alan m. turing (1912 – 1954)
DESCRIPTION
Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954). led the WWII research group that broke the code for the Enigma machine proposed a simple abstract universal machine model for defining computability devised the “Turing hypothesis” for AI. Turing and Colossus. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
led the WWII research group that broke the code for the Enigma machine
proposed a simple abstract universal machine model for defining computability
devised the “Turing hypothesis” for AI
Alan M. Turing (1912 – 1954)
constructed an electronic computing machine (1943) used to decrypt German coded messages
Turing and Colossus
his Cambridge group constructed EDSAC in 1949
the first stored program, general-purpose electronic digital computer
first to use symbolic programs (assembly)
Maurice Wilkes (1913 - )
first commercial general-purpose computer system
successor to Mauchly-Eckert BINAC
delivered in 1951 used to forecast the
1952 presidential election
UNIVAC-1
FIRST GENERATION (1950s)vacuum tube technology
SECOND GENERATION (early 1960s)solid-state technology, magnetic core memories
THIRD GENERATION (1964 – 1970)integrated circuitry (SSI), dynamic memories
LATER GENERATIONS (1970s – )VLSI, microprocessors, ultra large-scale
integration
Computing Generations
built using solid-state circuitry
family of computer systems with backward compatibility
established the standard for mainframes for decades
IBM/360
“minicomputers” offered mainframe
performance at a fraction of the cost
introduced the unibus architecture for CPU interconnections
DEC PDP Series
high-performance systems used for scientific applications
advanced designs (pipelining, parallelism, etc.)
Control Data Corporation, Cray Research, and others
Supercomputers
microprocessors all-in-one designs,
performance/price tradeoffs
aimed at mass audiences
personal computers
workstations
Desktop Computers
How do they rate in cost and performance?How do they rate in cost and performance?
Comparison Shopping
Year Name Performance(adds/sec)
Memory(KB)
Price(dollars)
Price/Performance(vs. UNIVAC)
1951 UNIVAC I 1,900 48 1,000,000 11964 IBM S360 500,000 64 1,000,000 2631965 PDP-8 330,000 4 16,000 10,8551976 Cray-1 166,000,000 32,768 4,000,0000 21,8421981 IBM PC 240,000 256 3,000 42,1051991 HP9000/50 50,000,000 16,384 7,400 3,556,1881993 Pentium PC 100,000,000 65,536 2,800 1,878,5712003 Pentium 4 PC 3,848,000,000 524,288 900 3,769,318,000
Moore’s Law increased density of components on chip Gordon Moore: “Number of transistors on a chip
will double every year.” since 1970’s development has slowed a little
Number of transistors doubles every 18 months cost of a chip has remained almost unchanged higher packing density means shorter electrical
paths, giving higher performance trends: smaller size, reduced power and cooling
requirements, fewer interconnections
DRAM and Processor Characteristics
Improving Memory Performance increase the number of bits per
word, width of data paths employ cache structures to reduce
the frequency of memory operations
increase the bandwidth of interconnections
Pentium Evolution (1) 8080
first general purpose microprocessor 8 bit data path
8086, 88 16 bit instruction cache, prefetch few instructions 8088 (8 bit external bus) used in first IBM PC
80286 16 Mbyte memory addressable
80386 32 bit Support for multitasking
Pentium Evolution (2) 80486
sophisticated cache and instruction pipelining built in math co-processor
Pentium superscalar, multiple instructions executed in
parallel Pentium Pro
increased superscalar organization branch prediction data flow analysis speculative execution
Pentium Evolution (3) Pentium II
MMX technology graphics, video & audio processing
Pentium III additional floating point instructions for 3D
graphics Pentium 4
more floating point and multimedia enhancements
Itanium 64 bit