Airstream

Mechanism Umm-e-Rooman Yaqoob

Group 2 Members:

• Umm-e-Rooman Yaqoob Roll No. 03 (Leader)

• Faiza Anwar Kamal Roll No. 19• Samia Shabbir Roll No. 24• Rabia Ashiq Roll No. 28• Kinza Qaisarani Roll No. 37• Sara George Roll No. 38• Mehak Rasool Roll No. 43

Umm-e-Rooman Yaqoob

Roll No. 03

Articulatory phonetics• Humans produce different kinds

of sounds, not all related to language (e.g, coughing, burping).

• Major aspects of speech production:

i. airstream mechanism ii. state of the vocal cordsiii.state of the velumiv.place & manner of articulation

Speech Sounds• All speech sounds result from air

being somehow obstructed or modified within the vocal tract. This involves three processes working together:

a) the airstream process--the source of air used in making the sound.

b) the phonation process--the behaviour of the vocal cords in the glottis during the production of the sound.

c) the oro-nasal process--the modification of flow of air in the vocal track (from the glottis to the lips and nose).

Airstream mechanism • In phonetics, the airstream

mechanism is the method by which airflow is created in the vocal tract. Along with phonation and articulation, it is one of three main components of speech production. The airstream mechanism is mandatory for sound production and constitutes the first part of this process, which is called initiation.

Creating Pressure

• We initiate airflow by creating pressure in the vocal tract.

• Direction of initiatory movement creates two types of pressure:

a. Positive Pressure = Egressive = Outgoing

b. Negative Pressure = Ingressive = Incoming

Locations of Initiation

• Initiation at lungs

• Initiation at glottis

• Initiation at velum

• Pulmonic Egressive (common)

• Pulmonic Ingressive (rare)

• Glottalic Egressive (Ejectives)

• Glottalic Ingressive (Implosives)

• Velaric Egressive (Clicks)

• Velaric Ingressive (Not used)

Mehak RasoolRoll No. 43

Pulmonic initiation• Initiation by means of the lungs

(actually the diaphragm and ribs) is called pulmonic initiation.

• The airstream which originates in the lungs is called a pulmonic airstream, and since the air flows outward, it is said to be egressive (i.e. outgoing).

• However, the air can also flow inward, in which case we talk of an ingressive airstream.

Egressive Pulmonic Airstream• Pulmonic egressive sounds are

found in all human languages. In many languages, such as English, all of the sounds are pulmonic egressive.

• Pulmonic egressive, where the air is pushed out of the lungs by the ribs and diaphragm. All human languages employ such sounds (such as vowels), and nearly three out of four use them exclusively.

• The majority of human sounds are produced by an egressive pulmonic airstream. This movement describes an outgoing airstream produced by the lungs and is regarded as the only airstream mechanism that uses lung air.

• All English sounds (both consonants and vowels) are produced by an egressive pulmonic air-stream mechanism, because we speak while we expel air from our lungs (this type of airstream mechanism is also common in other European languages).

Rabia AshiqRoll No. 28

Pulmonic ingressive • There is another variety of

pulmonic airstream mechanism. Inhaled air can also be modified to produce speech sounds. This actually occurs in a few rare and special cases, such as in Tsou, an aboriginal language of Taiwan, which has inhaled [f] and [h]; Such sounds are called pulmonic ingressive sounds, and the airstream mechanism for making such sounds is called the ingressive pulmonic airstream mechanism.

• In the 1980s, a dialect of Tsou was discovered which made use of pulmonic ingressive sounds.

• In interjections, but not in normal words, pulmonic ingressive vowels or words occur on all continents

• The majority of human sounds are produced by an egressive pulmonic airstream instead of ingressive pulmonic airstream.

Glottalic initiation• It is possible to initiate airflow

in the upper vocal tract by means of the vocal cords or glottis. This is known as glottalic initiation.

• There are two types of initiation in glottis:

i. Ejectivesii. Implosives

• Glottalic egressive, where the air column is compressed as the glottis moves upward. Such consonants are called ejectives. Ejective and ejective-like consonants occur in 16% of the languages.

• Glottalic ingressive, where the air column is rarefied as the glottis moves downward. Such consonants are called implosives. Implosive and implosive-like consonants occur in 13% of the world's languages.

Sara GeorgeRoll No. 38

Egressive glottalic initiation• For egressive glottalic initiation, one

lowers the glottis (as if to sing a low note), closes it as for a glottal stop, and then raises it, building up pressure in the oral cavity and upper trachea.

• Glottalic egressives are called ejectives. The glottis must be fully closed to form glottalic egressives, or the air column would flow backwards over it; it is therefore impossible to pronounce voiced ejectives. Ejective allophones of voiceless stops occur in many varieties of English at the ends of intonation units.

Ejectives

Ingressive glottalic • Glottalic ingressives are called

implosives, although they may involve zero airflow rather than actual inflow. Because the air column would flow forwards over the descending glottis, it is not necessary to fully close it, and implosives may be voiced; indeed, voiceless implosives are exceedingly rare.

• It is usual for implosives to be voiced. Instead of keeping the glottis tightly closed, it is tensed but left slightly open to allow a thin stream of air through.

• If the closed glottis is lowered to create a small vacuum in the mouth, an implosive consonant is produced. The lowering glottis acts like the downward movement of a piston to create a brief rarification of the air in the vocal tract. When the stricture in the mouth is released air moves into the mouth.

• Swahili has three implosives: [b], [d], [g]. Implosives occur mostly in languages of east Africa, in several Amerindian languages and in some IE languages of northern India.

Faiza Anwar Kamal

Roll No. 19

Lingual (velaric) initiation• The third form of initiation in human

language is lingual or velaric initiation, where a sound is produced by a closure at two places of articulation, and the airstream is formed by movement of the body of the tongue. Lingual stops are more commonly known as clicks, and are almost universally ingressive.

• There is regular oral articulation, while the back of tongue seals off air from the lungs and creates a relative vacuum.

• English uses a few of them for quasi-linguistic sound gestures: 'grandmother's kiss' (bilabial click), encouraging a horse (lateral click), tisk-tisk (actually a dental or alveolar click).

Velaric egressive • Lingual egressive initiation is

performed by reversing the sequence of a lingual ingressive: the front and back of the tongue (or lips and back of the tongue) seal off the vocal cavity, and the cheeks and middle of the tongue move inward and upward to increase oral pressure.

• Velaric egressive sounds are physically impossible because there is no way to compress the portion of the oral tract between the velar closure and the anterior closure.

Velaric ingressive • Velaric ingressive sounds are

called clicks. Many English speakers have some clicks used paralinguistically. For example, the kissing sound that many people make at babies is a bilabial click. The sound that some people use to call to horses is an alveolar click. The only languages that use clicks as regular speech sounds are found in Southern Africa.

• To produce a lingual ingressive airstream, first close the vocal tract at two places: at the back of the tongue, as in a velar or uvular stop, and simultaneously with the front of the tongue or the lips, as in a coronal or bilabial stop. These holds may be voiced or nasalized. Then lower the body of the tongue to rarefy the air above it.

• The closure at the front of the tongue is opened first, as the click "release"; then the closure at the back is released for the pulmonic or glottalic click "accompaniment" or "efflux". This may be aspirated, affricated, or even ejective.

Kinza QaisraniRoll No. 37

Consonants vs. vowels• Consonants: there is obstruction

in the oral tract.• Vowels: no hindrance to the

outflow of air.• Liquids & nasals: the air flows

out freely .• Glides: don’t form nuclei of

syllables, but occur on the edges of syllables.

• Vowel: produced with open approximation and is a syllable nuclei (excluding glides, syllabic liquids & nasals).

Place of articulation

Consonantal place of articulation•       The place of articulation is

defined in terms of articulators These may be: lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, tongue tip (apex), tongue blade (laminus), or back of the tongue (dorsum), hard palate, soft palate (velum), uvula, glottis, pharynx.

• Following are some of the sounds produced by airstream mechanism:

Umm-e-Rooman Yaqoob

Roll No. 03

• bilabial [b, p, m, w]• labiodental, [f, v]• interdental, [T, D]• alveolar (apico-or lamino-)

tongue and alveolar ridge (compare 'ten' vs. 'tenth').

Examples: English [t, d, s, z]• postalveolar or palatoalveolar

(apico- or lamino-) (English [S]/[Z]) .

• palatal (apico- or lamino-) (English [j]),  [S]/[Z] in many languages.

• velar or dorso-velar Eng. [k, g, N]  German [x]  Greek [V].

• uvular French [R], also found in many German dialects.  

• glottal (glottal stop, the vocal chords are the two articulators [h] is a glottalic fricative sound.

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