys, moderately steep slopes,
escarpments, cliff faces. It has generally been
observed that resistant rocks like hard sandstone
form cliffs and escarpments and shale, mudstone
form moderately rounded crested ridges with
moderate to moderately steep slopes. Geologically,
it comprises mainly Palaeogene rocks that are made
up of sandstones, shales and clay beds and are
classified as Subathu, Dagshai and Kasauli
formations (Fig 1). These formations are repeatedly
exposed on the road stretch undertaken for study,
National Highway -22. Megascopically Subathu,
Dagshai, and Kasauli are differentiated mostly by
color differences as these are represented as green,
red and grey facies respectively depending upon
the dominant shale color (Raiverman and Raman
1971). The Subathu formation consisting of
sandstones and shales, is the oldest unit of this
basin, and is structurally and tectonically disturbed.
This formation occurs as a thrust slice between
Paleogene rocks in the northeast and Neogene
rocks in the Southwest. Dagshai formation is
marked by red-violet to purple shales and clays and
fine grained sandstone beds in the study area
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(Sharma and Ravindra 2007). The rocks of the
Kasauli formation are hard, grey, compact, massive
sandstone with intercalations of shale and
mudstone. There is development of Intrafolial folds
in this region. Intrafolial folds develops due to
shearing and occurs in two layers, when a sequence
of interlayered weak and strong layer (eg.
interbedded shale and sandstone) is caught in two
opposing wall of shearing (Kumar and Loyal
2006). Two major dislocations of regional
importance, namely, Main Boundary Fault and
Surajpur Thrust falls in this area (Kumar and
Loyal, 2006, Sharma et al 2007). Besides, there are
faults and thrust of local nature. MBF separates the
rocks of Neogene i.e. Lower Shiwaliks from
Subathu formation and in the Surajpur tectonic unit
Subathus are overlying the Kasauli formation
(Kumar and Loyal, 2006). The area which lies in
the close vicinity of faults is found to be highly
fractured, sheared, and pulverized.
3. Landslides on NH-22
Since the road-widening project began on National
Highway 22 in April 2017, 26 major and minor
landslides (10m to 250m) are recorded and out of
these at least five-six sites have developed into new
large landslide zones (Fig 2). Of these at Timber
trail resort towards upslope about 400 meters
stretch seems to be almost falling apart (Fig. 2a).
Then, there is a newly-formed landslide zone near
Jabli, which has brought down a section of the hill
over a width of more than 70 m (Fig 2c). Although
construction companies have removed the debris
from the road, tonnes of rock still remain in the
landslide zone, posing a hazard. Similarly, some
landslide zones have been created near Dharampur
and Kumarhatti, where there will be a continuous
threat of landslides in the coming time (Fig. 4, Fig.
5, Fig. 6).
It was observed that majority of the landslides
originate in rock cut slopes and was noted to be
debris and rock slides (Fig 4a). Few landslides
originate in weathered rock mass due to highly
jointed rocks (Fig 4b). Large fragments of rocks
sliding down the plane of slope (Fig. 5a) and
colluvial soil material flowing down as mud flow
was also commonly observed (Fig. 5b). Huge
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volume of rock chunks was found to be settled near
the base of landslides (Fig.6). Landslide inventory
of road segment describing the characteristics of
these slope failures is presented in Table 1. These
landslides differ in their mode of failure because of
varying lithology and structure but are reported to
be initiated after the beginning of road widening
work. Rainfall has become the important triggering
factor. The frequency of land sliding has increased
many folds during rainy season and affected the
communication, trade and tourism adversely.
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Volume XIV, ISSN: 2320-3714 March, 2018 UGC Approval Number 63012 Impact Factor 0.75 to 3.19
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Table1. Landslide Inventory of NH-22 (Timber trail to Kumarhatti)
S. No.
Latitude- Longitude
Slope angle
Bedding Joint Lithology Landslide Type/ Width
Affected area/ Anthropogenic activity
Dip Amt. Dip Strike Amt.
1. 30050’38.48’’N 78053’09.44’’E
550 1120 100 N700E N200W-S200E
750 Sandstone Rock Slide /20m
Road/ Road widening
2. 30050’08.999’’N 76059’01.997’’E
500 3050 420 S150
W N750W-S750E
580 Sandstone Rock Slide / 35-40m
Road/ Road widening
3. 30050’05.997’’N 76059’05.612’’E
550 1900 530 S150E S750W-N750E
360 Sandstone Rock Slide /400m
Road/ Road widening
4. 30050’10.956’’N 76059’11.212’’E
450 1550 300 S230
W N670W-S670E
700 Purple Shale
Continuous zone of slides (Active) (250m)
Road/ Road widening
5. 30050’12.880’’N 76059’02.997’’E
600 3450 620 N100E N800W-S800W
550 Sandstone Rock slide/30m
Road/ Road widening
6. 30050’23.978’’N 76059’07.512’’E
580 Purple Shale
Debris fall /20m
Road/ Road widening
7. 30050’25.334’’N 76059’05.612’’E
530 3150 510 N120E N780W-S780E
400 Purple Shale
Debris slide/30m
Road/ Road widening
8. 30050’25.334’’N 560 Sandstone Rock Slide Road/ Road
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76059’05.612’’E /20m widening
9. 30050’26.344’’N 76059’28.222’’E
520 3350 550 Shale Debris (tree trunks)/50m
Road/ Road widening
10. 30050’27.837’’N 76059’33.006’’E
550 Shale Debris Slide / 40m
Road/ Road widening
11. 30050’37.617’’N 76059’30.989’’E
200 1450 420 3080 410 Highly weathered Shale
debris Slide /300m
Road/ Road widening
12.
30050’47.787’’N 76059’41.636’’E
310 3450 200 1270 700 Purple Shale
Debris slide/20m
Road, stream on lower side due to disposed debris/ Road widening
13. 30050’09.390’’N 76059’57.956’’E
480 350 300 1350 600 Purple Shale
Debris fall /40m
Road/ Road widening
14. 30050’57.037’’N 76059’47.006’’E
450 1450 350 Kasauli Sandstone
Rock Slide /40m
Road/ Road widening
15. 30050’58.997’’N 76059’50.997’’E
520
Kasauli Sandstone
Rock Slide /40m
Road/ Road widening
16. 30050’40.897’’N 76059’52.337’’E
540 3100 300 1450 530 Alluvium Alluvium flow/300m
Road, stream on the lower side due to disposed debris/ Road widening
17. 30051’25.591’’N 76059’01.360’’E
530 1350 330 Sandstone Rock sllide/30m
Road/ Road widening
18. 30052’16.882’’N 76059’52.423’’E
580 50 530 Shale Debris fall (Tree trunk)/150m
Road/ Road widening
19. 30052’39.517’’N 76059’39.336’’E
550 Sandstone Big boulders/40m
Road/ Road widening
20. 30052’32.688’’N 76059’57.982’’E
450 Dagshai Sandstone
Rock slide(Active)/70m
Road/ Road widening
21. 30053’14.221’’N 76059’52.090’’E
600 Red Sandstone
Rock slide/30m
Road/ Road widening
22. 30053’25.205’’N 76059’50.482’’E
570 Purple Shale
Debris flow /20m
Road/ Road widening
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23. 30053’12.699’’N 76000’21.66’’E
580 350 370 Purple Shale
Debris flow/30m
Road/ Road widening
24. 30053’37.490’’N 77000’11.862’’E
560 Alluvium Alluvium flow/20m
Road/ Road widening
25. 30053’54.401’’N 76059’14.107’’E
520 3500 520 Shale Debris(tree trunks)/50m
Road/ Road widening
26. 30053’45.523’’N 76000’37.77’’E
550 3150 250 Shale Debris slide/45m
Road/ Road widening
3.1 CAUSATIVE FACTORS FOR
LANDSLIDES ON NH 22
a. Lithology
Lithology has a control over the occurrence of
landslide. Softer rocks like shale, clay rocks are
more prone to landslides in comparison to harder
rocks like quartzite and limestone. Keeping in view
the overall terrain condition of the study area, the
major rocks are classified as sandstone, shales,
siltstone, mudstone, Limestone, quartzite and
alluvium. Presence of alternate hard and soft clayey
bands and active tectonic zones makes the geology
of the area very fragile. Shale is highly prone to
weathering and once its cleavage is in the direction
of the dip, landslides are bound to occur when it
rains. In addition to this, the soils formed from
shale are relatively impermeable therefore when it
rains; their weight increases as the amount of rain
increases leading to mass movement. Highly
jointed sandstones also support the incidences of
landslides.
b. Hydrological Factors
Rainfall contributes to the instability of slopes by
means of infiltration or increase of pore pressure by
raising water table (Crozier, 1986).The diverse
influences exerted by the rain have been
extensively investigated by many researchers
working in the field of slope stability and landslide
control (Asch et al, 1999; Lin and Jeng, 2000). It is
noted that for deep seated landslides, the swelling
of groundwater table or perched water table along
with rock and soil softening by rainfall infiltration
influences the stability whereas, shallow landslides
are dominated by transient pore pressure in
response to rainfall process, combined with water
washing or soil erosion. It is generally accepted
that the rainfall triggering of landslides is
controlled by hydrogeology of slope forming
materials (Tsaparas et al, 2002). The percolation of
water is facilitated by the inter-bedded sandstone
and shale along the hillslopes in the present area of
study. Further, the water flow appears to be
restricted by the blockade of natural outlets. There
is more infiltration than the run-off along the man-
made barricades/ retaining walls. Seepage or
percolation of rain water appears to be the
important factor of the slope stability. Majority of
the landslides are found to have initiated in this
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year after the monsoon precipitation in the months
of July and August 2017. Rainfall trends of the
study area are observed and compared in terms of
amount of rainfall received in the peak rainfall
months that is from June to August for the year
2017 and 2016. It is observed that 200mm to
300mm rainfall was received in these months in
2017 which is comparatively lesser than previous
year i.e. 250mm to 316mm. Even though the
rainfall received is less than previous years more
landslide incidences thus directly owes to exposed
slopes due to road widening. Rainfall washed away
the soil cover which is exposed due to massive
deforestation and slope cutting. The region has
been very stable in the past with no major incidents
of landslides, even during peak of rainy seasons,
but it has been rendered vulnerable due to human
interference.
c. Road cutting
The involvement of geologists, planners and
engineers is important for any hill road
construction project. Unscientifically-planned roads
and buildings have greatly increased landslide
incidences not only in this area, but throughout the
Himalayas. Human interference with the slopes, to
cut roads or enlargement of highways, has led to
massive landsides (Siddique et al 2015, Umrao et al
2011). Cutting and filling along roads and the
removing of forest vegetation are capable of greatly
altering slope form and ground water conditions
(Swanson and Dyrness 1975). These altered
conditions may significantly increase the degree of
landslide hazard present (Sidle, Pearce et al. 1985;
Varnes 1985). DeGraff (1982) illustrated that
building a road, which cuts off the toe of a steep
slope can increase, landslide susceptibility. The
four laning project of NH-22 in its first phase, from
Timber Trail to kumarhatti is under construction at
present. The cutting and excavation carried out for
the widening of the road in the initial stage has
amounted to imbalance in the natural stability of
the slopes, in terms of slackened slope mass and
moderately steep slope gradient. Excavation has
left the slopes bare and exposed to the impacts of
rainfall. Number of landslides on the highway has
exposed the fragile ecology of this road.
d. Deforestation
Evidence for a cause and effect relationship
between landsliding and cutting of trees is
reviewed in various papers (Gray 1973, Schwarz et
al, 2010). Forest plays a significant role in the
protection of soil, and deforestation can cause
erosion of soil, slow movements (creeps) and even
large landslides. For widening of highways large
scale deforestation, indiscriminate cutting of trees
and removal of forest cover in this area is being
carried out. More than twelve thousand trees are
reported to be cut off from Parwanoo to solan since
the beginning of this project. Deforestation is the
prime cause for soil erosion and soil movement.
Reducing forest cover in this area leads to
instability of the lithology.
4. Environmental and Social Impact of
Landslides on NH-22
Landslides have a great impact on environment
which further directly effects the socioeconomic
sector. Landslides are destructive agents. They
change and modify the landscape – they disturb it.
Destruction and disturbance is costly in terms of
loss of resources as landslides destroys forests,
agricultural land, deposits sediment into a stream,
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or pollutes a drinking water source (M.Geeratsema
et,al 2009, Geertsema M., Pojar, J.J. 2007)
The present condition of NH-22 road stretch
between timber trail to kumarhatti is very annoying
for both the locals and commuters. The road stretch
is filled with debris material, uprooted trees and lot
of dust around. Locals are distressed with
continuous dust due to excavation works and
erosional processes. Large bulges of dislodged
material from the excavated slopes are formed at
the toe of the slopes. It was observed as a part of
the road clearance, this waste mass is disposed off
on the downhill side over the riverside slopes
further blocking the natural drainages (Fig 3). This
is adding the sediment load in the stream down the
valley and can even dam the stream. Landslide
dams can flood the valleys and can pose great
threat to human lives and environment.
During the field survey, seven-eight residents of
that area conveyed that cracks have appeared in
their houses after the excavation and land sliding.
Loss to the property and agricultural fields of the
local people has hampered their economic growth.
The fields have started creeping. Landslides pose
inconveniences to the commuters due to heavy
traffic jam en-route Chandigarh Shimla as this is
the only highway connecting these two major
tourist and political destinations. Landslides during
later monsoons also created problems in movement
of horticulture produce like apples as this very road
is used for transportation and hence affecting
livelihood of farmers of hilly state. People from
this region of Himachal Pradesh have access to
major Government Hospital, PGIMER which is
located in Chandigarh. Hence, threat to life of those
in critical health conditions was caused as the
ambulances got stuck in the heavy traffic jams in
few reported incidences. All this has traumatised
the people as they have to live in same state of
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critical condition of slope failures and thus in fear
of loosing life and property.
Since the project is in its initial stage, and shall be
carried out in phases and extended upto Shimla in
coming months proper consolidation through
appropriate structural designing and inventory or
landslides can be prepared so that the excavation in
the up-coming areas would help in avoiding
landslides to a large extent.
5. Discussion
With the advent of four laning of the National
Highway 22, the entire stretch where work is in
progress has been rendered unstable. The
preliminary field investigations and analysis of
available existing information suggest that the main
cause of failure on the uphill slope is excavation.
Continuous excavation due to road widening has
created piles of loose material over and around the
slopes. This unconsolidated overburden easily
allows water to percolate thereby saturating the
slopes and causing instability. Therefore loose
debris must be removed from over the slope. This
can also reduce the dead load and minimises the
chances of slope instability.
Particularly during the rainy season, rising ground
water levels, unlined gullies, and naked slopes
together allow rainwater to saturate the subsurface.
This results in the development of undesirable pore
pressure that reduces the shear strength of slope
forming material. Hence, it is imperative that the
naked slopes be covered by vegetation. Slopes must
be stabilised by improving the surface and
subsurface drainage conditions. Undesirable
surface waters should be drained into natural
stream channels using lined drains or it shall be
diverted to sites where running water will not affect
the area.
Failures along the discontinuity planes in the highly
jointed and fractured rockmass are also commonly
observed in this area. Presence of discontinuities
allows more water to seep in and thereby increases
the weathering susceptibility of slope mass.
Chances of developing of new cracks also increase
with this. This loosens the structural integrity of
slope mass. Any infrastructure developed on such
sites would be endangered. Therefore all the
discontinuities may be temporarily or permanently
sealed by mortar, asphalt, etc. In North Eastern
India, polythene sheets spread over affected areas
have come out as excellent temporary measures
(Nagaland State Disaster Management Plan 2012).
It is possible to reduce the potential impact of
natural landslide activity and limit development-
initiated landslide occurrence by early
consideration of these effects. The involvement of
geologists, planners and engineers is therefore
important for any hill road construction project. A
geological investigation is important to avert a
number of unforeseen problems that arise during
and after the actual construction is required. Also,
during the construction, the geological structures
like faults, cross faults, thrusts and many other
linear features are often exposed during the cutting
process and it may prove to be extremely hazardous
for the stability of the slopes in the mountainous
region (Bell 2009, Satyaprakash et.al 2015). If
detailed geological investigations had been done in
the region, these problems would not have cropped
up. Proper remedial measures must be taken at the
earliest as the problem can be alleviated to a large
extent as the widening of the highway is yet to
cover a long distance/ stretch. If proper measures
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are not taken immediately, this road too would turn
out to be similar to many other landslide prone
declared endangered routes. Environmental
restoration in terms of afforestation should be
carried out side by side in terms that the number of
trees chopped down during the process should be
compensated with the planting of trees in the
surrounding areas. It is imperative that stakeholders
must be awared and cautioned of potentially
hazardous areas.
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Central Taiwan-Typhoon” Herb:
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