akash gidwani bsc-interior design (lighting project )

Lighting DesignCOMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL

Submitted To:

Dezyne E’cole College, Ajmer

www.dezyneecole.com

Submitted By:

Akash Gidwani

B.Sc. ID – 3rd SEM.

http://www.dezyneecole.com/

Lighting?

“Lighting or Illumination is the deliberate application of light to

achieve some aesthetics or practical effect. Lighting includes use of

both artificial light sources such as lamps and natural illumination of

interiors from daylight. Indoor lighting is a key part of interior design.

Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscaping.”

Lighting Principles & Terms

Illumination

The distribution of light on a horizontal surface.

The purpose of all lighting is to produce

illumination.

Or in other words, it is the luminous flux per unit

area on an intercepting surface at any given

point.

Lumen

A measurement of light emitted by a lamp. As

reference, a 100-watt incandescent lamp emits

about 1600 lumens.

We used to look for

Now we look

for

Footcandle

A measurement of the intensity of

illumination. A footcandle is the

illumination produced by one lumen

distributed over a 1-square-foot area.

for different types of working the

varied amount of footcandles of

illumination. (can be seen on next

page).

Footcandle

Activity Foot Candles Lux

Hallways 5 – 7 55 – 75

Entertaining 10 -20 110 – 215

Dining 10 – 20 110 – 215

Easy Reading 20 - 50 215 – 540

Bathroom 20 – 50 215 – 540

Kitchen – Basic Lighting 20 – 50 215 – 540

Kitchen – Food Preparation 50 – 100 540 – 1075

Difficult reading or writing 50 – 100 540 – 1075

General workshop lighting 50 – 100 540 – 1075

Fine or detailed work 100 – 200 1075 – 2150

Lux

It is the amount of illumination created

by a light source of 1 candela which is

one metre (1m) away from the surface.

One LUX is equal to ONE LUMEN/

SQYARE metre.

1 Lux = 1 lumen / sq. m.

Efficacy

The ratio of light produced to energy consumed. It’s

measured as the number of lumens produced divided by the

rate of electricity consumption (lumens per watt).

Colour Temperature

Outdoor / Indoor

Defined as the tone of light or how the light

looks in terms of whiteness.

Higher the colour temperature = whiter/cooler

the light source.

Unit measurement = Kelvin (K)

Colour Temperature

Outdoor / Indoor

Colour temperature is a characteristics of visible light. In practice,

colour temperature is only meaningful for light sources that do in

fact correspond somewhat closely to the radiation of some black

body.

The colour temperature of the electromagnetic radiation emitted

from an ideal black body is defined as its surface temperatures in

KELVINS.

Colour temperatures over 5,000K are called cool colours (blueish

white), while lower colour temperatures (2,700-3,000 K) are called

Warm colours (yellowish white through red).

Colour Temperatures

CRI (Colour Rendering Index)

The colour rendering index (CRI), sometimes called colour rendition

index, is a quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to

reproduce the colours of various objects faithfully in comparison

with an ideal or natural light source.

Colour Rendering: Effect of an illuminance on the colour

appearance of objects by conscious or subconscious with their

colour appearance under a reference illuminant.

Finishes should be evaluated under the type of lamp (lamp and/or

daylight) which will actually be used in interiors.

Colour rendition depends on lamp colour spectrum, reflective

property of surfaces and context and condition in room.

Judgement of apparent surface colour depends also on the

experience and expectations of an individual with normal colour

vision.

CRI (Colour Rendering Index)

Glare

The excessive brightness from a direct light source that

makes it difficult to see what one wishes to see. A bright

object in front of a dark background usually will cause glare.

Bright lights reflecting off a television or computer screen or

even a printed page products glare. Intense light sources –

such as bright incandescent lamps – are likely to produce

more direct glare than large fluorescent lamps.

Beam Angle of Lights

Types of Lighting

General Lighting

Task Lighting

Accent Lighting

Decorative Lighting

Kinetic Lighting

Luminaires

Lighting Fixtures

Light Fixture is integral part of building electrical

system, transforming energy into usable illumination.

Light fixture requires: electrical connection (power

supply), lamp holder, lamp (design to diffuse, reflect,

focus light).

Form of lighting fixture, lighting source, light

illumination: point sources, linear sources, planar

sources, volumetric sources.

Lighting Luminaire

An assembly used to house one or more light sources. Also called

lighting fixture.

1. Luminaries

2. Light Lamp

3. Light socket

4. Light Switch

Classification of Luminaires

Recessed

Ceiling Mounted

Track Mounted

Wall Mounted

Suspended

Architectural

Portable

Pole mounted

Bollard

Uplights

Downlights

Floor washers

Ceiling washers

Wall washers

Spotlights

Louvered


Pole Mounted Luminaire

Wall Luminaire

Track Mounted Luminaire

Portable Luminaire

Bollard Luminaire

Suspended Luminaire

Recessed Luminaire

Categories of Luminaires

Direct: 90 -100% downward.

Semi direct: 60 – 90% downward.

General diffuse: 40 – 60% both downward and upward.

Direct - Indirect: little light is emitted in the horizontal plane.

Semi – Indirect: providing 60 – 90% of its output upward.

Indirect: providing 90 – 100% of its luminous output upward.

Point Light Source

Focus on object or area Great

Brightness, Contrast, Highlight, Sparkle or

Rhythm.

Linear Light Source

Give Direction, Outline

Shapes, Emphasize the Edges.

Planar Light Source

Surface Repeated Linear Diffused

illumination of area.

Volumetric Light Source

Light as Volumetric Illumination

Expanded through 3-Dimensional

Forms of lamps. Design of Lamp

Lamp Holder

connect to supply

Light Source

Uplights

Downlights

Spotlights

Floor Washlights

Ceiling Washlights

Wall Washing

Wall Grazing

Artificial Light Sources

Incandescent lamps

Fluorescent Lamps

High – Intensity Discharge

Lamps

Mercury Lamps

Metal halide Lamps

High Pressure Sodium Lamps

Low Pressure Sodium Lamps

Electrode less Lamps

Compact arc xenon & Mercury

Lamps

Electroluminescent Lamps

Light Emitting Diodes (LED)

Carbon arc lamps

Gaslights

Incandescent Lamp

What is Incandescent Lamp?

Hot wire – Filament sealed in a Glass Jar (Bulb).

How it Works?

Electric Current pass through the wire n make it heat

it to incandescence, and the wire emits light. Use

Standard Voltage Circuit.

Incandescent Lamp

Incandescence?

Inside the glass is a gas such as argon and/or

nitrogen. At the center of the lamp is a tungsten

filament. Electricity heats this filament up to about

2,500 degree Celsius. Just like any hot metal, the

tungsten gets “white hot” at that heat and emits a

great deal of visible light in a process called

incandescence.

Incandescent Lamp

Components of Incandescent Lamp

1. Glass Bulb (a)

2. Vacuum or Gas Filled (b)

3. Wire / Filament (c)

4. Lead - in Wires (d-e)

5. Support Wires (f)

6. Neck (g)

7. Electric Fuse (h-i-j)

8. Base (k)

d

j

g

e

b

c

f

k

a

h

i

Incandescent Lamp

Its Advantages:

1. Less Expensive

2. Easier to dim with Rheostats

3. Warmer colour than Fluorescent and Tungsten-Halogen Lamps

4. Light output is relatively high

5. Excellent colour rendering

6. Can be Dimmed

Its Dis-advantages:

1. Energy Inefficient

2. Short lamp Life Time

3. Warm source

Incandescent Lamp

Shape of Lamps:

Around 100 combinations of Glass and Quartz bulb shapes and

sizes.

Symbols:

1st Part = One or more letters indicates the shape of bulb.

2nd Part = Number, indicates diameter of the bulb in eights of an

inch

Example: A19 = Arbitrary Shaped, 19/8 inch diameter.

Incandescent Lamp

Incandescent Lamp

General Lighting Service

(GLS)

Parabolic Aluminum Reflector

(PAR)

Metal Reflector

(MR)

Incandescent Lamp

Base Identification:

1. Small Base: Bayonet, Bipin, Candelabra,

Intermediate, Miniature, Mini-

Candelabra, Twist-and-Lock, Two-Pin

2. Medium Base

3. Large Base: Mogul Screw, Mogul Bipost

Incandescent Lamp

Incandescent Lamp

Lamp Life Time:

1. Standard-Life Lamp: high temperature for the filament to operates, emits

more light, shorter life time – “burns out”.

2. Long-Life Lamp: given wattage produces less light, designed for longer

life.

Lamp Efficiency = Light Produced (Lumens, lm)

Electricity Consumed (Watts W)

Light Output: Insert Gas (Argon, Nitrogen, Krypton) slows bulb bickering

caused by condensation on the bulb wall.

Incandescent Lamp

Bulbs are sold by Watts – Measure of Power Consumed.

Lumen tells how much light lamp emits.

Hours of Operation is produced life-time (750 – 1000H, up to 2500H

for extended service lamps).

Energy Saving Lamps – Reduced wattage, Reduced light output.

Incandescent Lamp Types

Non Directional

Non Directional (emits light in all directions – A, C, G, P, PS, S and T

shapes, requires additional external elements for brightness, glare

and distribution control)

Semi - Directional

Semi Directional (silver bowl or white bowl lamps, coating on inner

side of bulb, reduce filament glare)

Directional

Directional (complete optical systems: source,

reflector, lens or filament shield, R, AR, MR, PAR

built-in beam control)

R reflector lamp with soft

glass bulb and ellipsoid

reflector with moderate

focusing power.

PAR reflector lamp with

pressed glass bulb and

powerful parabolic

reflector.

Directional

Tungsten - Halogen

What is Tungsten - Halogen?

Selected gas of Halogen Family.

How it Works?

Halogen gas combines with Tungsten

molecules that sputter of the filament deposits

Tungsten back on the Filament and Emits

constant level of light.

Tungsten - Halogen

How Halogen bulb emits light ?

A halogen bulb has a filament made of Tungsten,

which glows when electricity is applied, same as

regular incandescent bulb.

The halogen gas removes the carbon deposits on

the inside of the bulb, caused by the burning of the

tungsten filament, and redeposit it back on to the

filament, resulting in a light bulb which can be burnt

higher.

Tungsten - Halogen

High Operating Temperature

(500C), High Colour

Temperature.

Quartz instead of Glass.

Equipped with outer bulb,

Glass Cover, Mesh Screen.

Tungsten - Halogen

Its Advantages:

1. High colour temperature make them “WHITER” than Standard

Incandescent lamps.

2. Longer Life time

3. Great Efficiency.

4. Compact in Shape and Size.

They come in many Shapes and Sizes, some directional others not,

some quite small others the size of regular bulb, some fit into normal

sockets other require special sockets and voltages to work.

Tungsten - Halogen

There are many different types of (single ended) TH lamp, the most

common ones are the G9 capsule lamp, GU10 spot lamp and linear

halogen lamps which are all domestic mains voltage, and G4 capsule

lamp, (integral reflector) MR16, MR11 spot lamps which are low voltage

lamps.

Linear G 4 G 6.35 GU 9 GU 10 MR 11

Tungsten - Halogen

Types of Tungsten - Halogen

Low-Voltage Lamps

Low-Voltage Lamps – incandescent and

tungsten-halogen lamps that operate between

6V and 75V.

Standard building current of 115V – 125V must be

stepped down by the use of transformer.

Low-Voltage luminaires with integrated

transformers are larger in sizes and bulkier.

Practical system is line-voltage equipment.

Low-Voltage LampsLow Voltage Multifaceted Mirror Reflector(halogen lamp)

Low-Voltage LampsLow Voltage PAR 56(halogen lamp)

Coloured Light Bulbs(Coloured Ceramic Enamel)

Coloured Filters

HUE (quality in red or green),

SATURATION (strength or depth of colour)

BRIGHTNESS (quantity of light)

Gelatine Filters (“Gels”)

Thin transparent coloured plastic sheets in wide variety of

colours, as well as multi-coloured and diffused sheets.

Short service life – colour fades rapidly.

Interference Filters

One or more layers of ultrathin film coating on clear glass

that reflects rather than absorb unwanted wavelength.

They transmit one colour, and reflect the complementary

colour.

Discharge Lamps

What is discharge Lamp contains?

Gas, phosphor, cathode, discharge.

How it Works?

Light is produced by passage of an electric

current through a vapour or gas, rather than

through a tungsten wire as in incandescent

lamp.

Fluorescent Lamp

Fluorescent Lamp

The classic fluorescent lamp design, which has fallen mostly by the

wayside, used a special starter switch mechanism to light up the

tube.

The conventional starter switch is a small discharge bulb, containing

neon or some other gas. The bulb has two electrodes positioned

right next to each other. When electricity is initially passed through

the bypass circuit, an electrical arc jumps between these electrodes

to make a connection. This arc lights the bulb in the same way a

larger arc lights a florescent bulb.

Fluorescent Lamp

Fluorescent Lamp

Its Advantages:

1. Heat is relatively low.

2. Energy efficient.

3. Range from low grade to high grade.

4. Long lamp life.

5. Usually Cool source.

6. Control gears.

Its Dis-advantages:

1. Colour temperature.

2. Require ballast: preheat, instant-start, rapid-start.

3. Requires controlling elements for glare control.

Fluorescent Lamp

Types:

1. Cold Cathode

2. Hot Cathode

Shape:

1. U-Bent Shape

2. Circuline Shape

3. Compact Fluo- Lamps

Fluorescent Lamp (Shape)

Ballast/Driver

Equipment required to control the starting and operating voltages

of electrical gas discharge lights.

Magnetic

Ballast

(Traditional)

Electronic

BallastIntegrated

Ballast (CFL)

High Intensity Discharge Lamps

(HID Lamps)

Type of electrical gas-discharge lamp which produces light by

means of an electric are between tungsten electrodes housed

inside a translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc

tube.

This tube is filled with both gases and metal salts. The gas facilitates

the arc’s initial strike. Once the arc is started, it heats and

evaporates the metal slats forming a plasma, which greatly

increases the intensity of light produced by the arc and reduces its

power consumption. High intensity discharge lamps are a type of

arc lamp.


(HID Lamps)

HID Lamps (used in retail design)


(HID Lamps)

When energy efficiency and/or light

intensity are desired. These areas include

gymnasiums, large public areas

warehouses, movie theatres, football

stadiums, outdoor activity areas, roadways,

parking lots, and pathways.

Ultra-high Performance (UHP) HID lamps are

used in LCD or DLP projection TV sets or

projection displays as well.

Various Types of HID Lamps

LED & OLED

A light – emitting diode or LED, is a semiconductor light source. LEDs

are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly

used for other lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic

component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but

modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and

infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

White Light

There are two primary ways of producing high intensity white-light

using LEDs.

1. One is to use individual LEDs that emit three primary colours – red,

green, and blue- and then mix all the colours to form white light.

2. The other is to use a phosphor material to convert monochromatic light

from a blue or UV LED to broad-spectrum white light, much in the same

way a fluorescent light bulb works.

LED Light

Red and Infrared LEDs are made with gallium arsenide.

Bright Blue is made with Gan – gallium nitride.

White LEDs are made with yttrium aluminium garnet

There are also orange, green, blue, violet, purple, ultraviolet LEDs.

LED Light

Benefits of LED Lighting


LED lights are usually around 3mm – 8mm long.

The small size and profile of the LED lights allow

them to be used where other light bulbs may not

fit.

Size

1


Where other lights give off more energy by shining

in different areas, LED lights only shine in a specific

direction becoming more efficient.

Efficiency

2


35,000 to 50.000 hours, compared to 750 to 2,000

hours for an incandescent bulb, 8,000 to 10,000

hours for a compact fluorescent and 20,000 to

30,000 hours for a linear fluorescent bulb.

Life

3


LEDs remain cool. In addition, since they contain noglass components, they are not vulnerable tovibration or breakage like conventional bulbs. LEDsare thus better suited for use in areas like sportsfacilities and high-crime locations.

Temperature

4


LED light are available in different colour. We can

enhance the aesthetic look of our House and Building

by use of these colourful LEDs. These can also change

colour as per the aesthetics requirements.

Colourful

5


LED light are good as per according to the beam

angle as it has greater angle of spreading light. It

uses maximum efficiency and hence has a upper

hand over other lights.

Wide Beam Angle

6

LED Lighting

LEDs are just tiny light bulbs that fit

easily into an electrical circuit. But

unlike ordinary incandescent bulbs,

the don’t have a filaments that will

burn out, and they don’t get

especially hot. They are illuminated

solely by the movement of electrons

in a semiconductor material, and

they last just as long as a standard

transistor. The life span of an LED

surpasses the short life of an

incandescent bulb by thousands of

hours.

LED Reflectors

Uses of LED Lights

For Commercial Field

For Retail Field

For Restaurants

For Offices

For Residential Area

For Automobile Field

LED Lights VS Other Lights

Comparison of LED Tubes with

Fluorescent Tubes

Comparison of LED bulb with CFL

bulb

Comparison of LED bulb with

Incandescent bulb

Different Lamps

Lamps

Halogen MR16

GU 5-3

Incandescent

Stand. E27Halogen

OR111 G53

Halogen PAR

E27

Lamps

PLC compact

fluorescent

lamp

CFL compact

fluorescent

lamp E27

Fluorescent CFL

spiral E27Fluorescent

megamun

liliput E27

Lamps

Fluorescent TL

T5

LED MR16

GU5-3

LED Tubular

Lamp

Fluorescent TL

T8

Lamps

LED Strip LED Flexi

Light

LED Strips

(Plat)

LED Strip

Lamps

LED LinestaLED Tape

Fibre Optics

Cold Cathode

Thank youAny Questions?

akash gidwani bsc-interior design (lighting project )

Education