al quds thermometer of our honor
TRANSCRIPT
AL-QUDS JERUSALEMThermometer of Musl im’s Honor
Topics • Introduction
• History
• Why AL-Quds
• Conclusion
عناصر
مقدمة •
تارخ•
لماذا القدس•
خاتمة•
Location
On a plateau in Khaleel
Mountains.
Neighboring towns: Bethlehem
and Beit Jala to the south, Abu
Dis and Ma'ale Adumim
settlement to the east,
Mevaseret Zion to the west,
and Ramallah and Giv'at Ze'ev
settlement to the north.
موقعها
وسط فلسطن، على هضبة •
. من هضاب جبال الخلل
بت لحم : البلدات المجاورة•
وبت جاال جنوبا، أبو دس
ومستوطنة معاله أدومم
شرقا، مڤاسرت صهون
غربا، ورام هللا ومستوطنة
.گفعات زئف شماال
.منظر لبلدة القدس القدمة من جبل المشارفThe Outlook from a Nearby
Mountain.
Name
Urusalim is the first name.
Also Jebus.
Yerushalayim (Jerusalem) first appears in book
of Joshua. Israelites named settled
neighborhood “City of David”. "Zion"
referred to part of the city, later signified the
whole.
In Greek transliterated Hierosolym
Renamed Aelia Capitolina by the Romans.
In Arabic, al-Quds "The Holy“.
اسمها
" أورسالم"أول اسم
". بوس"ثم وفقا للتوراة،
وأطلق العبرانون على ” أورشلم"ثم
” مدنة داود"األقسام المؤهولة
.ثم صارت ألقابا" صهون"و
" هروسلما: "خالل العصر الهلن
ة"سماها الرومان ". إلا الكاپتولن
ف العهدة العمرة تذكر باسم
". إلاء"
.“القدس“و” بت المقدس"ثم
Why Mainly Palestine?
Islam doesn't distinguish
between people based on their
ethnic, racial or national
background.
Palestine is not the only bleeding
wound in our body.
لماذا فلسطن
اإلسالم ال •
فرق بن
.الناس
لست فلسطن •
. وحدها تنزف
Why Mainly Palestine?
a- Because of what this land
means to us Muslims.
• Ceuta and Melilla are two
Moroccan cities that are
occupied by Spain. Have you
ever heard about them?
لماذا فلسطن
لما تعنه القدس •
. ونواحها لنا
Blessed and Holy
“Glorified be He Who took His slave
for a journey by night from Al-
Masjid Al-Haraam to Al-Masjid Al-
Aqsaa, the neighborhood whereof
We have blessed…” *al-Israa’ 17:1].
Moses: “O my people! Enter the holy
land which Allah assigned to
you”*al-Ma’idah 5:21]
ومقدسة مباركة
: وصفها هللا بؤنها مباركة
سبحان الذي أسرى بعبده )
لال من المسجد الحرام إلى
المسجد األقصى الذي باركنا
( 1/اإلسراء( )حوله
على لسان )مقدسة وأنها
قوم ادخلوا ا )(: موسى
األرض المقدسة الت كتب
( 21/المائدة )( لكمهللا
In It there is al-Aqsaa
• Abu Dharr said: we were discussing, in the
presence of the Prophet, which of them was
more virtuous, the mosque of the Messenger or
Bayt al-Maqdis. The Messenger of Allah said: One
prayer in my mosque is better than four prayers
there, but it is still a great place of prayer. Soon
there will come a time when if a man has a spot
of land as big as his horse’s rope from which he
can see Bayt al-Maqdis, that will be better for him
than the whole world. Narrated & classed saheeh
by al-Haakim.
فها األقصى
تذاكرنا ونحن عند : ذرأب عن •
رسول هللا أهما أفضل مسجد
رسول هللا أم بت المقدس؟ فقال
صالة ف مسجدي : رسول هللا
أفضل من أربع صلوات فه ولنعم
المصلى هو، ولوشكن أن كون
للرجل مثل شطن فرسه من
رى منه بت األرض حث
" جمعا المقدس خر له من الدنا
.وصححهرواه الحاكم
Protected from ad-Dajjal
The Dajjaal will not enter it:
“He will prevail over all the earth, apart
from al-Haram [in Makkah] and Bayt al-
Maqdis.” [Saheeh. Narrated by Ahmad.]
The Dajjaal will be killed close to al-Quds:
“The son of Maryam will kill the Dajjaal at
the gates of Ludd.” (Muslim, from al-
Nawwaas ibn Sam’aan). Ludd (Lod): town
near al-Quds.
محفوظة من الدجال
وإنه : "ال دخلهاالدجال •
سظهر على األرض كلها إال
رواه " الحرم وبت المقدس
أحمد وصححه ابن خزمة
قتل : "قربا من هناكوقتل •
" ابن مرم الدجال بباب لد
. مسلم عن النواس بن سمعان
.المقدسقرب بت " لد "و
The First Qiblah
• Al-Baraa’: the Messenger of
Allaah prayed toward Bayt
al-Maqdis for sixteen or
seventeen months. (Ag).
قبلة المسلمن األولى
البراء أن رسول هللا عن •
صلى إلى بت المقدس
ستة عشر شهرا أو سبعة
(ق( .عشر شهرا
Cradle of Wahy, and homeland of Prophets.
• The Messenger led the
Prophets in it: “Then the
time for prayer came, and I
led them in prayer.” (M from
Abu Hurayrah).
مهبط الوح وموطن . األنباء
أم الرسول األنباء فه ف •
فحانت : ".. صالة واحدة
مسلم " الصالة فؤممتهم
.عن أب هررة
Al-Aqsa is one of the three mosques to which people travel.
• Abu Hurayrah: the Prophet: “No journey should be made except to three mosques, al-Masjid al-Haraam, Masjid al-Rasool, Masjid al-Aqsaa.” (Ag)
إلى تشد الرحال
قصىألا
أب هررة عن عن •
ال تشد الرحال : " النب
إال إلى ثالثة مساجد
المسجد الحرام ومسجد
الرسول ومسجد األقصى (ق(".
Al-Masjid al-Aqsa
•Rebuilt by Sulaymaan, as stated in Sunan al-
Nasaa’I, however existed before him based on
al-Saheehayn from Abu Dharr: “I said, ‘O
Messenger of Allaah, which mosque was built
on earth first?’ He said, ‘Al-Masjid al-Haraam .’ I
said, ‘Then which?’ He said, ‘Al-Masjid al-Aqsa.’ I
said, ‘How much time was there between
them?’ He said, ‘Forty years. So wherever you
are when the time for prayer comes, pray, for
that is the best thing to do.’
المسجد األقصى
سنن ثبت ف سلمان، كما بناه
عله ه قبلموجودا النسائ، وكان
سلمان له كان وبناء السالم
الصححن عن أب ف فتجددا
ا رسول هللا أي مسجد قلت : ذر
: أول؟ قالوضع ف األرض
أي؟ المسجد الحرام قال قلت ثم
قال المسجد األقصى قلت كم كان
قال أربعون سنة ثم أنما بنهما؟
أدركتك الصالة بعد فصله فإن
"فهالفضل
Location and Borders of al-Aqsa
•Al-Mawsoo’ah al-Filasteeniyyah (4/203): “The
name al-Masjid al-Aqsa was historically applied
to the entire sanctuary and the buildings in it,
most important of which is the Dome of the
Rock built by ‘Abd al-Malik ibn Marwaan in 72
AH/691 CE. Today the name is applied to the
great mosque in the southern part of the
sanctuary.” Also (3/23): “The Dome of the Rock
is in the middle of the plateau of al-Aqsa, which
is in the southeastern part of the city of al-Quds.
مكان المسجد وحده
كان ) 4/203الفلسطنة الموسوعة •
المسجد األقصى طلق على اسم
وما فه الحرم القدس الشرف كله
قبة الصخرة الت من منشآت أهمها
72بناها عبد الملك بن مروان سنة
وأما الوم فطلق على .م691/هـ
(. المسجد الكبر جنوب ساحة الحرم
الصخرة قبة )(: 3/23)وفها أضا
، ف ف وسط ساحة المسجد األقصى
(القدسالقسم الجنوب الشرق من
This concurrs with what Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah said
• “Al-Masjid al-Aqsa is the name for the
whole of the place of worship built by
Sulaymaan (peace be upon him).
• Some people started to give the name of
al-Aqsa to the prayer-place built by ‘Umar
ibn al-Khattab in front of it…
• Praying in this place which ‘Umar built for
the Muslims is better than praying in the
rest of the mosque”
ؤكد هذا ما قاله شخ اإلسالم ابن تمة
األقصى اسم لجمع فالمسجد “•
المسجد الذي بناه سلمان عله
وقد صار بعض الناس السالم،
المصلى الذي األقصى سم
بناه عمر بن الخطاب ف
والصالة ف هذا ...مقدمته
المصلى الذي بناه عمر
للمسلمن أفضل من الصالة ف
”.المسجدسائر
Why Mainly Palestine?
b- Because of the magnitude and
the duration of the crime. This
is not a simple occupation; this
is a crime of erasing a nation off
the map and denying a people
their identity.
لماذا فلسطن
بسبب حجم •.الجرمة ومدتها
Tick ing C lock
Al-Awda and American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC-SF)June 2002 19
Population: 1870-1946
18
70
18
93
19
12
19
20
19
25
19
30
19
35
19
40
19
46
Jews
Arabs
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
2,000,000
367,224
7,000
1,237,000
608,000
Al-Awda and American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC-SF) - June 2002
Population %: 1870-1946
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
1870
1893
1912
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1946
Arabs Jews
35% 65%
2% 98%
H o w D o T h e y D o I t ?
1- Extra Judicial Killings
Al-Awda and American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC-SF) - June 2002
Expropriation and Destruction of LandDemolition of houses
• Since 1967, Israel expropriated 79% of WB.
(Betselem, 2002)
• From October 2001 to January 2005, Israel
demolished 675 homes in the Occupied Territories as
punishment. Betselem
• 3000 houses destroyed by Israel during current
intifada – (Haaretz, Aug, 2003)
Al-Awda and American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC-SF) - June 2002
I m p r i s o n m e n t & To r t u r e
• Since 1967, over 600,000 Palestinians have been held in
Israeli jails for periods ranging from one week to life.
(Palestine times, no. 83, May 1998)
• During the first Intifada Israel arrested 175,000
Palestinians – (Passia)
• Minors in detention (January 2005): 382 Betselem
• Torture: 85% of detainees tortured during interrogation
Betselem / Passia
Movement• Checkpoints &Road blocks• Control Towers• Forbidden Roads• Permits• Closures & Sieges • Curfew• No Airports
D e s t r u c t i o n o f e c o n o m y
More than 11,000 olive
trees [decades to
mature] have been
uprooted
Al-Awda and American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC-SF) - June 2002
Al-Awda and American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC-SF) - June 2002
Water• 80% water aquifers in West Bank.
• Illegal settlements placed on top of water aquifers & mountains and
get priority access.
• Settlers attack Palestinians' water supply, severing pipes and switching
off valves.
• They dump sewage on Palestinian land, polluting wells and aquifers.
• Israeli army routinely destroyed water supplies, a war crime.
Why Mainly Palestine?
c- Because of the type of enemy.
• UN resolutions from the G.A., like
194, practically meaningless.
• Whenever the S.C. decides to pass a
resolution, like 242 or 338, it is under
chapter XI, not XII, ‘non-enforceable’!
لماذا فلسطن
طغان األعداء •.وتآمرهم
Al-Awda and American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC-SF)June 2002
Jewish … Arrive at airport & be a citizen!
1948: Resolution 194: ".. refugees wishing to return to
their homes and live at peace with their neighbors should
be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date.."
1974: Resolution 3236: "the inalienable right of the
Palestinians to return to their homes and property …"
1997: UN Resolution 52/62: “Reaffirms that the Palestine
Arab refugees are entitled to their property ...."
Reaffirmed 110 times with universal consensus, except for Israel & U.S.
Why Mainly Palestine?
e- Because of the rapid
progress of the case.
• Israel continues to build
settlements and annex land.
لماذا فلسطن
.لسرعة تطور األحداث•
The Separation Wall
1.Surrounds 100,000 people in 42 towns
2.Reduces water supply by 1 billion gallons
3.Confiscates hundreds of thousands of acres
4.Harshly limits travel to jobs hospitals &
schools
5.Adversely affects 4 out of 10 Palestinians
Al-Awda and American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC-SF) - June 2002
Settlements
Why Mainly Palestine?
f- The interruption of the land
continuity of this ummah.
An enemy within the heartland
with easy access to many
regions, including the sacred
precincts.
لماذا فلسطن
تقطع أوصال •
األمة
خنجر ف قلبها•
Why Not Maccah
• Because of its significance
to Judaism, Christianity, and
Islam.
• Because Allah is most
merciful.
لماذا القدس ولس مكة
تعتبر القدس مدنة مقدسة •
عند أتباع الدانات
: السماوة الثالث
الهودة، المسحة،
.واإلسالم
.رحمة من هللا بنا•
Why History
“Indeed in their stories, there
is a lesson for men of
understanding.”
التارخ لماذا
لقد كان ف قصصهم عبرة )
(.ألول األلباب
(111:وسف)
Timeline of the History of al -Quds
Jebusites
• According to the Bible, the Jebusites
were a Canaanite tribe.
• They built Jerusalem prior to its conquest
by Prophet David.
• Melchisedech, in the Old Testament, was
king and priest, connected with
Jerusalem, revered by Abraham.
• Books of Kings state that Jerusalem was
known as Jebus prior to this event.
البوسون
عرب من الكنعانن نزحوا من
شبة الجزرة إلى الشام خالل
. م.األلف الثالث ق
استقروا ف منطقة القدس وسائر
.الكنعانن عند الساحل
" ملك صادق"بنوا القدس بقادة
وكانت " شالم"وأسموها
.”بوس"تسمى أضا
Jebusites
• According to some
Biblical chronologies,
the city was conquered
by King David in 1003
BC, or according to
other sources 869 BC.
البوسون
استقروا ف المنطقة حتى استولى اإلسرائلون
. م.على المدنة ف القرن الثان عشر ق
.بقادة نب هللا داود
.أحذ الجذران الحجرية الضخمة لمذينة يبىس قبل وصىل داود إليها
ú-ru-sa-liminscription, Amarnaletters, by King of the city, AbdiHeba, 14th century BCE
نقشششششش السششششششم
أورسششششالم فشششش
إحشششدس رسشششا ل
تشششل العمارنشششة
بشششششششششد ملششششششششش
عبشششد "المدنشششة
الرابع "هبات
.م.عشر ق
Unified Kingdom
• Later, according to the biblical
narrative, King Solomon built a more
substantive temple, the Temple of
Solomon.
• When the Kingdom of Judah split from
the larger Kingdom of Israel (which the
Bible places near the end of the reign
of Solomon, Jerusalem became the
capital of the Kingdom of Judah.
المملكة الموحدة
40حكم داود عله السالم إسرائل •
. م.ق 970عاما حتى
عاما، وف عهده 33خلفه سلمان •
تم تشد هكل سلمان الشهر،
الذي مثل المستودع الذي حفظ فه
.تابوت العهد وفقا للمعتقد الهودي
بعد وفاة سلمان انقسمت المملكة •
سم القسم الجنوب . إلى قسمن
مملكة هوذا، وأصبحت القدس
عاصمة لها تحت قادة رحبعام بن
.سلمان
Babylonians
• Jerusalem was capital of Judah for 400
years. It survived an Assyrian siege in
701 BC by Sennacherib, unlike Samaria,
the capital of the northern Kingdom.
• The siege of 597 BC led to the city being
overcome by the Babylonians, who took
the young King and aristocracy into
captivity … burnt the temple, destroyed
the city's walls.
البابلون
م، احتل .ق 587•
نبوخذ "الملك البابل
القدس " نصر الثان
ونقل من فها من
الهود أسرى إلى
بابل ودمر هكل
سلمان، مما أنهى
".عهد الهكل األول"
Cyrus II of Persia
• After several decades of captivity in
Babylon and the Persian conquest of
Babylonia, Cyrus II of Persia allowed the
Jews to return to Judah and rebuild the
Temple. The construction was finished in
516 BC.
• Jerusalem was once again the capital of
Judah, and the center of Jewish worship.
المل قور الكبر
سنة من 50م وبعد .ق 538•
السب، سمح الملك الفارس
قورش الكبر لمن أراد من
الهود بالعودة وبناء الهكل،
فعاد عدد وشرعوا ببناء
الهكل الثان، وانتهوا سنة
.م.ق 516
استمرت المدنة عاصمة •
لمملكة هوذا طلة العقود
.الت تلت
Alexander the Great
• 333 B.C. Alexander the
Great conquered the
Persian Empire, Jerusalem
and Judea fell under Greek
control and Hellenic
influence.
اإلسكندر األكبر
م فقدت فارس .ق 333•
القدس لإلسكندر األكبر
وبعد وفاته حكمها
خلفاإه المقدونون
.والبطالمة
Greek era (312–164 BC)
• following Alexander's death,
Jerusalem and Judea fell under
Ptolemaic control under
Ptolemy I.
• In 198 BC, as a result of the
Battle of Panium, Ptolemy V
lost Jerusalem and Judea to the
Seleucids under Antiochus the
Great.
اإلغرق
م استولى علها .ق 323•
بطلموس األول وضمها مع
فلسطن إلى مملكته ف
.مصر
م، خسر بطلموس .ق 198•
الخامس مملكة هوذا
للسلوقن ف سورا، بقادة
.أنطوخوس الثالث الكبر
Hasmonean Kingdom (164 BC – 35 BC)
• Under the Seleucids many Jews became
Hellenized, culminating in the Maccabean
rebellion by Matisyahu the High Priest and
his five sons. As a result, Jerusalem
became capital of independent
Hasmonean Kingdom which lasted 103
years; the only independent Jewish state in
the four centuries after the Kingdom of
Judah was destroyed.
المملكة الحشمونا مة
قام المكابون . م.ق 168•
بثورة على الحاكم
أنطوخوس الرابع، ونجحوا
بتؤسس المملكة
الحشمونائمة وعاصمتها
.م.ق 152القدس سنة
استولى الرومان على القدس •
.م.ق 63عام
Herodian Dynasty (35 BC – 96 AD)
• The Romans installed Herod as a Jewish
client king around 19 BC.
• As king of the Province of Judea, Herod
rebuilt the Second Temple.
• After Herod's death in 4 BC, Judea and the
city of Jerusalem came under direct Roman
rule in 6 AD through Roman prefects,
procurators, and legates but Herod's
descendants were nominal kings of Judaea
Province until 96.
الحرودون
نصب الرومان حرود األول ملكا •
على الهود، فكرس حرود عهده
لتجمل المدنة وتطور مرافقها،
. وبنى المعبد الثان
بعد وفاة حرود األول، خلفه حرود •
قبل 4الثان ف حكم القدس من عام
بعده وعندها أخضع 6المالد حتى
الرومان مملكة هوذا للحكم
الرومان المباشر، فؤصبحت تعرف
بمقاطعة الهودة، على الرغم من
أن خلفاء حرود األول استمروا
بحكم المناطق المجاورة بوصفهم
.96ملوك تابعن لروما حتى
Roman rule (6 AD –638 AD)
• In 66 AD the Jewish population rebelled against the
Roman Empire in what is now known as the First
Jewish–Roman War. Roman legions under future
emperor Titus re-conquered and subsequently
destroyed much of Jerusalem and the Second
Temple in 70 AD. The Second Temple was burnt and
all that remained was the great external (retaining)
walls supporting the Esplanade on which the Temple
had stood, a portion of which has become known as
the Western Wall; also known as the Wailing Wall.
6)الحكم الرومان .(638–. م.ق
شهد الحكم الرومان للقدس •
حوادث كثرة، أولها الثورة
الهودة الكبرى، من سنة
م، وقمعها 70إلى 66
" تطس"الحاكم الرومان
فؤحرق المدنة وأسر كثرا
من الهود ودمر المعبد
للمرة الثانة، وعادت
. األمور إلى طبعتها
Sack of Jerusalem
• Inside wall from the Arch of
Titus, Rome. The Menorah
from the Temple is seen being
carried in the victory
procession.
تدمر القدس
نقش على قوس تتوس ف •
ظهر الجنود الرومان روما
وهم حملون كنوزا غنموها
.بعد تدمرهم القدس
More Rebellion
• In 130 Roman Emperor Hadrian rebuilt the city,
renaming it Aelia Capitolina.
• Built a large temple to the goddess Venus,
later, Church of the Holy Sepulcher.
• Restrictions on some Jewish practices caused a
revolt led by Simon Bar Kokhba.
• Hadrian killed about a half million. Jews were
forbidden from the city but for a single day of
the year, Tisha B'Av, (the Ninth of Av), fast day
to mourn the destruction of both Temples.
تمرد آخر
، 132و 115عاود الهود التمرد ف •
واألخرة عرفت بثورة شمعون بن
كوكبة، وتمكنوا من السطرة على
" هادران"المدنة، إال أن اإلمبراطور
تعامل مع الثوار بعنف ودمر القدس
للمرة الثانة، وأخرج الهود، ومن شدة
نقمته علهم غر اسم المدنة إلى
ة" واشترط " مستعمرة إلا الكاپتولن
أال سكنها هودي، بل جعل اسم
مقاطعة سورا "مقاطعة الهودة
تمنا Syria Palaestina" الفلسطنة
.بالفلستنن
Roman/ Byzantine Rule• For the next 150 years, the city remained a
relatively unimportant pagan Roman town.
• Byzantine Emperor Constantine, however, rebuilt
Jerusalem as a Christian center of worship,
building the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 335.
• Jerusalem received special recognition in
Canon VII of the First Council of Nicaea in 325;
became home to one of the five Patriarchates of
the Christian Church.
• Jews were still banned from the city, except during
a brief period of Persian rule from 614 to 629 AD.
البزنط/ الحكم الرومانم 395انقسمت اإلمبراطورة الرومانة عام •
غربة عاصمتها روما وشرقة أو بزنطة : إلى
عاصمتها القسطنطنة، وخضعت القدس إلى
. األخرة
خضعت المدنة لسطرة الرومان ثم البزنطن •
خالل القرون الخمسة الت تلت ثورة شمعون بن
.كوكبة
بعد أن نقل قسطنطن األول عاصمة •
اإلمبراطورة الرومانة إلى بزنطة، وأعلن
المسحة دانة رسمة، أمر بتشد كنسة القامة
326 .
بعد مجمع نقة، أصبحت القدس مركزا •
اإلسكندرة : لبطرركة من الخمس الكبرى
. وروما والقسطنطنة وأنطاكة والقدس
استمر حظر دخول الهود حتى القرن السابع •
.المالدي
The Persians Again
The Jews joined Sassanid Persia in the invasion
of Byzantine Empire to liberate Jerusalem.
The city fell to the combined forces after a 20-
day siege. Christians of Jerusalem were
massacred.
Jews were given permission to run the city and
effectively did for five years.
In 628, after the defeat and death of Khosrau II,
Heraclius came as victor into Jerusalem.
فارس ثانة
احتل الفرس القدس بعد أن ساعدهم •
.الهود الناقمون على البزنطن
م، بعد 614فتح الفرس المدنة •
تنص السجالت . وما 21حصار
البزنطة أن الفرس والهود ذبحوا
آالف المسحن، وما زال هذا
.موضع جدل
استمرت المدنة خاضعة للفرس •
سنة، إلى أن استعادها الروم 15
م تحت قادة هرقل، وظلت 629
بؤدهم حتى الفتح اإلسالم
.م636
ف عهد عمر، أرسل عمرو بن العاص وأبا
عبدة لفتح فلسطن، لكن القدس عصت
وعندما طال . علهم لمناعة أسوارها
حصار المسلمن، طلب رئس البطاركة،
. أال سلم القدس إال لعمر” صفرونوس"
فؤرسل عمرو بن العاص خبر عمر
إن أرى أنك إن : "فاستشار فقال عل
سرت إلهم فتح هللا هذه المدنة على
".دك وكان ف مسرك األجر العظم
Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab
personally went to the city to
receive its submission
م ذنة مسجد عمر بن الخطاب .1925 ف القدس سنة
Caliphates (638–1300s)
• The city was one of the Arab Caliphate's first
conquests in 638 AD.
• Omar entered it and looked for the site of the
Masjid according to the description of the
Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace be upon
him), then he found it under layers of soil and
garbage. He ordered the cleaning of the place, the
building of a mosque, and a wooden canopy over
the rock.
• Umar ibn al-Khattab also allowed the Jews back
into the city and freedom to live and worship after
four hundred years.
+(1300–638)الخالفة
قام عمر رض هللا عنه بعد فتح •
المدنة بالبحث عن األقصى واضعا
نصب عنه الرواة الت سمعها
من رسول هللا، وسؤل الصحابة
وكعب األحبار وصفرونوس،
لقد وصف : "وكان راجعهم قائال
ل رسول هللا صلى هللا عله وسلم
". المسجد بصفة ما ه عله هذه
وعثر على المكان، وكان مطمورا
فؤمر بإقامة مسجد وإقامة . باألتربة
.ظلة من الخشب فوق الصخرة
Caliphates (638–1300s)
• Sixty years later the Dome of the
Rock was built by Abdul-Malik ibn
Marwaan. (The octagonal and gold-
sheeted Dome is not the same
thing as the Al-Aqsa Mosque beside
it, the latest version of which was
built more than three centuries
later).
+(1300–638)الخالفة
عبد الملك بن •
مروان بنى قبة
الصخرة عام
691.
الولد بن عبد الملك •
بنى المسجد
األقصى عام
709 .
Caliphates (638–1300s)
• Under the early centuries of Muslim rule,
especially during the Umayyad (650–750) and
Abbasid (750–969) dynasties, the city
prospered; the geographers Ibn Hawqal and
al-Istakhri (10th century) describe it as "the
most fertile province of Palestine", while its
native son the geographer al-Maqdisiy (born
946) devoted many pages to its praises in his
most famous work, The Best Divisions in the
Knowledge of the Climes.
+(1300–638)الخالفة
اهتم األموون •
والعباسون بالمدنة
فشهدت نهضة علمة ف
مختلف المادن، لكن
شهرتها سرعان ما
تضعضعت بسبب عدم
االستقرار الذي شهدته
الدولة العباسة وانقسامها
.إلى دوالت
Weakness and Division
• The early Arab period was
also one of religious
tolerance.
• However, in the early 11th
century, the Egyptian
Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-
Amr Allah ordered the
destruction of all churches.
ضعف الدولة وتفككها
أدى تفكك الدولة العباسة إلى ضعف العمل •
بالشرعة، فلق المسحون نوعؤ من
االضطهاد، وهدمت كنسة القامة ف
القدس خالل عهد الخلفة الفاطم، أبو عل
منصور الحاكم بؤمر هللا، وتعرضت حاة
. الحجاج األوروبن للخطر
عندما سقطت القدس بقبضة األتراك •
، إزدادت الحالة سوءا 1076السالجقة سنة
وكثر التعدي على الحجاج األوروبن،
. فكانت تلك إحدى أسباب الحروب الصلبة
Crusaders
The crusaders besieged Jerusalem for a
month before they captured it. Upon
entry, they killed about 70,000 Muslims
and Jews.
Jews were among the most vigorous
defenders of Jerusalem. When the city
fell, the Crusaders placed all of them
inside the city's synagogue and burned it
down.
الصلبون
انطلق الصلبون ف •
1095حملتهم األولى سنة
متوجهن إلى القدس،
1099فوصلوها سنة
وضربوا الحصار علها
.فسقطت بعد شهر
قتل الصلبون فور دخولهم •
ألفا من المسلمن 70قرابة
. والهود وانتهكوا مقدساتهم
Crusaders
• Jerusalem became the capital of the
Kingdom of Jerusalem. Godfrey of
Bouillon, was elected Lord of
Jerusalem on July 22, 1099, but did
not assume the royal crown and died
a year later.
• The Catholics initially imposed their
rites on the Orthodox, which caused
their anger.
الصلبون
قامت ف القدس منذ •
ذلك التارخ مملكة
التنة تحكم من قبل
ملك كاثولك فرض
الشعائر الكاثولكة
على المسحن
األرثوذكس مما أثار
.غضبهم
Ayyubides
• The Kingdom of Jerusalem
lasted until 1291; however,
Jerusalem itself was
recaptured by Saladin in
1187, who permitted
worship of all religions.
األوبون
استطاع صالح الدن •
1187استرداد القدس عام
بعد معركة حطن، وعامل
أهلها معاملة طبة، ودعا
الهود والمسلمن لعودوا
إلى المدنة، واهتم بعمارتها
. وتحصنها
Ayyubides
• In 1229, by treaty with Egypt's ruler al-Kamil, Jerusalem came into the hands of Frederick II of Germany.
• In 1243 Jerusalem came again into the power of the Christians.
• In 1244 al-Malik as-SalihNajm-ud-Deen Ayyoobrecaptured it for the last time from the medieval crusaders.
األوبون
ولكن الصلبن نجحوا ف السطرة •
على المدنة بعد وفاة صالح الدن
ف عهد فردرش األول إمبراطور
اإلمبراطورة الرومانة المقدسة،
وكانت القدس قد أفل نجمها بسبب
انهماك أوالد صالح الدن بالنزاع
. فما بنهم
11ظلت القدس بؤدي الصلبن •
عاما إلى أن استردها نهائا الملك
.1244الصالح نجم الدن أوب عام
Mamluks
• The Khwarezmian Tatars took
the city in 1244.
• They in turn were driven out
by the Mamluks under the
leadership of Qutuz and
Baybars in 1247.
• Palestine remained under the
Mamluks until 1517.
العهد المملوك
تعرضت المدنة لغزو 1244•
التتار، الذن قضوا على أكثر
. المسحن وطردوا الهود
هزم التتار على د الممالك بقادة •
سف الدن قطز والظاهر ببرس ف
.1259معركة عن جالوت عام
ضمت فلسطن إلى السلطنة •
المملوكة الت حكمت مصر والشام
.1517بعد الدولة األوبة حتى
Muslim Tolerance or Collection of Abominations
1482, visiting Dominican priest Felix Fabri described Jerusalem:
“.. dwelling place of diverse nations of the world, and is, as it
were, a collection of all manner of abominations". As
"abominations" he listed Saracens, Greeks, Syrians,
Jacobites, Abyssinians, Nestorians, Armenians, Gregorians,
Maronites, Turcomans, Bedouins, Assassins, a possibly Druze
sect, Mamluks, and "the most accursed of all", Jews.”
Ottomans (1517–1917)
• In 1517, it was taken over by
the Ottoman Empire under
Salim I.
• Al-Quds remained ottoman for
400 years until it fell to the
British in 1917.
(1917-1517)العثمانون
دخل العثمانون 1517•
فلسطن بقادة سلم
.األول بعد مرج دابق
أصبحت القدس تابعة •
400للدولة العثمانة
سنة حتى سقوطها بد
الحلفاء ف الحرب
العالمة األولى سنة
1917.
Ottomans (1517–1917)
• Renewal and peace under Suleiman the Magnificent –
rebuilding the walls of the Old City and the Dome.
• Ottomans brought peace; Jew, Christian and Muslim
enjoyed freedom of religion. In 1700, Judah he-Hasid
led the largest organized group of Jewish immigrants to
the Land of Israel in centuries.
• By mid 19th century, the city had a population that did
not exceed 8,000. Nevertheless, extremely
heterogeneous.
(1917-1517)العثمانون
االزدهار خالل عهد •
سلمان األول
، خلفة سلم "القانون"
األول، حث أعاد بناء
أسوار المدنة وقبة
.الصخرة
خالل معظم العهد •
العثمان مدنة محلة ولم
علوا شؤنها التجاري،
لكن بقت مهمة لمكانتها
.الدنة
Ottomans (1517–1917)
• Modern utilities came to al-
Quds in the middle of he
19th century.
• Post offices, Public horse
carriages and a railroad
connecting it to Hijaaz and
rest of the neighboring
cities by 1892.
(1917-1517)العثمانون
ة خالل القرن • تطورت الحاة المقدس
التاسع عشر بعد أن أنشؤت السلطات
العثمانة المرافق الحدثة، فافتتح مركز
للبرد وخطوط سر نظامة لمركبات
الجاد العمومة، وأنرت الشوارع
ة، وف أواسط القرن بالمصابح الزت
أنشؤ العثمانون أول طرق معبدة بن
، كانت 1892القدس وافا، وبحلول
المدنة موصولة بغرها من المدن
ة والحجازة بسكة حددة .الشام
Ottomans (1517–1917)
4 major communities: Jewish, Christian, Muslim, and
Armenian. Further divided into subgroups, based on
precise religious affiliation or country of origin.
Church of the Holy Sepulcher was partitioned between
Greek Orthodox, Catholic, Armenian, Coptic, and
Ethiopian churches. Tensions deep, the keys to the
shrine were left with a 'neutral' Muslim family.
(1917-1517)العثمانون
Jews in Jerusalem 1895
Old picture of Jerusalem
from the mount of olives
Egyptian Rule (Albanian!)
From 1831 to 1840, Palestine was part of
the Egyptian state under Muhammad
Ali. His son Ibrahim allowed the Jews to
rebuild 4 major synagogues.
The locals rebelled against the Egyptian
rule and Qasim al-Ahmad from Nablus
was able to capture Jerusalem May of
1834, but the Egyptian army defeated
them.
!(األلبان)الحكم المصري
أصبحت فلسطن 1840حتى 1831من •
جزءا من الدولة المصرة الت أقامها محمد
سمح إبراهم باشا 1836عل باشا وف
بن محمد عل للهود أن عدوا إنشاء أربعة
ة ومن ضمنها كنس الخراب .معابد ر س
ثار الشوام على الحكم المصري ألسباب •
مختلفة منها زادة الضرا ب والتجند وكان
قاسم "بقادة 1834من ضمن هذه ثورة ف
الذي قاد جشا من انابلس تعاونه "األحمد
عشا ر بلدة أبو غو وهاجم القدس
لكن الج 1834ماو 31ودخلها
.المصري رد الثوار ف الشهر التال
Back under the Ottomans
• The Egyptians were defeated by the combined
Ottoman and European forces in 1840.
• In mid-19th century, a trickle of Jewish immigrants
from the Middle East and Eastern Europe.
• Many churches sent missionaries to proselytize
among Muslims and Jews, to “speed the Second
Coming of Christ.”
• By 1860s, the city, with an area of only one square
kilometer, was already overcrowded. Thus began the
construction outside of the city walls.
إلى الحكم العثمانودة ع
بعد هزمة المصرن أمام الجو •
1840العثمانة واألوروبة سنة
إال أن كثرا من المصرن بق
بالمدنة وف نفس الفترة قدمت
وفود من الهود والمسلمن
.المغاربة واستقرت فها
أخذت المنازل تظهر خارج أسوار •
القدس خالل الستنات من القرن
.التاسع عشر
قدرت إحدس إحصا ات إرسالة •
أمركة عدد سكان القدس سنة
15,000" بأكثر من" 1867
منهم مسلمن وما 6,000نسمة
.هود 5,000إلى 4,000بن
British Mandate period (1917–1948) البرطاناالنتداب
ألنب إدموند أول الفرق
القدس بلدة دخل
11 بتارخ القدمة.1917 سنة دسمبر
The British were victorious over the
Turks in World War I.
General Sir Edmund Allenby,
commander-in-chief of the Egyptian
Expeditionary Force entered
Jerusalem on foot, “out of respect
for the Holy City, on December 11,
1917.”
The Ottoman surrender
of Jerusalem to the
British, December 9,
1917
Jewish Legion soldiers
at the Western Wall after
taking part in 1917
British conquest of
Jerusalem
Under the Mandate
• Arab resentment at British rule and the influx
of Jewish immigrants boiled over in anti-Jewish
riots in Jerusalem in 1920, 1929, and the 1930s.
• During the 1930s, Hebrew University founded
on Jerusalem's Mount Scopus.
• In July 1946 members of the underground
Zionist group Irgun blew up a part of the King
David Hotel, where the British forces were
temporarily located, an act which led to the
death of many civilians.
االنتدابتحت زادت أعداد المهاجرن الهود خاصة •
.بعد وعد بلفور
نسمة 52,000سكان المدنة من •
نسمة 165,000إلى 1922
1948.
د استاء المقدسن من مسلمن اازد•
1920ف ثورة ومسحن فقامت
رفت األخرة بثورة ع 1929و
.البراق
عمل البرطانون على جعل الهود •
أحاء ف ءستقرون عن طرق بنا
شمال وغرب المدنة ومؤسسات
تعلم عال كالجامعة العبرة على
."جبل المشهد"
• On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General
Assembly approved a plan which partitioned the British
Mandate of Palestine into two states: one Jewish and
one Arab.
• Each state would be composed of three major sections,
linked by extraterritorial crossroads, plus an Arab
enclave at Jaffa.
• The Greater Jerusalem area would fall under
international control.
International Jerusalem? تدول؟
قرارا بتدول 1947نوفمبر 29أحلت قضة القدس إلى األمم المتحدة فأصدرت ف
. سنوات بعدها تم استفتاء لتحدد نظام الحكم 10القدس تحت رعاتها
إنهاء االنتداب أعلنت العصابات 1948تطبق القرار لم تم فبعد أن أعلنت برطانا
.الهودة قام الدولة اإلسرا لة فثار العرب وأعلنوا الحرب
The United Nations proposed, in its 1947 plan
for the partition of Palestine, for Jerusalem to be
a city under international administration. The
city was to be completely surrounded by the
Arab state, with only a highway to connect
international Jerusalem to the Jewish state.
Main residential areas of Jerusalem in 1947
• Following the 1948 Arab-Israeli
War, Jerusalem was divided.
• The Western half of the New City
became part of the newly
formed state of Israel, while the
eastern half, along with the Old
City, was annexed by Jordan.
• On January 23, 1950, the Knesset
passed a resolution that stated
Jerusalem was the capital of
Israel.
الجزء الغرب الخاضع : قسمت القدس إلى•
. إلسرا ل والشرق الخاضع لألردن
قابل قا د القوات اإلسرا لة ف القدس •
داان نظره األردن عبد هللا التل وقاما
ة”بتعلم الحدود لكنها “غر الرسم
أخذت بعن االعتبار عند الهدنة بن
إسرا ل ولبنان ومصر واألردن وسورا
1949 .
1948دسمبر 3أعلن بن جورون ف •
أن القدس الغربة عاصمة إلسرا ل وف
أعلن األردن خضوع الشرقة 1950
.للسادة األردنة
• The comparatively populous Arab village of Lifta (today within the bounds
of Jerusalem) was captured by Israeli troops in 1948, and its residents
were loaded on trucks and taken to East Jerusalem.
• The villages of Deir Yassin, Ein Karem and Malcha, as well as
neighborhoods to the west of Jerusalem's Old City such as Talbiya,
Katamon, Baka, Mamilla and Abu Tor, also came under Israeli control, and
their residents were forcibly displaced; in some cases, as documented by
Israeli historian Benny Morris and Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi,
among others, expulsions and massacres occurred.
• In May 1948 the US Consul, Thomas C. Wasson, was assassinated outside
the YMCA building. Four months later the UN mediator, Count Bernadotte,
was also shot dead in the Katamon district of Jerusalem by the Jewish
Stern Group.
• East Jerusalem was captured.
• Moroccan Quarter containing several hundred
homes demolished and inhabitants expelled.
• The Waqf (Islamic trust) granted
administration of the al-Aqsa.
• Security Council Res. 478 declared the
Knesset's 1980 "Jerusalem Law" declaring
Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal and indivisible"
capital "null and void". Advised member states
to withdraw diplomatic representation from
the city.
قامت إسرا ل بالسطرة على القدس •
الشرقة أما األقصى وقبة الصخرة
. فاستمرا خاضعن لألوقاف
هدمت إسرا ل حارة المغاربة الت تواجه •
. حا ط البراق لجعلوا الموقع ساحة صالة
قامت ببناء أحاء سكنة ومستعمرات •
هودة شرق الخط األخضر وشرعت ف
.تهود المناطق الت احتلتها
أصدرت قانون أساس اعتبرت فه القدس •
الموحدة عاصمة أبدة فأصدر مجلس
لنص على خرقها 478األمن قرار
للقانون الدول وطالب الدول بسحب ما
.تبقى من سفاراتها من القدس
جرافات إسرائيمية تزيل ركام حارة المغاربة 1967بعد هدمها في يوليو
"Judaization" of East Jerusalem
• Since Israel gained
control over East
Jerusalem in 1967,
Jewish settler
organizations have
sought to establish
a Jewish presence
in neighborhoods
such as Silwan.
تهود القدس
ألف شقة 142كما بنت . تتبع إسرا ل ساسة دمج المستوطنات الستعاب أكبر عدد ممكن من الهود داخل القدس
.ف القطاع الهودي لزادة حجم السكان فها
كان أكبر 2000و 1996تفد إحدس تقارر البن الدول أن عدد مخالفات البناء ف الفترة الممتدة بن عام
بأربع مرات ونصف ف األحاء الهودة وأن عملات الهدم ف القدس الغربة كانت أقل بأربع مرات من تل
الحاصلة ف القدس الشرقة؛ كذل أفاد التقرر أن السلطات اإلسرا لة كانت تمنح الفلسطنن أذونا بالبناء
أقل بكثر من األذون الت تمنحها للهود وأن المخالفن الفلسطنن تزال مخالفاتهم بنسبة أكبر من مخالفات
.الهود
حصلت بعض المؤسسات الهودة على
إذن من الحكومة خالل السنوات
الماضة سمح بتشد المبان والمعالم
على األراض المتنازع علها من
المخطط " حدقة المل سلمان"شاكلة
شكل إنشاؤها ف قرة سلوان والت
من سكانها% 60العرب
East Jerusalem
Statistics on land expropriation in East Jerusalem from
1967 to 2002:
• Amount of land taken (in dunams): 23378
• Size of neighborhood (in dunams): 22571
• Number of housing units 2002: 44610
• Number of residents 2002: 176647
• Revocation of Residency Rights!!!: 6396
Betselem
Timeline of the History of al -Quds
Lessons from the Crusades
دروس من الحروب الصلبة
The Opposite View Survives
The Catholic Encyclopedia:
Knight, K. Volume IV, Online ed. 2003
• “The Crusades were expeditions undertaken, in fulfillment of a solemn vow, to deliver the Holy Places from Mohammedan tyranny.”
Thomas F. Madden: “Whether we admire the Crusaders or
not, it is a fact that the world we know today would not exist
without their efforts. The ancient faith of Christianity, with
its respect for women and antipathy toward slavery, not only
survived but flourished. Without the Crusades, it might well
have followed Zoroastrianism, another of Islam’s rivals, into
extinction…”
Associate professor and Chairman of the Department of History
at Saint Louis University.
The Opposite View Survives
Impartiality!?
Not Only the Muslims• “The wars waged by the Spaniards against the Moors
constituted a continual crusade from the eleventh to
the sixteenth century; in the north of Europe
crusades were organized against the Prussians and
Lithuanians; the extermination of the Albigensian
heresy was due to a crusade, and, in the thirteenth
century the popes preached crusades against John
Lackland and Frederick II.”
The Claim
• “The Council of Clermont
convoked by Urban II on
November 18, 1095, was
attended largely by bishops
of southern France as well as
a few representatives from
northern France and
elsewhere.”
IntoleranceIn the Preaching of Islam by Thomas Arnold pp 54,55:
• " Michael the Elder, Jacobite Patriarch of Antioch, writing in the latter half
of the twelfth century, could approve the decision of his co-religionists and
see the finger og God in the Arab conquests even after the Eastern churches
had experience of five centuries of Muhammadan rule. After recounting the
persecution of Heraclius, he writes: "This is why the God of vengeance.
Who alone is all powerful , and changes the empire of mortals as He will,
giving it to whomsoever He will and uplifting the humble beholding the
wickedness of the Romans who, throughout their dominions, cruelly
plundered our churches and our monasteries and condened us without
pity-brought from the region of the south the sons of Ishmael, to deliver us
through them from the hands of the Romans.”
Intolerance• “ And if in truth, we have suffered some loss, because the catholic
churches, that had been taken a way from us and given to the
Chalcedonians remained in their possession; for when the cities
submitted to the Arabs, they assigned to each denomination the
churches which they found it to be in possession of (and at that time
the great church of Emessa and that of Harran had been taken away
from us); never theless it was no slight advantage for us to be
delivered from the cruelty of the Romans, their wickedness, their
wrath and crule zeal against us, and to find aourselves at peace.”
Intolerance
• “When the Muslim army reached the valley of the Jordan and Adu
Ubaygah pitched his camp at Fihl, the Christian inhabitants of the
country wrote to the Arabs, saying : ’O, Muslims, we prefer you to the
Byzantines, though they are of our own faith, because you keep better
faith with us and are more merciful to us and refrain from doing us
injustice and your rule over us is better than theirs, for they have
robbed us of our goods and our homes’. The people of Emessa closed
the gates of their city against the army of Heraclius and told the
Muslims that they preferred their government and justice to the
injustice and oppression of the Greeks.”
Intolerance• “Such was the state of feeling in Syria during the campa pf 633 – 639 in which the
Arabs gradually drove the Romans army out of the province. And when Damascus,
in 637set the example of making terms with the Arabs, and thus secured immunity
from plunder and other unfavourable condition, the rest of the cities of Syria were
not slow to follow Emessa, Arethusa, Hieropolis and other towns entered into
treaties whereby they became tributary to the Arabs. Even the patriarch of
Jerusalem surrendered the city on similar terms. The fear of religious compulsion
on the part of the heretical emperor made the promise of Muslim toleration
appear more attractive than the connection with the Roman Empire and a Christian
government , and after the first terrors caused by the passage of an invading army,
there succeeded a profound, revulsion of feeling in favour of the Arab conquerors.”
What Made My Ancestors Accept The Religion Of The Conquerors
• The Columbia History of The World, 1st Ed., pp. 264:
“For the conquered peoples, the task of shifting from old to new rulers
was not difficult. Most of them had long been alienated by cruel and
corrupt Persian and Byzantine bureaucratic administrations. Moreover,
in Egypt and Syria the Christian population was strongly opposed to the
centralizing and Hellenizing tendencies of the Byzantine bureaucracy and
the Orthodox Church. Umar’s organizational abilities also contributed
greatly to the Arabs’ success. He regularized the legal position of the
millions of non-Muslim subjects in his domain and set up an efficient
administrative system for the empire. Muhammad established the
precedent of ‘tolerance’ for the ‘People of the Book,’ the Jewish and
Christian communities in the northern Hijaz.”
What Made My Ancestors Accept The Religion Of The Conquerors
“Umar left these communities undistributed except for the payment of an annual
tribute in the form of poll tax (jizya); indeed, he extended the principle of toleration
to cover not only all Christians and Jews in the empire, but also the Zoroastrians of
Persia. Non-Muslims groups formed their own self-administered communities,
lived under their own civil codes, and were governed by their own religious leaders.
This system prevailed throughout Islam until the end of the Ottoman period and
still exists in a restricted way in parts of the Middle East that have not yet been
thoroughly secularized. European Christian claimed that the Muslims gave
unbelievers, mainly Christian and Jews, the choice of conversion to Islam or death
by sword, but this was not the case. From a practical point of view, mass
conversions to Islam would have meant abandoning the jizya, a considerable source
of revenue.”
Who were the early Muslims fighting?
Do They Care?• Britannica: “On October 2 Jerusalem, then defended by
only a handful under the command of Balian of Ibelin,
capitulated to Saladin, who agreed to allow the
inhabitants to leave once they had paid a ransom.
Though Saladin's offer included the poor, several
thousand apparently were not redeemed and probably
were sold into slavery ... Somewhat later Saladin
permitted a number of Jews to settle in the city.”
Stages• “After Philip returned to France, he preyed upon Richard's
lands; Richard … had been in constant communication with
Saladin and his brother al-'Adil, and various peace proposals
were made … Finally, on September 2, 1192, the two signed
a three-year peace treaty. The coast from Jaffa north
remained in Christian hands, but Ascalon was to be restored
to Saladin after Richard's men demolished the fortifications
that they had painstakingly built.”
We Keep the Peace
• Encyclopædia Britannica: “Forced by the
Crusaders to convert or die, many Jews
chose death. There are accounts of Jews'
committing suicide and even killing their
children rather than converting or
submitting to execution by the Crusaders.”
Intolerance of Own
• “Antioch had not been returned to the emperor, and
Bohemond had consolidated his position there. The
city was predominantly Greek in population, though
there were also Syrians and Armenians, and the latent
Greek-Latin friction was intensified when Bohemond
replaced the Greek patriarch with a Latin one.”
Intolerance• “Tancred and Raymond entered, and the Muslim governor
surrendered to the latter in the Tower of David. The governor, along
with his bodyguard, was escorted out of the city. Tancred promised
protection in the Aqsa Mosque, but his orders were disobeyed.
Hundreds of men, women, and children, both Muslim and Jewish,
perished in the general slaughter that followed. [Runciman[1]: no one
can tell, yet he agreed it was a huge massacre and Raymond had to
walk through the bodies whose flesh and blood reached his knees;
Ibn al-Atheer: 70,000+”*2]
Which Version is Closer to the Truth?
• The pillage of Jerusalem according to Raymond d'Aguilers:
“ Now that our men had possession of the walls and towers,
wonderful sights were to be seen. Some of our men (and this
was merciful) cut off the heads of their enemies; others shot
them with arrows, so that they fell from the towers; others
tortured them longer by casting them into the flames. Piles of
heads, hands and feet were to be seen in the streets of the
city. It was necessary to pick one's way over the bodies of men
and horses.”
“But these were small matters compared with what happened in
the Temple of Solomon, a place where religious services are
normally chanted. What happened there? If I tell the truth, you
would not believe it. Suffice to say that, in the Temple and Porch
of Solomon, men rode in blood up to their knees and bridle
reins. Indeed, it was a just and splendid judgment of God that
this place should be filled with the blood of the unbelievers,
since it had suffered so long from their blasphemies. The city
was filled with corpses and blood.”
Intolerance
• “In the midst of near civil war, Reginald of Châtillon,
lord of Kerak and Montréal, broke the truce with the
Muslims by attacking a caravan. Saladin replied by
proclaiming jihad against the Latin kingdom. In 1187
he left Egypt, crossed the Jordan south of the Sea of
Galilee, and took up a position close to the river.”*1]
Intolerance
• “When Saladin failed to pay the first installment of the
ransom for the prisoners on schedule, Richard flew into a
rage. He ordered that all 2,700 members of the Muslim
garrison be marched outside the city and executed in
view of Saladin and his army [The Encyclopedia fails to
mention that their women and children were slaughtered
with them, Runciman 3/53+.”
Intolerance
• “Most mosques were appropriated during the
conquest, but some were restored, and no
attempt was made to restrict Muslim religious
observance ... The tolerance of the Franks, noted
by Arab visitors, often surprised and disturbed
newcomers from the West.”
Does It End?
• King Peter I of Cyprus finally organized an expedition
that in 1365 succeeded in the temporary occupation
of Alexandria. After a horrible sack and massacre, the
unruly Crusaders returned to Cyprus with immense
booty. Peter planned to return, but no European aid
was forthcoming, and after his murder in 1369 a
peace treaty was signed.
Expansion of The Muslim State & The Protection of Pilgrims
• The Seljuq Turks, one of several tribes on the
northeastern frontier of the Muslim world who had
embraced Islam in the 11th century, were beginning
to move south and west into Iran and beyond with
all the enthusiasm of a new convert.”*1]
Expansion of Muslim State & Protection of Pilgrims• ‘By the middle of the 11th century, the Seljuq Turks had
wrested political authority from the 'Abbasid caliphs of
Baghdad. Seljuq policy, originally directed southward
against the Fatimids of Egypt, was increasingly diverted by
the pressure of Turkmen raids into Anatolia and Byzantine
Armenia. A Byzantine army was defeated and Emperor
Romanus IV Diogenes was captured at Manzikert in 1071,
and Christian Asia Minor was thereby opened to eventual
Turkish occupation.”*1]
Different Map, Isn’t It?
The Most Fanatic Can Still Be Deterred
• Encyclopædia Britannica: “The situation seemed so
hopeless [i.e.,the siege of Antioch] that some
Crusaders deserted and attempted to return home.
Among these was Peter the Hermit, who was
caught and returned to the host, where he was
quietly forgiven.”
WHO WERE THE CRUSADERS?
• “Moreover, by 1304 rumours (probably false) of
irreligious practices and blasphemies committed by the
Templars during their secret rites of initiation had
begun to circulate through Europe. At this juncture,
King Philip IV the Fair of France had every Templar in
France arrested on Oct. 13, 1307, and sequestered all
the Templars' property in France.”
Where Does It Stop?
• Encyclopædia Britannica: “King Louis once again took
up the cross, but his second venture, the Eighth
Crusade, never reached the East. The expedition
instead went to Tunis, probably because of the
influence of Louis's brother....
Motives: Diverting Problems from Europe!• Encyclopædia Britannica: “… he apparently stressed
the plight of Eastern Christians, the molestation of
pilgrims, and the desecration of the holy places. He
urged those who were guilty of disturbing the peace
to turn their warlike energies toward a holy cause. He
emphasized the need for penance along with the
acceptance of suffering.”
Motives: Population Growth in Europe• Encyclopædia Britannica: “Although still backward
when compared with the other civilizations of the
Mediterranean basin, western Europe had become a
significant power by the end of the 11th century … At
the same time, Europe was feeling the effects of
population growth that had begun toward the end of
the 10th century.”
• Encyclopædia Britannica: “Yet another element in the popular
religious consciousness of the 11th century … was the belief that
the end of the world was imminent. Some scholars have
discovered evidence of apocalyptic expectations around the
years 1000 and 1033 (the millennium of the birth and Passion of
Jesus, respectively)... Moreover, in certain late 11th-century
portrayals…, the “last emperor,” … the final successor of
Charlemagne, was to lead the faithful to Jerusalem to await the
Second Coming of Christ.”
Apocalyptic Motives!
Apocalyptic Motives!• “After having allegedly received divine instruction, Nicholas set
out to rescue Jerusalem from the Muslims. He believed that
when he reached the Mediterranean, God would dry up the
waters so that he could walk across to Palestine. Hundreds and
then thousands of children, adolescents, women, the elderly,
the poor, parish clergy, and the occasional thief joined him in
his march south. In every town the people hailed the
“Crusaders” as heroes, although the educated clergy ridiculed
them as deranged or deceived.”
Apocalyptic Motives!
• Encyclopædia Britannica: “ ... Nicholas himself arrived with a
large gathering at Genoa on August 25. To the great
disappointment of the “Crusaders,” the sea did not open for
them, nor did it allow them to walk across its waves. At this
point many probably returned home, while others remained in
Genoa. It was said that some marched to Rome, where
Innocent III praised their zeal but released them from their
“vows.”
Some Were Sincere, but Misguided.• Extract from a letter sent during the siege [of Antioch] by Stephen,
Count of Blois, to his wife, Adele – March 29, 1098
“We found the city of Antioch very extensive, fortified with incredible
strength and almost impregnable. In addition, more than 5,000 bold
Turkish soldiers had entered the city, not counting the Saracens,
Publicans, Arabs, Turcopolitans, Syrians, Armenians and other different
races .... In fighting against these enemies of God and of our own we
have, by God's grace, endured many sufferings and innumerable evils up
to the present time. Many also have already exhausted all their
resources in this very holy passion ... “
Crusades Vs. Islamic Expansion• Britannica: “European settlers in
the Crusader states, however,
were only a small minority of the
population….
• Muslims who had not fled were
captured and put to menial tasks.
Some, it is true, appeared in Italian
slave marts, but royal and
ecclesiastical ordinances at least
restricted slave owners' actions.
Krak Des Chavaliers, Where They Lived
Baptism brought with it immediate
freedom.
They Were Convinced the Inhabitants of the Land Don’t Deserve Better Treatment
• 1: Samuel, 18-27: “David and his men went out and
killed two hundred Philistines. He brought their
foreskins and presented the full number to the king so
that he might become the king's son-in-law. Then Saul
gave him his daughter Michal in marriage.”
Think!• Crusaders
accepting
the
surrender of
Arabs.
(Notice the
sizes)
THE WORK OF THE MEDIA
• Muslim soldiers
besieging
Crusaders in a
tower.
All the sudden
Muslims are much
bigger.
• Latin View of
The Saracens
Not About Talking Only - Short Term:1) Do not do anything hasty and irresponsible.
2) Visit the masjids; be around your brethren if you feel too frustrated. Listen to
news in moderation; stay in touch; don't allow yourself to get overwhelmed.
Prophet Musa was harmed by Pharaoh and Prophet Yahya’s head was given as a
gift to a prostitute.
3) Do not despair. Put your trust in Allah.
4) Supplicate, but first repent; seek waseelah (means).
5) Donate through legal channels. Harm will not touch you inshallah. But, if it did,
then let it be.
6) Protest and be vocal, but, learn the facts and commit the most important to
memory, to communicate an intelligible argument to the people of conscience.
We must feel angry at ourselves
without acquitting the
victimizers of their crimes. Help
revive the ummah – Starting
with yourself.
Not About Talking Only – Long Term: