akm ppt c3 k m systems

CHAPTER IIIAGRICUTURAL KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS

Knowledge Management Systems KMS are designed to gather, store and retrieve/disseminate information. Three

basic function are as follows:

Gathering of Information The company needs to establish procedures for documentation of projects. how to document the information how to control the relevance and quality of the selected material

Storage of Information Storage should be in the electronic devices like CD, DVD,

Monographs,database,Documentary Films, with easy access from all organization levels.

Retrieval of Information The System should also be able to compile data according to user needs and

preferences. The structure of the database –the number of retrieval dimensions –depends on

intended use.

I. National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS)

NARS focused on strengthening research, infrastructure, capacity, management and policy support at the national level.

Purpose: Planning capacity for agriculture research, technology development & technology transfer.

Actors: Ag Universities faculties, Extension Bureaus and farmers.

Outcome: Technology invention and technology transfer

Mechanism for Innovation: Transfer of TechnologyRole of Policy: Resource allocation, Priority

II. Agricultural Knowledge Information SystemKnowledge Triangle

AKIS is defined “the articulated of actors, networks and/or organization, expected or managed to work synergically to support knowledge process which improve the correspondence between “knowledge: and “environment” and/or the control provided through technology use in a given domain of human activity”, (Rolling, 1992).

Education

Research Extension

Farmers

II. Agricultural Knowledge Information SystemKnowledge Dynamics Human Activity Systems (HAS) are open systems. The purpose, elements, connections, the boundaries, the inputs

(knowledge and information of each actor), the internal processing unit and the output.

System changes have led to the changes in other features of system.

System need new knowledge and information for optimum performance of the system.

Knowledge is constituted by the ways in which people categorize, code, process information’s and impute meaning to their daily life experiences.

Knowledge emerges out of a complex process involving social, cultural and institutional factors.

II. Agricultural Knowledge Information SystemComplex process is affected by various social contingencies

- The skills- Orientations- Experiences- Interests- Resources & - Patterns of Social interaction

Knowledge has a ‘complex’ nature because of the variation among elements of a system in terms of above mentioned social contingencies.

Knowledge is neither accumulation of facts nor is fully unified or integrated but rather fragmentary, partial and provisional in nature because people work with a multiplicity of understanding, beliefs and commitments.

II. Agricultural Knowledge Information System

Concept of Knowledge Dynamics

Knowledge Dynamics is helpful to recognize the context in which interventions and technologies work efficiently.

KD means the change in Knowledge and Information required as the context in which social actors operate change because of certain factors ( resource, institutional, political, natural, demographic, policy etc)

Women’s change because of either of the above factors and hence the knowledge and information needed to address their basic needs also changes.

II. Agricultural Knowledge Information SystemKnowledge and Practice Knowledge alone is not suffice for realizing desirable result. Practicing is impossible unless one has required knowledge. Putting knowledge into practice entails personal efforts as well as

outsider’s input in the form services or cooperation. Central Ethiopia, farmers had severe problem of food shortage for

their livestock due to grazing lands. To solve these problem came up with idea of feeding molasses - a

bi-product of sugar from Methera Sugar Factory, Nazareth Town. MOA directed to train the women who is close to livestock to feed

who needs new knowledge on feeding practices. Knowledge in itself is not enough; it requires training to practice or

put the knowledge into action.

II. Agricultural Knowledge Information SystemContextualizing External Knowledge External Institutions need to consider indigenous realities in which

their technologies/innovations are expected to work. Understanding the context should be the primary task of these

information. Technology situation that failed to consider the household context. New variety of bean has been introduced to farmers of Western

Hararghe. New variety has a good quality in terms of yield and matures to

farmers in water stress areas. Men appreciated technology, variety, quality of the bean but

women complained for home consumption criteria. External Knowledge of researchers should work not within the

context of men only but of the household in general.


Knowledge Processes

Knowledge Processes is valuable in order to understand the roles and

functions of the different actors involved at various phases in which

knowledge is transformed from its abstract to the more concrete and

applicable forms.

Knowledge Generation/Production/Creation

Knowledge Dissemination

Knowledge Transformation ( oral, written, simple, meaningful, relevant)

Knowledge Exchange

Knowledge Utilization

Knowledge Storage and Retrieval

II. Agricultural Knowledge Information SystemKnowledge Processes1. Knowledge generation/Production/Creation2. Knowledge Dissemination3. Knowledge Transformation (Oral, Written, Meaningful,

Relevant)4. Knowledge Exchange5. Knowledge Utilization6. Knowledge Storage and Retrieval7. Building and strengthening supporting the Institutions8. Understanding the Production, reproduction and

transformation of knowledge in terms of “ Life-worlds” of the Individuals and Groups.

II. Agricultural Knowledge Information SystemWho Generates Knowledge?

Farmers

Researchers

Development Agents

Policy Makers

Project Managers

System Scientists

Agricultural Scientists

National & International NGOs

NETWORK OF ACTORS


Interface between real world and knowledge

Goodness-of-fit between the collective knowledge

of local actors and environment to control, adapt,

objectives

Functional Differentiation, Integration and

coordination for KM

AKIS mobilizing the power of the clientele

II. Agricultural Knowledge Information SystemKnowledge Systems PerspectiveFeatures of KIS Perspectives Reflective practice rather than from Scientific

enquiry.Different Actors decisions affecting the innovation

of agriculture.Power struggles among actors for the new

innovationComplex of Innovation theaters have to

accommodate arbitrariness, judgments, contextualization, views, positions, relationships among social actors.

III. Agricultural Innovation SystemPurpose: Strengthening the capacity to increase agricultural

production and marketing systemActors: Potentially all actors in the public and private sectors

involved in the Creation, diffusion, adaptation and use all types of Agricultural advanced knowledge.

Outcome: Combinations of technical and institutional innovations in production, marketing, policy research and enterprise domains.

Mechanism of Innovation: Interactive learningDegree of Market Integration: HighRole of Policy: Setting Integrated componentNature of Capacity Strengthening: Interactions between

actors; institutional development and change to support interaction; learning and innovation; creating an enabling environment.

IV. Agricultural Knowledge Management Systems (AKMS)

Effective Knowledge Management means that networks of partners gets the right information to the right person at the right time in a user-friendly and accessible easily perform jobs efficiently.

NARS

AIS

AKIS

AKMS

RAAKS

NETWORKS OF ACTORS

AKMS

ACQUISITION

GENERATING

TRANSMITTING

UTILIZATION

MEASUREMENT

EVALUATION


Knowledge System and Natural Resource Management Environmental problems from local to international

levels post the structural dilemma Solving these problems needs collective & cooperative

action. Irrigation Water Management, mineral resources, Soil

& Water conservation, Forest Management & Wildlife conservation

Different Social Actors bring in Sustainable Natural Resource use.

Knowledge Systems Theory provides tools to attain the objectives.


Participatory Watershed Management (PWM): case from India

Top-down Approach intervention failed in India. Bottom-up Approach has become successful in

Watershed Management at village level. Both joint cooperation of GOs & NGOs. Adopting flexible and long-term approaches that build on

local knowledge and skills. Reinforcing village organizations. Involving villagers in technology generation and

facilitation for appraisal. External Institutions played only a catalytic role in

facilitation & Networking.

V. RAPID APPRAISAL OF AGRICULTURE KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS (RAAKS)

o RAAKS is one of the Participating Methodologies existing to respond in research & extension system.

o RAAKS is the participatory rural Appraisal, Participatory Technology development, Participatory Action Research, Farmer’s Participatory Research etc.

o Mobilization of Indigenous Knowledge for planning intervention & Policy formulation.

o Collective learning, planning for solution.o Utilization of information from all categories of

farmers, organizations and institutions.

V. Rapid Appraisal of Agriculture Knowledge Systems (RAAKS)

RAAKS is the Participatory Learning and Action Research (PLAR) Methodology

CONCRETE

ABSTRACT

PRACTICES REFLECTIONS

DECISIONS THINKER

THEORYPRACTICE


RAAKS gives helpful tools for the formulation of Policy proposals

RAAKS being developed from AKIS is a participatory action research.

Farmer's activities but contributions reflecting people’s views and perceptions.

RAAKS provides multiple bounces of knowledge generated from different experiences.

RAAKS has three Phases A,B and C. Each has windows have tools for investigation


PHASE A: Problem Definition and System Segmentation • Social Actors collectively discuss on their problems to find

out the cause.• Identifying the relevant actors who can potentially

contribute to the RAAKA process.• Pre-exercise meeting with officials and villagers is

important to assess the process.• Mission statement, all actors identified will forward their

expectation from the system.• Critical diagnosis of the system’s environment and beter

understanding.

V. Rapid Appraisal of Agriculture Knowledge Systems (RAAKS)Phase B: Constraint and Opportunity Analysis Each window emphasizes on specific issues and cases to

think over it. Choices of windows are determined by the nature and

complexity of the problem identified by the research team.

RAAKS team building communication of actors and opportunity creation for collective learning, motivation of the participants towards discovery learning.

Phase B has Seven Analysis: 1. Impact Analysis 2. Actor Analysis 3. Knowledge Network Analysis 4. Integration Analysis 5. Task Analysis 6. Coordination Analysis 7. Communication Analysis.

V. Rapid Appraisal of Agriculture Knowledge Systems (RAAKS)Phase C: Policy Articulation (Intervention Planning) RAAKS is to provide tools to agricultural institutions in

the areas of Knowledge generation and information processing for Policy formulation, appraisal and implementation.

Ag.research incorporating the values, beliefs, practices, attitudes and knowledge of the people.

RAAKS gives greater emphasis to correlating local knowledge with policy decisions to make policy implementation more effective and need based.

Relevant actors will get committed to invest their time, resources and efforts in taking actions, recommendations of the team work.


R

A

A

K

S

Improve a Knowledge & Information System to Fos, Potential for Learning and

Innovation

Create awareness to relevant actors viz., Target Groups, Policy Makers, Farm Producers, Traders, Researchers, Extension Workers

Indentify the Actors and Potential Actors could act effectively to remove constraints and take advantage of opportunities to

improve the innovative performance and change in Agriculture


Advantages of Studying Agricultural Knowledge SystemsPolicy Designing, Implementation & Evaluation Human knowledge always goes to Absolutism and

massive participation is driven by the notion of constructivism.

Definition, policy involves economic & political decisions to achieve goals.

Policy makers develop program and formulate projects at Micro & Micro levels to convert policy proposals.

Designing, appraisal and implementation, policy is on the level of analysis.


Styles of Policy Formulation1. An Expert Styles• Communication between Policy relevant actors • Effect of implementing policies formulated becomes

continuous production of discontinuities.• Style of Policy formulation is often directed to reducing

heterogeneity through standardization.

POLICY FORMULATION IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION


2. Participatory Style Various types of policy relevant actors participate

and communicate during process. Ensures knowledge generation, transformation

and utilization in the process of investigation. Information & Knowledge obtained through

scientific research involving local groups. Linearity does not work unlike the expert style. Continuous redesigning of policies through

revising the planned objectives of projects and programs.

RAPID APPRAISAL OF AGRICULTURE KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS (RAAKS)

Participatory Policy Analysis Methodsa. Consensus Conference Methods (CCM)b. Gaming/Simulation (Economists use Models to simulate

Policy)Panel Typesc. Laymen Panel/Question panel – have no special

knowledged. Expert Panel – have special knowledge on the subject. Policy Analyst is to play a mediating role without

advocating issues. Analyst can also use specific criteria for selection of the

panel ( sex, age, level of education, disciplines)

V. Rapid Appraisal of Agriculture Knowledge Systems (RAAKS) CCM an expert is not a special kind of person but each

person is a special kind of expert (Hisschemoler, 1993) CCM, policy problem is not equally important for relevant

actors, an intractable controversy will emerge. To overcome the controversy problem in participatory policy

analysis, problem structuring is very helpful. Incentive Systems Information has a price. It takes time to produce the

outcome. Establish Incentive System that rewards knowledge sharing. Employees are rewarded neither for sharing information, nor

for searching for it. Lower motivation to the KM System, providing extra time to

document their work giving bonus etc.

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akm ppt c3 k m systems

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