ajssfinals - psychology

8/11/2019 AJSSFinals - Psychology

1/38

AJSSFinals -Psychology

Chapter 10 Aggression : Hurting OthersChapter ObjectivesAfter completing your study of this chapter you should be able to:

1. Dene aggression and explain the dierence between hostile and

instrumental aggression.

2. Discuss the instinct view of aggression.

. Describe biological in!uences on aggression.

". #dentify the causes and conse$uences of frustration.

%. Discuss the social learning view of aggression.

1


2/38


&. #dentify conditions that tend to provo'e aggression.

(. Describe the eects of viewing pornography.

). Describe television*s eects on thin'ing and behavior.

+. Discuss ways of reducing aggression.

2


3/38


Mutliple Choice Quiz

1 Worldwide, humans spend ________ per day on arms and armies.A) $1 billionB) $5 billionC) $2 billionD) $500 million

2 Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone isA) aggression.B) instrumental aggression.C) violence.D) hostility.

3 illings done by armies is an e!ample o"

A) emotional aggression.B) instinctive aggression.C) instrumental aggression.D) calculated aggression.

4 #ggression driven by anger and per"ormed as an end in itsel" isA) instrumental aggression.B) hostile aggression.C) emotional aggression.D) belligerent aggression.

5 Which o" the "ollowing is an innate behaviorA) reading a boo%B) watching a movieC) playing in the bandD) "leeing danger

6 #ccording to the te!t, in what percentage o" homicides has the murdererand&or the victim been drin%ing

A) '5

B) 55C) (5D) )0

7 *he bloc%ing o" goal+directed behavior isA) "rustration.B) displacement.C) disarticulation.

D) aggravation.

3


4/38


8 *he redirection o" aggression to a target other than the source o" the"rustration is

A) disarticulation.B) the redirection e""ect.C) displacement.D) the "rustration+aggression e""ect.

9 *he perception that one is less well o"" than others to whom onecompares onesel" is

A) the social comparison e""ect.B) relative deprivation.C) the adaptation+level e""ect.D) relative displacement.

10 *he theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating is theA) social learning theory.B) instrumental learning theory.C) behavioral learning theory.D) group learning theory.

11 Which o" the "ollowing is not conductive to aggressionA) painB) heatC) cool temperatures

D) crowding

12 n a national survey, what percentage o" women reported having been"orced by a man to do something se!ually

A) 15B) 22C) 2-D) /

13 When college males were as%ed i" there were any chance they would rapea woman, i" you could be assured that no one would %now and that youcould in no way be punished, what percentage said there was a slim

chanceA) 11B) 2C) D) '5

14 #ccording to the te!t, in the average home the * is on _______ hours aday.

A) threeB) "iveC) seven

D) nine

15 ales rates o" 3ustler and Playboy were positively correlated with stateA) child abuse rates.B) rape rates.C) employment rates.D) incest rates.

4


5/38


16 What is the ratio o" #mericans who believe in the "ollowing statemente!ual materials provide an outlet "or bottled+up impulses.

A) - to 1B) / to 1C) 5 to 1D) 2 to 1

17 Which o" the "ollowing is true o" "indings on the catharsis hypothesisA) 4atharsis always occurs.B) *he calming e""ect o" retaliation seems to occur only in very

speci"ic circumstances.C) *he catharsis hypothesis has been well+supported.D) *he catharsis hypothesis is valid "or children but not "or

adults.

Direction: ,hat is being described- ,rite the word on the blan'. hoose youranswers form the table below.

Social learningtheory

Pro-socialbehavior

Frustration

Crowding Instinctivebehavior

Catharsis

Relativedeprivation

Hostileaggression

Displacement

)/ a sub0ective feeling of not having enough space per person.

+/ an innate unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by allmembers of a species.

(/ the bloc'ing of goaldirected behavior.

/ aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself3also called aective aggression/.

1/ the perception that one is less well o than others to whomone compares oneself.

%/ emotional release. 4he catharsis view of aggression is thataggressive drive is reduced when one 5releases6 aggressiveenergy either by acting aggressively or by fantasi7ingaggression.

&/ the redirection of aggression to a target other than the sourceof the frustration. 8enerally the new target is a safer or moresocially acceptable target.

2/ the theory that we learn social behavior by observing andimitating and by being rewarded and punished.

"/ positive constructive helpful social behavior9 the opposite ofantisocial behavior.

hapter 11 : Attraction an !nti"ac#$ %i&in' an %o(in' ther*

Chapter Objectives

5


6/38


After completing your study of this chapter you should be able to:

1. Discuss the role of proximity and physical attractiveness in initialattraction.

2. Discuss research ndings on the role of similarity in friendship anddescribe how li'ing is usually mutual.

. xplain the reward theory of attraction.

". Describe the nature of passionate love and identify cultural personalityand gender variations in love.

%. Discuss the nature of companionate love.


7/38


&. #dentify the dierent attachment styles that characteri7e interpersonalrelationships.

(. Discuss the importance of e$uity and selfdisclosure in close relationships.

). #dentify several predictors of a stable marriage and describe thedetachment process.

Mutliple Choice Quiz

1 ,hat factor does not initiate attraction-A) long distanceB) physical attractivenessC) similarity

!


8/38


D) feeling li'ed

According to the text geographical nearness isA) closeness.B) nearness.

C) proximity.D) immediacy.

! 4he tendency for novel stimuli to be li'ed more after the rater has beenrepeatedly exposed to them is

A) the novel stimuli eect.B) the mereexposure eect.C) the repeated exposure eect.D) the nonsense eect.

" ,hich of the following is supported by research on social attraction-A) Distance ma'es the heart fonder.B) ;eauty and brains are e$ual.C) B) )>C) (%D) &%

$ 4he tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who aresimilar in attractiveness and other traits is

A) the partner eect.B) the attractiveness eect.C) similarity phenomenon.D) matching phenomenon.

% 4he presumption that physically attractive people possess other sociallydesirable traits is the

A) attractiveness eect.B) physicalattractiveness stereotype.C) reciprocity eect.D) matching phenomenon.

& ,hich of the following is not a factor given the research on what ma'esmales attractive-

A) dominant behaviorB) faces that tend to be perfectly symmetricalC) large eyesD) behavior that suggests maturity

' ,omen whose waists are > percent narrower than their hips suggest ashape associated with

A) malnutrition.B) menopause.C) pregnancy.D) pea' sexual fertility.

"


9/38


10

According to the text ;lac' culture tends to be

A) futureoriented.B) expressive.C) materialistic.

D) individualistic.

11

According to the text ,hite culture tends to be

A) individualistic.B) expressive.C) emotionally driven.D) presentoriented.

1

4he evolutionary perspective suggests females are attracted to males who

showA) empathy and nurturance.B) an ability to provide.C) high selfesteem and extroversion.D) a similarity in beliefs and values.

1!

4he use of strategies by which people see' to gain another*s favor is called

A) ingratiation.B) the curry favor eect.C) manipulation.D) the complementarity eect.

1"


10/38


C) intimate love.D) romantic love.

1&

eople who are s'illed in managing rst impressions but who tend to beless committed to enduring relationships are

A) low in selfmonitoring.B) high in selfmonitoring.C) high in intimacy.D) low in intimacy.

1'

Bevealing intimate aspects of oneself to others is called

A) selfdisclosure.B) the intimacy eect.C) the commitment eect.D) the infatuation eect.

0

eople have a greater chance of divorce if they

A) are well and similarly educated.B) en0oy a stable income from a good 0ob.C) live in a city.D) dated a long time before marriage.

Direction: ,hat is being described- ,rite the word on the blan'. hoose youranswers form the table below.

Complementary

Need to belong Sel-disclosure

Companionatelove

Passionatelove

!ere-e"posure e#ect

Pro"imity Ingratiation !atching phenomenon

$%uity

1/ geographical nearness. roximity 3more precisely5functional distance6/ powerfully predicts li'ing.

&/ the tendency for men and women to choose as partnersthose who are a 5good match6 in attractiveness and othertraits.

+/ a motivation to bond with others in relationships thatprovide ongoing positive interactions.

/ a state of intense longing for union with another.assionate lovers are absorbed in one another feel ecstatic

at attaining their partnerCs love and are disconsolate onlosing it.

(/ the popularly supposed tendency in a relationshipbetween two people for each to complete what is missing inthe other. 4he $uestionable complementarily hypothesisproposes that people attract those whose needs are dierentin ways that complement their own.

) /the use of strategies such as !attery by which peoplesee' to gain anotherCs favor.

1>/ a condition in which the outcomes people receive from arelationship are proportional to what they contribute to it.

1$


11/38


ote: $uitable outcomes need not always be e$ualoutcomes.

2/ the tendency for novel stimuli to be li'ed more or ratedmore positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposedto them.

"/ revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

%/ the aection we feel for those with whom our lives aredeeply intertwined.

Chapter 12 + Altrui*"$ ,elpin' ther*

Chapter ObjectivesAfter completing your study of this chapter you should be able to:

1. Dene altruism.

2. Describe how socialexchange theory explains altruism.

. #dentify two social norms that may motivate altruism.

". Describe how evolutionary psychology accounts for altruism.

11


12/38


%. #dentify situational in!uences that enhance helpfulness.

&. Discuss personal in!uences that aect helping.

(. #dentify who is li'ely to receive help.

). Discuss how altruism can be increased.

12


13/38


Mutliple Choice Quiz1 A motive to increase another*s welfare without conscious regard for one*s

selfinterests isA) empathy.B) reciprocity.C) altruism.D) a personality trait.

4he theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximi7eone*s rewards is

A) socialexchange theory.B) socialinteraction theory.C) reciprocity theory.D) social norms theory.

! A motive to increase one*s own welfare isA) the illusion of control eect.B) achievement motivation.C) selfeEcacy.

D) egoism.

" According to research by Daniel ;atson altruism may have its basis infeelings of

A) guilt.B) empathy.C) sadness.D) happiness.

# An expectation that people will help those who have helped them is

A) social norm.B) socialresponsibility norm.C) reciprocity norm.D) restitution norm.

$ An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them isA) socialresponsibility norm.B) reciprocity norm.C) dependent norm.D) social norm.

% 4he idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one*s close relativesto enhance the survival of mutually shared genes is

A) evolutionary altruism.B) 'in selection.C) the close relatives eect.D) the mutually shared genes eect.

13


14/38


& According to the text one possible reason why people in ew For' are lesshelpful is that

A) they have more things to do than people in smaller environs.B) reciprocity does not wor' as well in big cities as in smaller

groups.

C) they feel they are superior to people in smaller environs.D) they have not internali7ed the social responsibility norm.

' 4he nding that a person is less li'ely to help when there are other peoplearound is

A) the bystander eect.B) the reciprocity eect.C) the situational in!uence eect.D) the negative empathy eect.

10

#n Gatane and Darley*s research involving staging an epileptic sei7ureHHHHHHHHH percent of those who thought they were alone and HHHHHHHHpercent of those who thought there were others left the room to see' aid.

A) && 2"B) (& "2C) )% 1D) +> %"

11

Besearchers had participants wor'ing in a room either by themselves orwith two strangers. ,hen smo'e was pumped into the room through avent the solitary participant

A) noticed the smo'e $uic'er than those in groups.B) was less li'ely to act.C) thought the smo'e was a re.D) nished the tas' $uic'ly.

1

,hich of the following moods is most li'ely to motivate altruism-

A) depressionB) griefC) guiltD) anger

1!

According to the text people are li'ely to help when

A) other people are around.B) they feel happy.C) they are depressed.D) they are well educated.

1"

,hen the 4itanic san' HHHHHHHH percent of the females and HHHHHHH percentof the males survived.

A) &> 2%B) )> ">C) (> 2>D) &% "%

1#

According to the text a strategy for gaining a concession is the

A) over0ustication techni$ue.B) under0ustication techni$ue.

14


15/38


C) transparency techni$ue.D) doorintheface techni$ue.

1$

=rom an evolutionary perspective it would be most diEcult to explain why

A) someone ris'ed his life to help a stranger.B) someone paid his daughter*s hospital bill.C) someone ris'ed his life to help his father.D) someone ris'ed his life to help his daughter.

1%

alvin as's his mother for ice cream with strawberries and nuts on top.?he refuses. Ie then as's for a coo'ie and she grants his re$uest. alvinhas successfully used the

A) over0ustication techni$ue.B) footinthedoor techni$ue.C) doorintheface techni$ue.

D) under0ustication techni$ue.

1&

,hich techni$ue should be taught to children to promote enduringaltruistic tendencies-

A)


16/38


(/ the idea that evolution has selected altruism towardoneCs close relatives to enhance the survival of mutuallyshared genes.

1/ the nding that a person is less li'ely to provide helpwhen there are other bystanders.

/ an expectation that people will help not hurt thosewho have helped them.

(ractice inal1 An un0ustiable negative behavior toward a group or its members is

A) discrimination.B) pre0udice.C) racism.D) sexism.

eople*s beliefs about how women and men behave areA) gender roles.B) gender stereotypes.C) gender norms.D) gender expectations.

! According to the text stereotypes rationali7eA) racism.B) pre0udice.C) discrimination.D) une$ual status.

" 4he 0ust world phenomenon may explain that an unemployed person isA) in need of more education.B) a victim of pre0udice.C) in need of help.D) la7y.

# According to the text subtyping protectsA) biases.B) stereotypes.C) emotions.D) social identity.

$ hysical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone isA) aggression.B) instrumental aggression.C) violence.D) hostility.

% ,hich of the following is an innate behavior-A) reading a boo'B) watching a movieC) playing in the bandD) !eeing danger

& 4he redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of thefrustration is

A) disarticulation.B) the redirection eect.C) displacement.D) the frustrationaggression eect.

' #n a national survey what percentage of women reported having been

1


17/38


forced by a man to do something sexually-A) 1%B) 22C) 2+D) (

10

,hich of the following is true of ndings on the catharsis hypothesis-

A) atharsis always occurs.B) 4he calming eect of retaliation seems to occur only in very

specic circumstances.C) 4he catharsis hypothesis has been wellsupported.D) 4he catharsis hypothesis is valid for children but not for

adults.

11

,hich of the following is supported by research on social attraction-

A) Distance ma'es the heart fonder.

B) ;eauty and brains are e$ual.C) B) )>C) (%D) &%

1!

According to the text ,hite culture tends to be

A) individualistic.B) expressive.C) emotionally driven.D) presentoriented.

1"


18/38


C) the situational in!uence eect.D) the negative empathy eect.

1'

#n Gatane and Darley*s research involving staging an epileptic sei7ureHHHHHHHHH percent of those who thought they were alone and HHHHHHHHpercent of those who thought there were others left the room to see' aid.

A) && 2"B) (& "2C) )% 1D) +> %"

0

=rom an evolutionary perspective it would be most diEcult to explain why

A) someone ris'ed his life to help a stranger.

B) someone paid his daughter*s hospital bill.C) someone ris'ed his life to help his father.D) someone ris'ed his life to help his daughter.

1

According to Alvin 8ouldner a universal moral code is

A) the norm of social responsibility.B) the norm of social contract.C) the norm of eEcacy.D) the norm of reciprocity.

According to the tragedy of commons the smaller the group

A) the more interest each person has.B) the more responsibility each person feels.C) the more wor' each person will do.D) the more rewards each person will receive.

!

Beciprocal views of one another often held by parties in con!ict are

A) selfconrming perceptions.

B) reciprocal perceptions.C) mirrorimage perceptions.D) superordinate perceptions.

"

A shared goal that necessitates cooperative eort is

A) reciprocal.B) e$uitable.C) superordinate.D) summation.

#

,inwin agreements that reconcile both parties* interests to their mutualbenet are

A) amalgamation agreements.B) integrative agreements.C) value added agreements.D) reconciliation agreements.

$

According to 8otlib and olby to ght constructively do not

A) welcome feedbac' about your behavior.B) oer positive suggestions for mutual improvement.

1"


19/38


C) bring in unrelated issues.D) ght privately.

%

According to the text which of the following is accurate-

A) linical psychologists are more susceptible to illusorythin'ing than social psychologists.

B) ;ehaviors of people undergoing psychotherapy come to tthe theories of their therapists.

C) eople who see' out therapy want to hear negative thingsabout themselves.

D) ro0ective tests actually give more useful information than

ob0ective tests.

&

#n one study HHHHHHH percent of people with high selfesteem and HHHHHHpercent of depressed people elected to see unfavorable feedbac' asopposed to favorable feedbac'.

A) % &(B) 2% )2C) 1% "2D) % %+

'

An interdisciplinary eld that integrates behavioral and medical 'nowledgeis

A) health psychology.B) behavioral medicine.C) psychiatry.D) psychoanalytic medicine.

!0

4he best predictor of overall happiness is satisfaction with

A) wor'.B) personal relationships.C) income.D) status.

!1

4he stress of a new 0ob can best be handled by approaching it with a senseof

A) ambition and competitiveness.B) humility and assertiveness.C) control and optimism.D) urgency and conscientiousness.

!

#n a study at alifornia ?tate JniversityIayward 1"1 students witnessedan assault on a professor. ?even wee's later what percentage of studentsidentied an innocent person as the assailant from a group of sixphotographs-

A) &>B) 2)C) "2D) (2

!!

4o minimi7e false lineup identications which of the following is not true-

A) #f all suspects are male have every suspect wear a tie.

1#


20/38


B) 8ive eyewitnesses a lineup with no suspects to screen outthose who ma'e false identications.

C) Iave witnesses ma'e yes or no 0udgments to a se$uence ofpeople.

D) #nclude instructions that the suspect might not be in thelineup.

!"

@oc' 0uries are less sympathetic to a defendant who is

A) less educated.B) the same race.C) shares their attitudes.D) the same gender.

!#

Besearch shows that HHHHHHHHHH 0uries ultimately reach the verdict favoredby the ma0ority on the rst ballot.

A) + out of 1>B) ( out of )C) % out of +D) ( out of 1>

!$

A criticism of a sixmember 0ury is that it is

A) less li'ely to represent a community*s diversity.B) more li'ely to have hung verdicts.C) easily dominated by one individual.D) less li'ely to ta'e the tas' seriously.

!%

Koologist . B) 2%C) %D) %>

!&

#n the Jnited ?tates the divorce rate between 1+&> and 1++>

A) doubled.B) tripled.C) increased marginally.D) decreased marginally.

!'

,hich of the following is not one of 8eorge Ioward*s 'iller thoughts-

A) onsumption will produce happiness.B) 8rowth is good.C) Don*t discount the future.D) 8reed is good.

"0

#n a poll in 1+(% what percent of Americans identied a lot of money asthe basis for the good life- #n 1++&-

A) "2 (%

2$


21/38


B) ) &C) 2 %"D) %" (2

"

1

#n 1++) what percent of Americans earning between L(%>>> and

L1>>>>> agreed to the statement # cannot aord to buy everything #really need.

A) 2"B) +C) "%D) &2

=inals1


22/38


$ A researcher interested in whether the mere presence ofothers aects individual behavior designs a study in whichindividuals are as'ed to ma'e a speech to either an emptyroom or a room with ve people in it. 4his type of study isbest described as HHHHHHHHHH.

22


23/38


A) a correlational study.

B) eld research.

C) a case study.

D) a laboratory experiment.

% An investigator who wishes to study the attitudes of peoplein #llinois identies 1>>> people in #llinois ta'ing care thatthe percentages of male and female ;lac' and ,hite young

and old are the same in the sample as in state*s totalpopulation. ,hat 'ind of sample is the investigator trying toobtain-

A) an independent sample

B) a dependent sample

C) a random sample

D) a representative sample

& # as' you to describe who you are and you tell me your sexage political preference personality traits and other

information you thin' is relevant. Fou are describing yourA) possible selves.

B) selfconcept.

C) selfschema.

D) reali7edself.

' d believes that his wife 'nows how he feels and what he isthin'ing 0ust by loo'ing at him. ?ocial psychologists call thiserroneous belief

A) the illusion of transparency.

B) the spotlight eect.

C) the personal fable.

D) egocentrism.

10 ,hen someone wal's into a restaurant and everyone in theroom loo'sPwell homely if not uglyPyou feel better aboutyourself and attractive. 4his is due to

A) your conceit.

B) social identity.

C) selfreference eects.D) social comparison eects.

11 ;ecause IyunQoo is Norean we would most li'ely expect herto value

A) her selfesteem.

B) harmonious relationships.

C) her math abilities.

D) a sense of accomplishment.

23


24/38


1 ven though Ia7el has wor'ed in an ethnically diverse oEcefor many years because of the attitudes instilled in her as achild she automatically grasps her purse when she sees anAfrican American. Ia7el is exhibiting

A) locus of control.

B) unconscious fears.C) a dual attitude system.

D) impact bias.

1!


25/38


C) ageism.

D) perception.

1& #f you showed identical research to proponents andopponents of capital punishment what outcome would you

expect to see-A) ach side would become more extreme in their

original position.B) ach side would become more neutral in their views.

C) ;oth sides would view capital punishment morepositively.

D) ;oth sides would view capital punishment morenegatively.

1' After the movie Qaws came out and again in the early 1++>safter M?ummer of the ?har'M many people were afraid to goin the ocean. 4his is due to

A) the representative heuristic.

B) belief perseverance.

C) the availability heuristic.

D) the conrmation bias.

0 M#t always rains after # wash the car.M 4his statement is anexample of

A) inferential statistics.

B) the conrmation bias.

C) an illusory correlation.

D) a positive correlation.

1 Besearch by Allan ,ic'er 31+&+/ found that

A) expressed attitudes hardly ever predict behavior.B) expressed attitudes almost always predict behavior.

C) implicit attitudes are more li'ely than expressedattitudes to predict behavior.

D) expressed attitudes are more li'ely than implicitattitudes to predict behavior.

An important lesson of roleplaying studies is that

A) it ta'es a strong personality to withstand socialpressure.

B) what is unreal can evolve into what is real.C) most participants remain aware that the situation is

unreal.D) we are powerless to resist imposed roles.

! ,hen our behavior is out of sync with our attitudes it iscalled

A) attitude incongruity.

B) the attitudebehavior dissimilarity theory.

C) attitude inoculation.

D) cognitive dissonance.

25


26/38


" ?elfpresentation theory argues that people will adoptattitudes consistent with behaviors in order to

A) gure out the dominant response.

B) reduce tension.

C) determine how they should behave.

D) create good impressions.

# A teenager is out with her friends at the mall. Although shedoesn*t believe in shoplifting when they all ta'e earrings andput them in their poc'ets she does as well. As a result shewill most li'ely experience

A) cognitive dissonance.

B) the attitudebehavior dissimilarity theory.

C) attitude inoculation.

D) attitude incongruity.

$ #f pollsters outside elections polls survey entering voters onwhich candidate they prefer and then as' exiting voters ofthe voting booth who they actually voted for they wouldgenerally nd a high correlation between initial preferenceand actual vote. #n this specic example this is because

A) in general attitudes specic to a behavior areexcellent predictors.

B) when an attitude is strong it is a good predictor of

behavior.C) when social pressures are high an attitude is an

excellent predictor of behavior.D) attitudes are strong when you share them with your

friends.

% Iistorically all humans are

A) Africans.

B) Asians.

C) aucasians.

D) female.

& 4he adaptive change in fre$uency of specic genes overgenerations is

A) natural selection.

B) species heredity.

C) ethology.

D) dierential reproduction.

' ,hich eld of psychology uses the principle of naturalselection-

A) behavioral

B) physiological

C) evolutionary

D) biopsychosocial

!0 ,ho is most li'ely to be obsessed with punctuality-

A) A'ira from Qapan

B) Korba from 8reece

2


27/38


C) arl from the Jnited ?tates

D) Diego from @exico

!1 4he best 'nown universal taboo is the taboo against

A) incest.

B) aggression.

C) violating social norms.

D) violating personal space.

! ,hich of the following is


28/38


C) mass suggestibility.

D) mass ignorance.

!% Iow did the obedience observed in @ilgram*s study dierfrom the conformity observed in Asch*s study-

A) 4here was an expressed command in @ilgram*s studybut not in the Asch study.

B) ompliance too' precedence over common sense.

C) 4he participants were pressured to go against theirown conscience.

D) @ilgram*s study but not Asch*s demonstrated thepower of the situation.

!& ,hich lesson about evil do we learn from @ilgram*sresearch-

A) vil results from a few depraved people.

B) @ost people resist performing evil acts on moralgrounds

C) ?ocial forces can induce ordinary people to engage inevil acts.

D) vil usually involves a conscious intent.

!' oncern for social image involves HHHHHHHHHH in!uence9 thedesire to be correct involves HHHHHHHHHH in!uence.

A) normative9 informational.

B) $ualitative9 proximal.

C) informational9 normative.

D) proximal9 $ualitative.

"0 ?helley*s mother insists that ?helly come directly home afterschool. #nstead in an eort to protect her sense of freedom?helley goes to the mall with her friends after schooldemonstrating what social psychologists call

A) the boomerang eect.

B) deviance.

C) reaction formation.

D) reactance.

"1 ersuasion is

A) the process by which a message induces attitudechange.

B) a change in behavior or belief as a result of real orimagined group pressure.

C) the process by which a message induces a change inbehavior.

D) a change in behavior or belief as a result of a directorder from someone.

" ,hich of the following is more li'ely to produce change-

A) elaborative route persuasion

2"


29/38


B) peripheral route persuasion

C) implicit route persuasion

D) central route persuasion

"! Qaime*s mother died of a smo'ingrelated illness. Ie is nowfervently antismo'ing because of the strong emotionalcomponent of his attitude. ,hat type of antismo'ingmessage is he more li'ely to be persuaded by-

A) a credible communicator

B) an attractive communicator

C) the reciprocity factor

D) an emotional appeal

"" ersuasion HHHHHHHHHH as the signicance and familiarity ofthe issue HHHHHHHHHH.

A) decreases9 increases.

B) stays the same9 increases.

C) increases9 decreases.D) increases9 stays the same.

"# llen is running for ongress. Ier best strategy for gettingvotes would be to

A) get a lot of exposure on television and radio.

B) do several mass mailings.

C) go doortodoor and tal' to voters personally.

D) get endorsements from incumbent politicians.

"$ redibility is

A) the same as li'ing.

B) perceived expertise and trustworthiness.

C) the same as attractiveness.

D) how li'ely you are to be persuaded by someone.

"% 4he best way to build resistance to brain washing by religiouscults is

A) stronger indoctrination in one*s current religious beliefsystem.

B) teaching children about cults and helping themprepare counter persuasive appeals.

C) instilling fear of punishment for abandoning their faith.

D) teaching them to explore a wide variety of beliefsystems.

"& ?ocial facilitation is the tendency for the presence of others

A) to aect our li'elihood to help.

B)to strengthen dominant responses.

2#


30/38


C) to only impair our performance.

D) to only improve our performance.

"' 4he dominant response Ka0onc argues

A) should boost performance on easy tas's and hurtperformance on diEcult tas's.

B) should always lead to an improvement inperformance.

C) should boost performance on diEcult tas's and hurtperformance on easy tas's.

D) should increase how the performer feels.

#0 ,hen you perform a tas' in front of others who areblindfolded social facilitation eects are void. 4his ndingsupports which theory of social facilitation-

A) social facilitation.

B) distractioncon!ict.

C) evaluation apprehension.

D) mere presence eects.

#1 ;en a $uiet young man went to a heavy metal roc' concert.4he large crowd began to scream and stomp their feet whenthe musicians came on stage. ;en 0oined in as he lost hissense of awareness. 4his is an example of

A) dehumani7ation.

B) deindividuation.

C) depersonali7ation.D) mass hysteria.

# an social loang be reduced-

A) o social loang is inevitable.

B) yes by having females wor' on the tas'.

C) yes by ma'ing individual*s wor' identiable.

D) yes by doing research in countries other than theJnited ?tates.

#! 4he phenomenon of ris'y shift is the nding

A) that group decisions are often ris'ier once groupthin'sets in.

B) that individual decisions are often ris'ier than groupdecisions.

C) that individuals help less when others are around.

D) that group decisions often encourage ris'ier actionsthan individual decisions.

#" 4he symptoms of groupthin' are

3$


31/38


A) a collective form of dissonance reduction.

B) a form of social loang.

C) a form of social facilitation.

D) always a negative in!uence on group decisions.

## According to Qussim @cauley and Gee 31++%/ stereotypes

A) are almost always negative.

B) are inaccurate generali7ations.

C) may be positive or negative but are always inaccurate.

D) may be positive or negative and may be accurate orinaccurate.

#$ ?tereotypes are to HHHHHHHHHH as pre0udices are to HHHHHHHHHH.

A) behavior9 beliefs.

B) beliefs9 behavior.

C) cognition9 behavior.

D) beliefs9 attitudes.

#% ,hich of the following is a negative attitude-

A)pre0udice

B) discrimination

C) racism

D) sexism

#& Besearchers have found that gender stereotypes

A) have changed over the years.

B) dier from one culture to another.

C)

are not consistent with reality.D) have remained consistent over time and culture.

#' Bealistic con!ict theory holds that

A) competition between groups for recognition leads topre0udice.

B) competition between groups for scarce resources leads topre0udice.

C) it is obvious that groups will always be in con!ict because ofevolution.

D) competition between groups over perceived ine$ualities

leads to pre0udice.

$0 ,hereas the HHHHHHHHHH theory of pre0udice is based on competitionfor resources HHHHHHHHHH is based on a need to see one*s group asMbetter.M

A) evolutionary9 social competition theory

B) social identity9 realistic con!ict theory

C) realistic con!ict9 social identity theory

D) social identity9 drive theory

$1 Besearch suggests that when we spontaneously categori7e people

we do so in terms of our

31


32/38


A) age.

B) sex.

C) race.

D) status.

$ #n cases of rape many believe that the victim somehow deservedit. 4his reaction is best explained by

A) the mere exposure eect.

B) deindividuation.

C) the 0ustworld hypothesis.

D) the hindsight bias.

$! ;ecause you disli'e one of your cowor'ers you lie and tell othersyou overheard her saying how she disli'ed everyone at the oEce.

4his would be an example of what 'ind of aggression-A) hostile

B) instrumental

C) physical

D) direct

$" A man leaves a bomb on a bus to 'ill innocent victims inorder to persuade a government to yield to his demands. 4his

would be an example of what 'ind of aggression-A) hostile

B) instrumental

C) verbal

D) sexual

$# #nstinct theories of aggression suggest that people

A) are unli'ely to engage in aggression.

B) fear aggression by instinct.

C) are MprogrammedM for aggression.

D) are primed to learn aggression.

$$ Adriane Baine found that when compared with normalbrains the prefrontal cortex is signicantly less active in

A) murderers who had been abused by their parents.

B) antisocial men who had been abused by their parents.

C) murderers who had not been abused by their parents.

D) antisocial men who had not been abused by their

parents.

$% ,hen we are stuc' in traEc or behind slow people in line atthe store often the proverbial MfuseM on our temper is at itsend. Besearchers argue that this is because

A) driving arouses us.

B) in our cars we are less polite.

C) driving is deindividuation.

D) frustration can facilitate aggression.

$& =rustration arises from the gap between HHHHHHHHHH andHHHHHHHHHH.

32


33/38


A) belief9 behavior.

B) learning9 behavior.

C) expectations9 attainments.

D) behavior9 attitudes.

$' Besearch in the laboratory and in real life suggests that painpersonal attac's and overcrowding are HHHHHHHHHHexperiences that HHHHHHHHHH the li'elihood aggression.

A) frustrating9 decrease.

B) frustrating9 do not aect

C) aversive9 decrease.

D) aversive9 increase.

%0 Besearch by ;er'owit7 suggests that

A) guns not only permit violence but can also stimulateit.

B) guns do not stimulate violence.

C) people who learn gun safety are less li'ely to harmothers with their guns.

D) banning handguns would do little to reduce murderrates.

%1 According to 8erbner 31+(+ 1++"/ television*s most potenteect is

A) increasing violent behavior in children and adults.

B) altering perceptions of the real world.

C) reducing participation in civic activities.D) desensiti7ing people to violence.

% ;ecause ?aeed was ostraci7ed by his peers we would expecthim to

A) try harder to be accepted.

B) increase his behavior regulation.

C) engage in selfdefeating behaviors.

D) become more passive.

%! Gaura goes to a party on campus. ?he tal's to four dierentmen about personal interests politics and religion. ,hich ofthe following is she @


34/38


%" #f Andrea wants to reduce her children*s aggressivebehaviors she should do all of the following R4

A) reduce aversive stimulation.

B) reward and model nonaggression.

C) elicit reactions that are incompatible with aggression.

D) encourage them to vent their anger.

%# ,hich statement is most accurate-

A) ;irds of a feather !oc' together.

B) Absence ma'es the heart grow fonder.

C) S

B) >S

C) (>S

D) +>S

%% ,hereas similarity HHHHHHHHHH9 dissimilarity HHHHHHHHHH.

A) has minimal aect on li'ing9 has no aect on li'ing.

B) increases li'ing9 decreases li'ing.

C) has no aect on li'ing9 has no aect on li'ing.

D) decreases li'ing9 increases li'ing.

%& ,hen romantic dinners dates out nice dinners at home andvacations continue in a relationship couples last longer andare happier because they associate the relationship withpositive things. 4his is best posited by

A) the reward theory of attraction.

B) anticipatoryli'ing theory.

C) complementary hypothesis.

D) mere exposure eect.

%' Jmberto feels intense exciting emotions for lena. lena hasgreat aection for Jmberto and sees their lives as deeplyintertwined with each other. Jmberto*s love would be called

HHHHHHHHHH9 lena*s love would be called HHHHHHHHHH.A) passionate9 passionate

B)passionate9 companionate

C) companionate9 passionate

D) companionate9 companionate

&0 According to e$uity theory which couple would be mostsatised with their relationship-

A) ugene and @ary because @ary ta'es care of all ofugene*s needs.

B) Qonathan and Buthie because both believe they aregetting as much as they are giving.

C) =ran' and arol because =ran' is rich and arol is

beautiful.

34


35/38


D) @i'e and Gynn because their relationship is extremelypassionate.

&1 ,hen your campus has a blood drive you might weigh thecosts 3e.g. time fatigue needles etc./ against the benets3e.g. feeling good free food etc./ before deciding to donate.

4his strategy would be predicted byA) social exchange theory.

B) 0ustworld hypothesis.

C) egoism hypothesis.

D) reciprocity norm.

& ?'inner argues that we only credit people for good deedswhen we can*t explain them. ,e attribute behavior to

HHHHHHHHHH only when we lac' HHHHHHHHHH.A) external explanations9 dispositional explanations.

B) dispositions9 external explanations.

C) external causes9 internal ones.

D) internal causes9 dispositional causes.

&! After # lend my neighbor a cup of mil' # feel comfortable

as'ing her to watch my house while #*m on vacation. 4his isdue to my ascribing to

A) social exchange theory.

B) ingratiation.

C) the reciprocity norm.

D) social capital.

&" @oesha volunteers at a center for homeless children and herbrother 4yrell volunteers at a hospice for people dying ofA#D?. 4hey are demonstrating which principle of prosocial

behavior-A) the reciprocity norm

B) social exchange theory

C) the social responsibility norm

D) ingratiation

Nin selection is to evolutionary theory as reward is toHHHHHHHHHH.

A) social exchange theory.

B)reciprocity norm.

C) evolutionary theory.

D) social responsibility norm.

&$


36/38


&% 4wo suspects are arrested for allegedly committing a ban'robbery. 4he police tell them that if one confesses theconfessor will be set free and the other will ta'e the fall forthe crime. 4he suspects are confronted with

A) the prisoner*s dilemma.

B) the tragedy of the commons.C) non7erosum.

D) social dilemma.

&& eople overshing when they 'now the sh might bedepleted is

A) the prisoner*s dilemma.

B) the tragedy of the commons.

C) non7erosum.

D) a social dilemma.

&' ,hat allowed the two groups in ?herif*s Bobber*s ave studyto nally get along-

A) the formation of superordinate goals

B) the formation of subordinate goals

C) misanthropy

D) exposure to nonpre0udiced models

'0 Fou hear a rumor that a cowor'er has said something aboutyou so you snub them. As a result your cowor'er does saysomething bad about you. 4his example shows

A) selfconrming perceptions.

B) reciprocally fullling perceptions.

C) how mirrorimage perceptions become selffullling.

D) e$uitably fullling perceptions.

'1 ;icultural individuals identify with both their own ethnicidentity and mainstream culture. Besearch suggests that

these people typicallyA) have low selfesteem.

B) have problems learning language s'ills.

C) have a strongly positive selfconcept.

D) are not sure which group they belong to.

' #n a classic study Bosenhan et al. had confederates chec'into a mental hospital and report hearing voices. All otherinformation presented to the administrator and doctor wasaccurate and no other symptoms were reported. 4he study

reported thatA) they were all found out within one wee'.

B) most were diagnosed as schi7ophrenic and remainedhospitali7ed for 2 to wee's.

C) they were all found out immediately.

D) they were all 'ept in the hospital for at least a month.

'! rofessor ,apner is teaching a graduate seminar in theclinical interview. Ie would be most correct if he informed hisstudents that

A) they should rely more heavily on their intuitiveassessment than on statistical predictions.

3


37/38


B) they should rely e$ually on clinical and statisticalpredictions.

C) statistical prediction is highly superior to intuitiveprediction.

D) they should rst consider statistical data then rely ontheir intuition when ma'ing clinical predictions.

'" ,ho is li'ely to have the most accurate perception inestimating their degree of control-

A) Amanda who is slightly depressed

B) ;renda who is severely depressed

C) arlotta who is not depressed

D) 4here are no ma0or dierences based on depressionwith regard to perception of control.

'# ,itnesses who tend to be more accurate often

A) have a vivid memory for trivial details.

B) remember the event perfectly.

C) have a poor memory for trivial details.

D) have had their memories hypnotically refreshed.

'$ 4he misinformation eect is in part due to

A) openended $uestions.

B) bad police wor'.

C) racial pre0udice.

D) suggestive $uestions.

'%

4he cognitive interview procedure includesA) !ooding the eyewitness with an array of mug shots.

B) inserting follow up $uestions into open endedresponses.

C) guiding the eyewitness to reconstruct the setting.

D) having the eyewitness verbally describe theperpetrator*s face.

'& Besearch on capital punishment nds that

A) homicide rates drop in states that allow capital

punishment.B) application of the death penalty is highly consistent.

C) death $ualied 0urors comprise a biased sample.

D) the death penalty is applied e$ually to poor andmiddle class defendants.

'' #n poor countries HHHHHHHHHH but in wealthy countriesHHHHHHHHHH.

A) money doesn*t predict happiness9 it does.

B) money predicts happiness9 the correlation diminishes.

C) the number of ospring predicts happiness9 it doesn*t.

3!


38/38


D) age predicts happiness9 it does as well.

100 ?ocial psychologists suggest that all of the followingstrategies enhance life $uality R4

A) close supportive relationships.

B) positive thin'ing habits.

C) nancial wellbeing.

D) !ow.

3"

ajssfinals - psychology

Documents