alan m. turing (1912 – 1954)

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led the WWII research group that broke the code for the Enigma machine proposed a simple abstract universal machine model for defining computability devised the “Turing hypothesis” for AI Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

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Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954). led the WWII research group that broke the code for the Enigma machine proposed a simple abstract universal machine model for defining computability devised the “Turing hypothesis” for AI. Turing and Colossus. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

led the WWII research group that broke the code for the Enigma machine

proposed a simple abstract universal machine model for defining computability

devised the “Turing hypothesis” for AI

Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

Page 2: Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

constructed an electronic computing machine (1943) used to decrypt German coded messages

Turing and Colossus

Page 3: Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

his Cambridge group constructed EDSAC in 1949

the first stored program, general-purpose electronic digital computer

first to use symbolic programs (assembly)

Maurice Wilkes (1913 - )

Page 4: Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

first commercial general-purpose computer system

successor to Mauchly-Eckert BINAC

delivered in 1951 used to forecast the

1952 presidential election

UNIVAC-1

Page 5: Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

FIRST GENERATION (1950s)vacuum tube technology

SECOND GENERATION (early 1960s)solid-state technology, magnetic core memories

THIRD GENERATION (1964 – 1970)integrated circuitry (SSI), dynamic memories

LATER GENERATIONS (1970s – )VLSI, microprocessors, ultra large-scale

integration

Computing Generations

Page 6: Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

built using solid-state circuitry

family of computer systems with backward compatibility

established the standard for mainframes for decades

IBM/360

Page 7: Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

“minicomputers” offered mainframe

performance at a fraction of the cost

introduced the unibus architecture for CPU interconnections

DEC PDP Series

Page 8: Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

high-performance systems used for scientific applications

advanced designs (pipelining, parallelism, etc.)

Control Data Corporation, Cray Research, and others

Supercomputers

Page 9: Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

microprocessors all-in-one designs,

performance/price tradeoffs

aimed at mass audiences

personal computers

workstations

Desktop Computers

Page 10: Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

How do they rate in cost and performance?How do they rate in cost and performance?

Comparison Shopping

Year Name Performance(adds/sec)

Memory(KB)

Price(dollars)

Price/Performance(vs. UNIVAC)

1951 UNIVAC I 1,900 48 1,000,000 11964 IBM S360 500,000 64 1,000,000 2631965 PDP-8 330,000 4 16,000 10,8551976 Cray-1 166,000,000 32,768 4,000,0000 21,8421981 IBM PC 240,000 256 3,000 42,1051991 HP9000/50 50,000,000 16,384 7,400 3,556,1881993 Pentium PC 100,000,000 65,536 2,800 1,878,5712003 Pentium 4 PC 3,848,000,000 524,288 900 3,769,318,000

Page 11: Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

Moore’s Law increased density of components on chip Gordon Moore: “Number of transistors on a chip

will double every year.” since 1970’s development has slowed a little

Number of transistors doubles every 18 months cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged higher packing density means shorter electrical

paths, giving higher performance trends: smaller size, reduced power and cooling

requirements, fewer interconnections

Page 12: Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

DRAM and Processor Characteristics

Page 13: Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

Improving Memory Performance increase the number of bits per

word, width of data paths employ cache structures to reduce

the frequency of memory operations

increase the bandwidth of interconnections

Page 14: Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

Pentium Evolution (1) 8080

first general purpose microprocessor 8 bit data path

8086, 88 16 bit instruction cache, prefetch few instructions 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC

80286 16 Mbyte memory addressable

80386 32 bit Support for multitasking

Page 15: Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

Pentium Evolution (2) 80486

sophisticated cache and instruction pipelining built in math co-processor

Pentium superscalar, multiple instructions executed in

parallel Pentium Pro

increased superscalar organization branch prediction data flow analysis speculative execution

Page 16: Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)

Pentium Evolution (3) Pentium II

MMX technology graphics, video & audio processing

Pentium III additional floating point instructions for 3D

graphics Pentium 4

more floating point and multimedia enhancements

Itanium 64 bit