AirWeShare

Dr James Tate

Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, UK

AIR POLLUTION TRENDSLondon (10 long-running roadside sites)

Carslaw, D., Beevers, S. Westmoreland, E. Williams, M. Tate, J. Murrells, T. Stedman, J. Li, Y., Grice, S., Kent, A., Tsagatakis, I. (2011). Trends in NOX and NO2 emissions

and ambient measurements in the UK. Version 3, March 2011. http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat05/1108251149_110718_AQ0724_Final_report.pdf

Some London roads have very

high concentrations of NO2

e.g. Oxford Street in 2015:

Mean 136 µg.m-3

Maximum 620 µg.m-3

> 200 µg.m-3 = 1341 hours

(permitted 18 hours)

Worse than Bejing, Mexico

City, Delhi etc for NO2?

AIR POLLUTION TRENDSEurope (select)

Carslaw, D., Beevers, S. Westmoreland, E. Williams, M. Tate, J. Murrells, T. Stedman, J. Li, Y., Grice, S., Kent, A., Tsagatakis, I. (2011). Trends in NOX and NO2 emissions

and ambient measurements in the UK. Version 3, March 2011. http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat05/1108251149_110718_AQ0724_Final_report.pdf

LEEDS AIR QUALITYNitrogen dioxide (NO2) annual averages

4

LEEDS AIR QUALITYNitrogen dioxide (NO2) annual averages

5

LEEDS vs LONDONNitrogen dioxide (NO2) annual averages

6

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Year of registration

NO

X (

gra

ms.k

m1)

PASSENGER CAR EMISSION STANDARDSEuropean #NEDC Laboratory testing

TRAFFIC FLOW IN LEEDSe.g. Headingley arterial (A660)

8

TRAFFIC FLOW IN LONDONGrowth in journey stages

9Source: http://content.tfl.gov.uk/travel-in-london-report-9.pdf

Laboratory test so direct comparisons between vehicles can be made

Transport for London (TfL) testing over a ‘REAL’ London Drive Cycle developed

from a sample of vehicle tracking data

Time periods: AM peak, Inter-peak, Free-flow

Road types: urban, suburban, motorway (urban)

TOTAL = 140 kms

Time (seconds)

Sp

ee

d (

km/h

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120motorway

0

20

40

60

80

100

120suburban

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 500 1000 1500 2000

urban

LABORATORY TESTINGTaking the road into the Laboratory

10

0

12

0

14

0

16

0

18

0

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

Average CO2 (as % of type-approval [g/km])

Ave

rag

e N

O X

[g

/km

]

Euro 5b/b+ diesel limit

Euro 6b/c diesel limit

Petrol-Hybrid

CompactPrestige/sports

Small familySmall family

Family/MPV

Family/MPV

Small familySUV/4x4

Supermini

Prestige/sports

Family/MPV

EURO 6 Passenger carsTaking the road into the Laboratory

Moody, A., Tate, J. 2016. In service CO2 and NOX emissions of Euro 6/VI cars, light- and heavy-duty goods vehicles in real London

driving: Taking the road into the Laboratory. The 21st Transport and Air Pollution (TAP) Conference, Lyon, France, May 24-26, 2016.

12The Sunday Times | 5th March 2017

“DRIVE-THROUGH” REAL DRIVING

EMISSION (RDE) MEASUREMENTS

13

Camera(Number plate)

Vehicle Detector(Speed andAcceleration)

Source/Detector

Mirror Box

Source

Detector

Emissions Analyser(Common

Configurations)

Camera(Number plate)

Vehicle Detector(Speed andAcceleration)

Source/Detector

Mirror Box

Source

Detector

Emissions Analyser(Common

Configurations)

RESULTS 2015

PETROL cars

14Aberdeen & Leeds | Spring 2015 ▶ 30,000 vehicle measurements

15Aberdeen & Leeds | Spring 2015 ▶ 30,000 vehicle measurements

RESULTS 2015

DIESEL cars

Euro 6 ≈ 50%

UK & EU EMISSION FACTORSComparison Remote Sensing & EFT / COPERT / HBEFA (2010)

Carslaw, D., Beevers, S., Tate, J., Westmoreland, E., Williams, M. 2011. Recent evidence concerning higher NOx emissions from passenger

cars and light duty vehicles. Atmospheric Environment, 45, December 2011, pg 7053-7063, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.09.063

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Year of registration

NO

X (

gra

ms.k

m1)

Euro III Euro IV Euro V Euro VI

Emission standard

Manufacturer comparison – Diesel carsNOX emissions by manufacturer & Year of 1st registration

Routes to Clean Air Conference | www.IAQM.co.uk | Friday 23rd October 2016

The Times | Saturday 24th October 2016

DIESEL CARSNOX emissions of common makes & models

The Sunday Times | 9th November 2015

“has no features that

detect whether the

vehicle is undergoing an

exhaust emissions test”

“Vauxhall cars comply

with the regulations

under which they were

certified. We are very

interested to get in touch

with the University of

Leeds to hold a scientific

discussion and to

familiarise ourselves with

the conclusions”

SOFTWARE DEFINED EMISSIONSA hacker’s review of Dieselgate | 27th December 2016

Felix „tmbinc“ Domke @tmbinc

https://media.ccc.de/v/33c3-7904-software_defined_emissions#video&t=1453

22 The Times | Monday 27th November 2016

BBC Inside Out Yorkshire

“Air Pollution & Asthma”

Monday 6th March 2017

AirWeShare

Dr James Tate

Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, UK