ait austrian institute of...
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AIT Austrian Institute of TechnologyMethod to assess the load shifting potential by using buildings as a thermal storagea thermal storage
Florian Judex | Sustainable Building Technology | AIT - Austrian Institute ofTechnology
121.10.2013
Content
� What is a load shifting and why we (will) need it
� Load shifting using buildings
� the simulation model
� results
� conclusions and outlook
What is load shifting
� load shifting is an attempt to move an energy demand in either time or space to point where it can be satisfied (more conveniently for the grid)
� can be generalized as demand response
� In demand response, energy consumers will change their consumption� In demand response, energy consumers will change their consumption� according to the current production� according to the needs of the local grid (load, voltage, frequency)
� the major incentives will be (California: are) financial, but will be enforced through a regulatory framework
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Why we (will) need load shifting
� Europe: To reach the 20-20-20 goals, the of share renewables is increasing� wind and photovoltaic production which cannot be controlled (legal
boundary conditions) and only estimated� also the share of distributed generation leads to local balancing needs
� e.g. California: the grid already is at it‘s limits with respect to load
� Germany: 35% [1] share of solar and wind power planned � Five fold increase: 80GW [1] installed capacity� Could cover the overall energy production on certain days� Storage needed for base load powerplants, which should not be turned
off
[1] VDE-Studie: Demand Side Integration - Lastverschiebungspotenziale in Deutschland
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Focus on wind power (~7% of installed capacity in GER)
Actual Generation Estimated Generation
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Source: EEX Transparency Platform
Today: Difference: up to 50% or 2000 MW
Source: EEX Transparency Platform
Demand Response Using Buildings
� Building HVAC systems use 11% of the electrical Energy in Europe� Most of the energy is converted
into thermal energy� Another part is used as auxiliary
energy in close connection to the thermal energythe thermal energy
� Thermal Energy is comparably easy to store locally
� Envisioned scenario:
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Source: Project Building2Grid
But what is the actual potential?
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Method: Dynamic simulation of large building ensembles
�
deriving the parameters
� models base on age and size according to Statistik Austria data
� characteristic from local studies provided parameters, e.g.� [Siegel, 2012]: characteristic lengths� [Leutgöb, 2012]: window area� [GEA 2000]: u-values � [GEA 2000]: u-values � data from Salzburg AG: installed heating power
� use standard geometries
� simulate in TRNSYS
� fit parameters to results
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example from upper austria
�
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� change in power
results(1)
10
15
20
Ele
ctric
ity c
onsu
mp
tion
/MW
normal operation
load shifting request
0
5
Dem
an
d S
ide
Re
spon
se/M
W
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0 7 9 12 17 19 240
5
10
Time/h
Ele
ctric
ity c
onsu
mp
tion
/MW
0 7 9 12 17 19 24
-10
-5
Time/hD
ema
nd
Sid
e R
esp
onse
/MW
results(2)
� nearly no energy savings� only from slightly lower indoor temperature
1.95
2x 10
4
no control
control
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0 7 9 12 17 19 241.6
1.65
1.7
1.75
1.8
1.85
1.9
Time/d
The
rmal
loss
es/k
W
statistical evaluation
� simulation repeated for 40 to 800 buildings
� average reduction: 12,2 KW / building
� variance: 0.0035 � holds for any number of buildings
� numbers realistic, according to experts from DSOs
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conclusions
� event simple load shedding under severe constraints already has non-negligible effect
� this configuration can be easily realized, using e.g. ripple control
� may be a suitable intermediate technology, because of the large amount of � may be a suitable intermediate technology, because of the large amount of direct electrical heating and night-storages still existing� those already have tariff schemes allowing load shedding in a certain
extend� e.g. Salzburg: two times one hour per day
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Outlook
� code optimized to be able to perform parameter studies for whole counties (~20000 buildings)
� a large scale field test using domestic customers in Bornholm (Denmark) is currently underway
500
600
700
800
Ele
ktris
che
Leis
tung
/MW
(Denmark) is currently underway – results are to be expected in early spring
� the first purpose built grid friendly building in Austria is at the moment being finished (tenants to move in in December)
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0 6 12 14 18 240
100
200
300
400
UhrzeitE
lekt
risch
e Le
istu
ng/M
W
Normalbetrieb
Lastabwurf
AIT Austrian Institute of Technologyyour ingenious partner
Florian [email protected]
Research presented in this talks was done within the projects:B2G – Building 2 Grid, funded by FFG as project number 825545G(e)o Green, funded by FFG as project number 828673