ais chapter 15 perceptual-cognitive and perceptual- motor contributions to elite performance
TRANSCRIPT
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AIS Chapter 15perceptual-cognitive and perceptual-motor
contributions to elite performance
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Anticipating movement and measurement
• Crucial in ball sports, combat sports• Require predetermined sequence of skill execution• Temporal occlusion measurement approach– Competition situations filmed and selectively edited to
provide different amounts of information– Participants required to predict the opponent’s action– The point of significant change in prediction accuracy – Elite players pick up predictive movement pattern info
from earlier time-windows than sub-elite players
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Temporal occlusion measurement
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Anticipating movement and measurement
• Visual search measurement– Record eye movements to real/similar competitions–Most informative features of opponent’s action that
may be used for anticipatory purposes– Visual search pattern– Small difference between elite and sub-elite players,
can not alone explain information processing difference
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Anticipating movement and measurement
• Reactive agility measurement– Respond to near life-size video image of
competitions– Agility time, decision making time– Slower than planned agility test– Significant difference in decision-making time
between elite and sub-elite players• Elite: -149 ms• Sub-elite 22 ms
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Recognizing typical patterns of play
• Sport-specific tests of pattern recognition and recall– View a film of typical competition pattern– Recall attach/defense situation in blank template– Elite players recall better
• More sophisticated domain-specific knowledge structures, chunks (一團 , 一組 )– Stored and retrieved efficiently from long-term memory– Advantage in anticipation and decision-making
• Link between anticipation and pattern recall still unclear
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Decision-making skills
• How an athlete elects to use the perceptual information picked up in the environment, to select a response option
• Usually measured by film occlusion techniques, using game-specific videos
• Measure eye movement patterns– Elite athletes more efficient visual search strategy,
few fixations, shorter duration in specific areas– Focus on key defender and ‘free’ space– ↑Eye fixation, ↓duration of each fixation in more
complex situations
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Elite athletes have superior generic visual ability?
• Elite athletes may have better dynamic visual acuity, wider visual field, superior recognition of peripheral targets
• Differences are SMALL– NOT contribute to prediction of expertise
• Expert and novice athletes are not characterized by differences in basic visual function
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訊息處理理論基礎
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反應時間定義
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Capacity to dual task
• Capacity to execute primary skills more proficiently– Important, but difficult to measure
• Athletes required to simultaneously process many information WHILE executing the skills
• Dual-task test– Primary task for which attention demand is assessed,
usually core skill of the sport– Secondary task for which the performance changes are
measured– Example: 2 vs 2 decision making (primary) and single-
choice vocal reaction time test (secondary)
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Capacity to dual task
• Elite athletes perform better in dual-task test, even though similar performance in single-task– Automated the control of primary skill– Has spare attentional capacity to devote to
secondary task
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Conclusions
• Pattern recall, decision-making , reaction time and pass accuracy in dual-task, are strong predictors of elite netball players
• Task representativeness: test protocol closely represent the real competitions– Non-specific tasks reduce or completely remove
elite athletes advantage
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