airport design lecture

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INTRODUCTION FOR AIRPORT TERMINAL DESIGN

PREFACE

Airports considered the Gateway of every country is one of the most

neglected Infrastructure developments in the Philippines.

Airports measured as the reflection of the country’s economic and

cultural background should have been part of the priority of our

Government in the Modernization program. I believed that

Modernization as an Investment equals to our Countries growth and

will achieve our aims in the campaign for tourism.

Having tag as having the most Worst Airport in the world mirrors the

kind of people we are presenting to the other Nations.

Being humiliated by outsider during my studies abroad on the

conditions of our airports post a challenge to me in my interest in

learning more about Airports Design & its Services.

To All my future colleague, I am glad that We share the same interest

of the Airport design through your thesis.

Ar. Willie Y. Chua aci,aia,usgbc,uap

AIRPORT DESIGN DEVELOPMENT BACKGROUNDS

Airport Terminal Design – is a very complex in terms of the design

procedures. Architects Skills and long field of experience in design

are not the passport of being able to Design an Airport terminal.

Basic Principle and long list of studies and requirements needed shall

be considered from outside the Terminal ( Ground or Air ).

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This Lecture will teach you basic principles of the major issues in the

Airport Terminal design process.

THREE ELEMENTS OR PARTS OF AN AIRPORT

Three important considerations that may affect the design process

of a Terminal. These three elements are inter-connected to each

other and will dictate the design limitation of the project.

AIRSPACE

The portion of the Atmosphere controlled by a country above its

territory, including territorial waters.

What are this Airspace?

Air Navigation path

Identify the Meteorology / Weather conditions of the Area.

• Air Traffic - also identify as Flight path by the Pilots. This is the

line, course or tract along which an aircraft is flying

or is intended to be flown.

• Military airspace (Military zone / Military Operating area )– This is

a segregated air space use by the Military which are

are commonly known as the Danger zone for the

Pilots.

This airspace are intended for Military Pilot training

flight , Combat training , Testing for Explosive

weapons.

AIRSIDE

• The most secured part of an Airport and most

highly regulated . It is an area for aircraft

movement and operation.

• Occupied 80% of the total land area of an Airport

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AIRSIDE Design consideration:

• Topography – verify the Landscape and the community zoning

of the area.

o Mountains and Volcano

o Existing roads and River

o Farm

o Environmentally / ECO protected area

• Existing Infrastructure-

o Industrial – Factories, Power plant, High

Tension Tower cable, Pipeline , Drainage &

Sewage system

o Community – Hospital, School, Residence,

Military camp, Commercial building

Airside are composed of the ff:

• Runway

o The most important part of an Airport

o Must be oriented in the direction of a

prevailing wind.

• Taxiway

o This is the Connection between the Runway

and Apron, serves as the Taxi route /

Aircraft rolling for the departing and arriving

aircraft to and from the Apron & Runway

• Apron

o Parking and staging area of Aircraft.

Located adjacent to the Terminal building or

Hangars

o serves for loading and un-loading for

passenger and cargo

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o circulation space for service vehicles and

equipment

- cargo

- catering services

- fuel tank truck

• Other Infrastucture

o This are the structures and Facilities that

has a direct access to the Runway.

o Control Tower

o Hangar

o Airline catering building

o Rescue & Fire fighting building

o Maintenance building

o Cargo / Freight companies building

o General aviation Companies

o Flying schools

o Military camp

LANDSIDE

o The part of an Airport farthest from the Runway and Aircraft movement

o The boundary of which the security check

and customs, passport control and other

service facilities.

Landside may composed of the ff:

a. Airport Terminal

b. Airline Company Office buildings

c. Hotels

d. Convention Center

e. Bus or Transportation Terminal

f. Train Station

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g. Parks and Re-creational facilities

h. Government Building ( Aviation agency )

i. Shopping mall

j. Others

AIRPORT TERMINAL

WHAT IS AN AIRPORT TERMINAL?

Is a building where passengers transfer between ground and

the facilities that allow them to board a disembark from Aircraft.

DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATION OF AN AIRPORT

HUB

• Serves as a transfer point of different airlines to get passenger to

their intended destination.

• Serves as stop-over of a long haul flight of Different Airline for

check-up, re-fueling and aircraft maintenance.

• Shopping Center and a Life style airpor

POINT TO POINT

• Airport that serves to a direct flight travel. This Airport are usually

use as a Home base for an airlines companies.

LOW COST

• Is it also known as the secondary or alternative airport, This type

of airport is also known as the airport for the masses.

• Airport serves the Budget Airline companies.

MAIN GATEWAY

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• An Airport that serves as the main entry point to a country by

being the primary arrival and Departure point.

CHARTERED

• This is a Mini Airport owned by private chartered companies for

private chartered flight.

• This type of Airport for Executive ( As we call it ) offers a VIP

service enables a travelers to bypass the hassle of a public

airport and airline services.

LEISURE

• A Small Airport that primary users are Tourist and vacationers .

CARGO

• Airport that is intended only for Cargo activities and movement

FULL SERVICE

• Practically the combination of all the other Airports

DESIGN AND AGENCIES INVOLVES IN DESIGN PROCESS

• National,Regional,Local Authorities that has jurisdiction in the

Project

Ex. DOTC,CAAP,Dept of Finance(if it is finance by the

Government),Mayor,Congressman,Senator,Secretaries and the

President.

• Control authorities

Ex. Customs, Immigration, Police, Security agencies, Fire brigade

• Engineering group/ Consultants

Ex. Structural / Civil Engr/, Electrical Engr./ Sanitary Engineer Engr./

Waste management Engr./ Transportor Road Engr./Air traffic

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management Engr./ Communication and Electronic Engr./

Economist / Finance specialist / lawyers /Geologies and geodetic.

• Airport Operator ( The one will manage the Terminal )

• Airline Companies

• Pilot Community ( thru the Pilot association )

• Concessionaire ( Commercial tenants )

• Local Business group

• Local Community group

• Tourism group

• People with Disability group

• Ground Transportation group

• Conservative and Environmental group

• INVESTOR

LEGISLATION AND CODES CONSIDERATION

Airport terminal design are bound with laws, guidelines and coed

which are important reference during design stage.

• IATA – International Aviation

• ICAO – International Civil Aviation Organization

• CAAP – Civil Aviation Association of the Philippines

• Local -Building code

• Fire Code

• All Engineering code

• Regional and Local regulation law ( ex. Zoning & Land use )

• Environmental legislation ( In many Countries )

• Constitution

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE AN AIRPORT TERMINAL DESIGN:

There is no Ideal Shape, Design, Size, Character , Architecture that

are require when designing an Airport terminal. Although there are

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laws and guideline to be follows concerning security, passenger

traffic flows and etc.

Airport terminal design are influence by many factors depending the country we

are in:

1. Climate

2. Soil Characteristic / Location/ Geography

3. Intended Function( Type of terminal )

4. Type of Aircraft to be serve

5. Culture

6. Politics

7. Fund

8. Business program/ target revenue

9. Availability of Construction Materials

PASSENGER TERMINAL CONFIGURATION

SIMPLE TERMINAL

• Ideal for Low-cost Terminal

• Single level

• Easy to build

• Easy to expand

• Short walking distance

• Enough room for expansion

• Simple aircraft parking

• No Bridge

• Ex. Provincial Domestic Airport

LINEAR TERMINAL

• Fits on a thin sites

• Usually- multi level

• Easy to build

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• Easy to expand

• Need Walkalator for walking/ Good Passenger traffic flow

• Enough room for Aircraft parking

• With Bridge

TERMINAL WITH PIERS/FINGERS

• Needs big space for site


• Complicated to build

• No room for Expansion

• Need Walkalator for walking

• Limit Aircraft parking & Circulation

• With AirBridge

Sample Linear Terminal

Finger Type

Need Walkalator for walking/ Good Passenger traffic flow

Enough room for Aircraft parking

TERMINAL WITH PIERS/FINGERS

Needs big space for site

multi level

Complicated to build

No room for Expansion

Need Walkalator for walking

Limit Aircraft parking & Circulation

Finger Type Terminal

Curvillinear Terminal

Need Walkalator for walking/ Good Passenger traffic flow

Terminal

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TERMINAL WITH SATELLITES





• Need Walkalator for walking / confusing passenger traffic flow

• Need Transportation to move to the other satellite

• Underground / Sky train

• Service bus


• With AirBridge

TERMINAL WITH REMOTE PIERS & SATELLITE





• Need Walkalator for walking / confusing passenger traffic flow

• Need Transportation to move to the other satellite

• Underground / Sky train

• Service bus

Terminal with Satellite

WITH SATELLITES


multi level



Need Walkalator for walking / confusing passenger traffic flow

Need Transportation to move to the other satellite

Underground / Sky train


TERMINAL WITH REMOTE PIERS & SATELLITE


multi level




Need Transportation to move to the other satellite

Underground / Sky train

Satellite



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• With AirBridge

4 TYPES OF PROCESSING LEVEL DESIGN

SINGLE LEVEL

Side by side arrival and Departure on a single level

• Suitable for smaller Airport

• Air bridge are not needed


TYPES OF PROCESSING LEVEL DESIGN

Side by side arrival and Departure on a single level

for smaller Airport

Air bridge are not needed

Remote Piers & Satellite

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SPLIT LEVEL

Side by side arrival and Departure with two level

same floor level for inbound &

• No need for elevated road since Kerbside ( Departure & Arrival

) activity take place at Ground level.

• Escalator and Elevator should be provided

• Air bridge are needed

• Possible of Traffic congestion of inbound and outbound

passenger during peak hour

TWO LEVEL

Side by side Arrival and Departure

the floor level for the Inbound Outbound Concourse.

• Suitable for Big Airport


• Less Passenger traffic flow of both inbound and outbound

passenger at Concourse & Arrival hall, How

traffic at the Airside Interface

Side by side arrival and Departure with two level Terminal

inbound & Outbound Concourse.

No need for elevated road since Kerbside ( Departure & Arrival

activity take place at Ground level.

Escalator and Elevator should be provided

Air bridge are needed

Possible of Traffic congestion of inbound and outbound

passenger during peak hours at Concourse and Arrival hall.

Arrival and Departure with two level terminal. Separate

the floor level for the Inbound Outbound Concourse.

Suitable for Big Airport


Less Passenger traffic flow of both inbound and outbound

at Concourse & Arrival hall, However may create

traffic at the Airside Interface

erminal. Share the

No need for elevated road since Kerbside ( Departure & Arrival

Possible of Traffic congestion of inbound and outbound

at Concourse and Arrival hall.

terminal. Separate

Less Passenger traffic flow of both inbound and outbound

ever may create

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SEVERAL LEVEL

Multi –level floors with full segregation of all

the arrival and departure

• Suitable for High Volume passengers and Se

Aircraft

• The most ideal design in terms of passengers movement inside

the Terminal

• Expensive Design


THREE COMPONENTS OF PASSENGER TERMINAL

DEPARTURE AREA

Kerbside

• Loading and un-loading area for passengers

CARS,TAXI,BUS,RAIL NETWORK and other transport service

• Public parking, Service parking, tourist bus parking & ets

level floors with full segregation of all passenger traffic

arrival and departure as well as in the concourse.

Suitable for High Volume passengers and Serving wide body

The most ideal design in terms of passengers movement inside


COMPONENTS OF PASSENGER TERMINAL

loading area for passengers using


Public parking, Service parking, tourist bus parking & ets

passenger traffic flow in

ving wide body

The most ideal design in terms of passengers movement inside

COMPONENTS OF PASSENGER TERMINAL


Public parking, Service parking, tourist bus parking & ets

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• Pedestrian lane ( roads,Sidewalk & Ramp )

• Service road and emergency access for Airport facilities

Processing / Holding areas

• Concourse / Service

o Flight information monitor

o Information and Security desk

o Waiting area ( Seating and Lounge )

o Service facilities ( Elevator, Escalator, Hallway ,

Stairs & etc )

o Queuing area

o Toilets

o Prayer room

o Travel agencies counter

o Other services

• Airline ticketing

o Check-in counter

o Self check-in counter

o Drop bag

• Offices / Lounge

o Airport Administration Offices ( Airport

Operator,Custom,Security,Immigration,Airline

offices,Tourism offices, Pilot and staff lounge

• Retail

o Restaurant/ Coffee shops

o Shop

o Duty free tax store

• Security

o Security control doors & queuing area

o Outbound Immigration ( For International flight )

o Outbound Customs ( a separate Customs

monitoring group are assigned for outbound

baggage’s )

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Airside Interface

• Departure waiting lounge

o Seating area

o Kid’s play area

• Airport Lounge

• Departure gate

• Retail store

• Duty free tax store

ARRIVAL AREA

Kerbside

• Loading and un-loading area for passengers using


DEPARTURE AREA

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• Public parking, Service parking, tourist bus parking & ets

o Carpark building should be separated to the

terminal for security purpose )

• Pedestrian lane ( roads,Sidewalk & Ramp )

• Service road and emergency access for Airport facilitie

Arrival hall

• Concourse / Service

o Meeting and greeters area

o Flight information monitor

o Information and Security desk

o Service facilities ( Elevator, Escalator, Hallway ,

Stairs & etc

o Transportation Service counter

o Tourism area

o Hotels service desk

o Money changer

o Toilets

• Retail

o Restaurant/ Coffee shops

o Shop

• Inbound baggage Sorting and Reclaim area

o Baggage reclaim area

o Inbound Customs control

Airside interface

• Passenger Gates ( Airbridge / Stairs or Buses from remote stand

)

• Inbound Immigration

• Retail store

• Queuing space

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GENERAL FEATURES

1. Baggage handling

2. Engineering ( Mechanical, Water & Plumbing ,

Electrical )

3. Control Tower

4. Apron Control building

5. Deliveries and Cargo Storage ( with Security system )

ARRIVAL AREA

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6. Maintenance area

7. Emergency and Medical facilities

GENERAL FEATURE

airport design lecture

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