alb4ss ch9 new f 4/27/06 3:02 pm page 236 9 preserving the...

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In a dark cave in the Rocky Mountains, warm water fromdeep inside the earth bubbled up in hot springs. For

centuries, people of the Kootenay First Nation had known thecave as a sacred place of peace. In 1883, three men helping tobuild the new railway discovered the cave. They made a planfor it. They wanted to start a spa—a place where people couldcome to enjoy a dip in the warm water. The spa would makethem rich.

Instead, two years later, the Canadian government madethe area into Banff National Park. Most of the land would bepreserved exactly as it was. Banff was the first national park inCanada and only the third in the world. The area was set asideso all the people of Canada could enjoy it forever.

C H A P T E R

9 Preserving the Land

ALB4SS_ch9_new_F 4/27/06 3:02 PM Page 236

Alberta’s StoryYou have read that people in Alberta use the landfor agriculture, mining, and forestry. People alsouse the land and water for activities such asskiing, fishing, hiking, and camping. In thischapter, you will discover how Alberta tries toprotect some of its land. You will find out howparks and protected areas help to preserveAlberta’s heritage, land, plants, and animals.

237

Inquiring Minds

Here are some questions to guide your inquiry for this chapter:

• Why are provincial parks, protected areas, and national parksimportant?

• How do we protect Alberta’s land and heritage?

Look for answers in this chapter. If you have other questions,explore more!

?

How can I share some of the thingsI find out? I will• think about my audience. Who

am I sharing this with?• try using graphic organizers like

Venn diagrams or webs• try writing a report, giving a

speech, or creating a slide show

ALB4SS_ch9_new_F 4/27/06 3:03 PM 37

Do you remember reading about the prairie grasslandsin Chapter 1? Two hundred years ago, many differenttypes of animals and native plants were found on thegrasslands. Now the land is filled with farms and cities.Most of the original animals and plants are gone. Thenative grasses have been dug up, and the animalhabitats have been cleared.

Now think about how natural resources are used inAlberta. Huge areas of the boreal forest are cleared tomine the oil sands. Forests are cut for lumber. Howcould using the land in this way affect the naturalenvironment?

Look at the plants and animals below. They wereonce common in Alberta. Now there are so few of themleft, they might die out. How can we protect them, andother plants and animals that are in danger?

Why Do We Need to Protectthe Land?

238

Habitat is the place wherean animal makes its homein nature. If the habitat ischanged or cleared,animals might leave tofind a home somewhereelse, or they might die out.

words matter !

Some of Alberta’s endangeredplants and animals:1. western spiderwort2. western blue flag3. northern long-eared bat4. whooping crane

1 2

3 4


How Can We Preserve Land forthe Future?To protect plants and animals, governments have setaside some parts of the province they call protectedareas. Some protected areas also preserve landforms,such as hoodoos in the badlands.

Different Types of Protected Areas

Some protected areas allow visitors. National andprovincial parks are protected areas where people cango to enjoy the landscape, plants, and wildlife. Otherprotected areas are closed to people. In all protectedareas, there are strict limits on how the land is used.Hunting, fishing, logging, drilling, and mining arebanned in some areas. Even though people can usesome of the resources, large areas will be protected forthe future. Protected areas help to sustain the naturalenvironment of Alberta.

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Protected areas are areasof land set aside to protectspecial features such asplants, animals, andlandforms.

words matter !

Enjoying nature in WillmoreWilderness Park

Think about the lasttime you visited a park.■ What did you do

there?

■ How would yourquality of life bedifferent if therewere no parks?Explain.

ThinkingIt Through

A Gift to My Grandchildren

I think about a time when I sat on a wildflower-covered ridge and watched 31 mountain goats,

large and small, in Willmore Wilderness Park. I hoped that my grandchildren would one day sit in thesame meadow to watch the goats’ grandchildren.

Ray Rasmussen

ALBERTAVOICES


240

Who Created Parks and Protected Areas?

Look back to the story of Banff on page 236. Who wasresponsible for creating Banff National Park?

The government of Canada protects some parts ofthe country for all citizens to enjoy. Since Banff wascreated, many more national parks have beenestablished. There are now more than 40 of themacross every province and territory in Canada. Theypreserve natural features that are important to all ofCanada.

Alberta has five national parks. Do you think this isenough to protect all of the province’s unique featuresand places? In 1932, the government of Albertadecided that the province should also take steps toprotect the land. Today, the government of Albertatakes care of more than 500 provincial parksand different types of protected areas. In all, thegovernment of Alberta works to protect over two million hectares!

National parks aremanaged by thegovernment of Canada topreserve natural beauty orplaces of historicalimportance.

Provincial parks aremanaged by provincialgovernments to preserveplaces of natural orhistorical importance.

words matter !

Sign welcoming visitors to Jasper National Park. Canada’stwo official languages are used in national parks.

Alberta’s Parks andProtected Areas

Provincial ParksEcological ReservesWilderness AreasNatural AreasProvincial Recreation AreasHeritage RangelandsWillmore Wilderness ParkWildland Provincial Parks


241

What Do Parks and Protected Areas Do?

The diagram below shows some of the purposes ofparks and protected areas. Many parks and protectedareas have interpretive centres with displays that tellabout special features of the area. Sometimes they tellabout the land or about people who have used thearea in different ways. In many places, visitors canparticipate in hikes and other programs with parkwardens to learn more about the area. Most parks havecampgrounds where people can enjoy being outdoors.

Respect for the Natural World

If we hope to preserve our way of life, the firstthing we must do is rediscover our respect for the

land, the water, and the entire natural world.

Lois Hole, former lieutenant governor of Alberta

ALBERTAVOICES

Jasper was named afterJasper Hawes, a NorthWest Company clerk.Mount Edith Cavell wasnamed after a Britishnurse. I’ll make a web toshare what I know aboutJasper.


All protected areas have rules about land, water, plants,and animals. However, different types of protected areashave different rules. For example, logging is allowed inheritage rangelands. These areas were created toprotect prairie grasslands. Logging is also allowed inwildland provincial parks. They were created toallow people to enjoy camping and hiking. Logging isnot allowed in wilderness areas.

People have different views about logging in protectedareas. Let’s see what they have to say.

ViewpointsViewpoints

Should Logging Be Allowedin Protected Areas?

242

Rock Lake–Solomon CreekWildland Park

Is logging allowed inthese protected areas?

Athabasca Dunes Ecological Reserve

Cutting down trees inprotected areas won’taffect the environmentin the long run. Treesgrow back, don’t they?

I think logging should be allowed inall protected areas. More than half ofAlberta is forest. We won’t be runningout of trees anytime soon.

LoggingWithout Limits!

▲

▲


Over to YOU!

1. Work in a group to discuss these viewpoints. What is your opinion?Would your opinion be different if you worked for a logging company?

2. Do you think other activities, like mountain biking or riding snowmobiles,should be allowed in protected areas? Explain your thoughts.

3. With your group, make a list of rules you think people should follow in anatural area near your community. Think about ways you can preservethe land for future generations.

243

Logging could conflict with otheractivities. I’m a birdwatcher, andlogging destroys the birds’ habitat.

No Logging!

Logging with Care!

Logging is an important industry for Alberta. Whatare the advantages and disadvantages of allowinglogging in protected areas?

Some protected areas, like wildernessareas, were created especially to protectthe forest. We shouldn’t log in thoseareas. But some protected areas werecreated to preserve other things. So Iagree with logging in those places.

We have to be careful aboutlogging in protected areas.There should be a limit to thenumber of trees cut. We shouldlog only the younger trees andpreserve the old ones.

Logging should be banned in allprotected areas. Protected areaswere created to protect theenvironment. We should leavethem in their natural state.


What Do Our NationalParks Preserve?

244

Let’s learn more about Alberta’s five national parks. Asyou read, think about what each park preserves. Lookat the photographs to find out more about each park.

ALBERTAAt

haba

sca River

Edmonton

LesserSlave Lake

Calgary

WoodBuffalo

NationalPark

Elk IslandNational

Park

Waterton LakesNational Park

JasperNational

Park

BanffNational

Park

Legend

NationalPark

0 100 200

kilometres

300

RO

CK

YM

OU

NT

AI

NS

N

S

W E

1

2

3

4

5

Peac

eRi

ver

World Heritage SitesThree of Alberta’s national parksare also World Heritage Sites. Theyare Wood Buffalo, Jasper, andBanff. World Heritage Sites areplaces of great natural or historicvalue to the world as a whole.

What do the pictureson the opposite pageshow about Alberta’snatural landscapes?Write a descriptiveparagraph aboutAlberta’s national parks.Include informationabout some of thethings the parksprotect.

Skill Smart

I could create a slideshow about Alberta’snational parks. I willshare my presentationwith a younger student.


A L B E R TA’ S N AT I O N A L PA R K S

245

Wood Buffalo National Park is theworld’s second-largest park. It also hasthe largest herd of free-roaming buffalo.

Jasper National Park is the largest parkin the Rocky Mountains. The AthabascaGlacier is in Jasper National Park.

Banff National Park has mountains,sparkling lakes, hot springs, and forests. Itis one of Canada’s most popular parks.

Elk Island National Park features theLiving Waters Boardwalk, a 150-metrefloating sidewalk on Astotin Lake.

1 2

3 4

5 Waterton Lakes National Park is inCanada. Glacier National Park is in theUnited States. Together they formWaterton-Glacier International Peace Park.Canadians, Americans, and Blackfoot FirstNations work together to protect the landand wildlife here.


246

Wood Buffalo National ParkWood Buffalo National Park was created to protect thebuffalo in northern Canada. If you visit, though, youmight see more birds than buffalo. The big animals areoften in hiding.

Why are there so many birds? The park has hugewetland areas that have formed where the Peace andAthabasca rivers come together. Birds use the wetlandsas a nesting place. One of the wetland areas is anesting place for the endangered whooping crane. It isthe only nesting habitat in the world for this bird.

Wetlands are areascovered by water. Theyinclude ponds, sloughs,and marshy areas thatprovide habitat for wildlife.Wetlands act like sponges.They filter and clean water.They also absorb somewater, preventing floods.

words matter !

Why do you think it isimportant to protectthe buffalo in Alberta?(Hint: Remember therole of the buffalo inAlberta’s history.)

ThinkingIt Through

Who Was More Afraid?

My husband, David, and I were hiking in WoodBuffalo National Park one summer. As I came

around the bend, I was surprised by a mooseheading right towards me. I jumped, turned, and walked inthe other direction. The moose did the same thing. It turnedaround and ran away! I guess he was as afraid of me as Iwas of him.

Kim Webber

ALBERTAVOICES

Ducks flying over LynxStrand Creek. Thewetlands in the parkprovide habitats for birdson their long journey towarmer weather.

Salt flats in Wood BuffaloNational Park. Thesehuge areas of salt plainsare unique in Canada.

▲

▲


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Jasper National ParkJasper is the most northern of Alberta’smountain parks. More than two millionpeople visit the park each year.

Woodland caribou are in danger of dying out in Canada.There are more caribou in Jasper National Park thananywhere else in Canada, but their numbers are gettingsmaller. To protect the animals, Parks Canada ischanging hiking rules in the park. Dogs are not allowedwhere the caribou roam. During the season when thecalves are born, hikers must stay on main trails to avoidthe animals.

▲ Rafting on the Maligne River, Jasper National Park

▲ Pyramid Lake and Mountain,Jasper National Park

Protecting the Woodland Caribou in Jasper

With a partner, find outmore about theprotected plants andanimals in Jasper. Lookin three differentsources. Try books, theInternet, or interviewan adult. Use computerfiles to organize theinformation you find.

Skill Smart


Banff National Park Banff National Park has a wide variety of naturalfeatures. No wonder it has three million visitors every year!

How does BanffNational Park helpprotect and preserveAlberta’s naturalenvironment?

ThinkingIt Through Gold Medal Dreams

I am training to be a downhill skier. My dreamis to represent Canada in the Olympics. My

favourite place is Banff. The scenery is fabulous,and they say the skiing is the best in the world. I am luckyto live close to the mountains.

Emilie Tremblay

ALBERTAVOICES

Moraine Lake and the Valley of the Ten Peaks.Banff National Park preserves many naturalfeatures for future generations.

Grizzly bears in Banff National Park. Elk andwhite-tailed deer are among the animalsprotected in the park.

There is a lot to do in Banff National Park.Would you enjoy this activity?

Lake Louise. This is one of the mostphotographed lakes in the world.

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A L B E R T AA D V E N T U R E

to go into these pools because

we would disturb the Banff

Springs snails. These snails are

not found anywhere else in the

world, and they are in danger

of dying out. I’m glad that the

snails are protected. They help

to make Alberta unique.

My other favourite activity

was our visit to the Cave and

Basin Hot Springs, filled with

warm water that comes from

deep under the ground. The

water smells like rotten eggs.

Dad said it was because of the

sulfur—a mineral that’s found in

the earth. We weren’t allowed

My dad says everyone has a favourite

activity at Banff National Park. I had

two! The first was a trip in a gondola

up Sulfur Mountain. What a great way

to travel all the way up the mountain

in just eight minutes. And what a great

view from the top!

My Visit to Banff

249


250

Elk Island National ParkElk Island National Park is less than an hour awayfrom Edmonton. The park protects an area ofwilderness parkland. This is one of the mostendangered habitats in Alberta.

Although it is the smallest of Alberta’s nationalparks, Elk Island is home to a host of animals. As wellas plains and wood buffalo, it has moose, deer, coyotes,beaver, and at least 250 types of birds. It also has lotsof elk, of course, as you can see below.

Bringing Back the Trumpeter Swan

The trumpeter swan is the wildlife symbol ofGrande Prairie, about five hours northwest of ElkIsland. There used to be many trumpeter swansin Alberta, but they haven’t lived in Elk IslandNational Park for over 100 years. Theydisappeared because of overhunting. Elk Island istrying to bring the swans back. Future visitorswill be able to enjoy seeing this beautiful bird.

Visitors to Elk Island NationalPark can go boating on AstotinLake. In winter, they can gosnowshoeing or skiing.


251

Waterton Lakes National ParkWaterton Lakes National Park has beautiful waterfalls,lakes, and prairie grasslands. Because of its climate, italso has a large number of plants and wildflowers.Pygmy poppies have been found only in the WatertonLakes area.

Make a table similar to the one below to compare any two national parksin Alberta. Use books, magazines, or the Internet to help you find moreinformation about the parks.

Skill Smart

__________________________________________________ __________________________________________________National Park National Park

Natural features

Wildlife

Plants

Activities

Cougars can be found in the park.Bighorn sheep, deer, bears, moose,and many types of birds are alsofound here.

Red Rock Canyon in WatertonLakes National Park is knownfor its red and green layers of rock.

Many types of flowers grow in thepark, including pygmy poppies,shown here. These poppies areunique to the area.


What Do Our ProvincialParks Preserve?

Provincial parks were created to preserve the variety ofAlberta’s natural and historical features. What can youtell about the number and range of provincial parksfrom this map?

Read on to learn more about six of Alberta’sprovincial parks. They are located in five differentnatural regions. As you read, think about how eachpark preserves a different aspect of Alberta’s heritage.

The parks and protectedareas give us so manyways to enjoy theoutdoors. Theyencourage us to visitparts of the province wemay not have thoughtabout otherwise.

Use only the map tohelp you write a riddle.Use words such asnorth, south, east, west,close, near, far, etc. Forexample: Parts of thispark are in southeastAlberta. It is the onlypark that crosses intoanother province.Which park is it? Shareyour riddles with apartner.

Skill Smart

ALBERTA

Atha

basca River

Edmonton

Peace River

Lesser SlaveLake

Calgary

0 100 200

kilometres

300

N

S

W E

Legend

ProvincialParks

Cypress HillsInterprovincialPark

Writing-On-StoneProvincial Park

Dry IslandBuffalo JumpProvincial Park

DunveganProvincial

Park

Obed LakeProvincial

ParkRO

CK

Y

MO

UN

TA

IN

S

CanmoreNordic Centre

ProvincialPark

Provincial Parks

252


253

Visit Some Provincial Parks

My family and I went on a camping trip toCypress Hills Interprovincial Park. It’s theonly provincial park that crosses over twoprovinces—Alberta and Saskatchewan. Aswe got closer to the park, the hills justseemed to rise up out of the flat landaround it. My dad says the park issometimes called a forest island in a sea ofgrass. So the park preserves forests,streams, and hills in the middle of theprairie grasslands. The next day, we rodealong the bike trail. We kept an eye out forthe wild turkeys and some of the 14 typesof orchids that grow in the park.

Gordon Woo

P R E S E R V I N G W I L D L I F E A N D P L A N T S : C Y P R E S S H I L L S

Last year, my mom took mekayaking at Obed Lake nearHinton. The park protects awetland area where many animalsand birds live. I used ourbinoculars to look for birds. I sawlots of them, and I could also seefish under the clear water. I sawsome elk, but didn’t spot anymoose. It was so quiet andpeaceful—and fun too!

Daniel Cliche

P R E S E R V I N G H A B I TAT S : O B E D L A K E


254

I live near Huxley. I have beengoing to Dry Island BuffaloJump, in the badlands, since Iwas a little boy. I never tire ofseeing the cliffs and thinking ofhow animals once stampededover the edge. And I enjoylooking at the hoodoos. WhenI was a boy, this area was notprotected. People in thecommunity worked hard toconvince the government tomake it a park. I’m glad theydid—aren’t you?

Louis Whitford

A racer at the Canmore Nordic Centre mountain-bike race,held every summer

P R E S E R V I N G N AT U R A L A N D C U LT U R A L H E R I TA G E :D R Y I S L A N D B U F FA L O J U M P

I volunteer at the Canmore Nordic Centre ProvincialPark. People ski here in the winter and ride their bikesin the summer. I like it best when there’s a race. Myjob is to make sure the spectators stay back from thestart and finish lines. In summer, my favourite event isthe mountain bike race. Some racers go for 24 hoursstraight! In winter, I really enjoy the cross-countryskiing events. I like being out in the crisp air, and thescenery is breathtaking.

Jane Schmidt

P R O V I D I N G R E C R E AT I O N : C A N M O R E N O R D I C C E N T R E


255

My brother and I spent theday at Dunvegan ProvincialPark and Historic Site.Dunvegan was one ofAlberta’s first trading postsand missionary centres.Some of the old buildingshave been restored so wecan see what life was likeback then. There are alsogardens where fruits andvegetables are grown asthey were in the past.

Sammy Malic

My parents took me to Writing-On-StoneProvincial Park. It is near the town of MilkRiver in the badlands. I saw images thatFirst Nations people in this area carved inthe rock. Some of the carvings were over3000 years old! The South Piikani peoplelived in this area. They believed it was asacred place. Their drawings show that thisplace was very important to them.

Olivia Hubahib

P R E S E R V I N G C U LT U R A L H E R I TA G E : W R I T I N G - O N - S T O N E

P R E S E R V I N G C U LT U R A L H E R I TA G E : D U N V E G A N

The Milk River at Writing-On-Stone Provincial Park


How Can We Preserve Our Parks?

256

You have learned that governments are responsible forAlberta’s parks and protected areas. Who else do youthink is responsible?

Millions of people from Alberta and around theworld visit the parks every year. Many communitiesdepend on tourism. Tourists spend money in thehotels, restaurants, and stores near the parks. ManyAlbertans work in hotels and museums or as tourguides and instructors. Tourism benefits Alberta, but itcan also cause problems.

Think of what might happen in a natural areawhen many people come to see it. People might leavelitter. Their vehicles might cause pollution or injureanimals. Careless campers might cause fires. Can youthink of other effects tourists could have on parks?

What Can Visitors Do?Most parks have rules similar to the ones below. Howdoes obeying the rules help preserve the park?

Tourism is touring ortravelling to see and enjoyplaces away from home.

words matter !

■ What are somethings you might doto care for theenvironment whenyou visit parks?

■ Should you showthe same care inother natural areas?Why? Explain.

ThinkingIt Through

I am going to make achart on the computerto share what I knowabout protectingnatural areas.


257

ALBERTAVOICES

Be a Thoughtful Visitor

Justin wanted to know how tourists and animals can share Alberta’s parks. He interviewed Derek Tilson, a Park Warden at Waterton Lakes National Park. Readon to see what he found out.

Does tourism affect animals in the park?

Tourists enjoy the wildlife very much, so they sometimes want to get too close to the animals. Some evenfeed the mule-deer and big-horned sheep. These animalsbecome used to people, so they aren’t afraid to go into thetown site. This can be dangerous. Their horns or antlers canget caught in fencing. Some animals are run over by cars, too.

Does tourism affect other animals?

If campers leave food around, bears come looking for it. Thenwe have to move the bears somewhere else. In the worst case,the bear has to be destroyed. But we try not to do this.

Does the park teach tourists about living with wildlife?

We ask people to put everything in their vehicles when theyare not on their campsite. Pots, pans, and even bars of soapattract wildlife. We tell campers when they check in, and there are signs everywhere in the park.

Can tourists and animals share the park?

I think so, but tourists should keep a safe distance away from wildlife. Use binoculars to view them. Respect the wildlife in the park.

Write down someother questions youwould like to ask apark warden. See ifyou can find answersfrom other sources.

Skill Smart


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The town of Banff. Why do you think people might want to live here?

What Can You Do?Anyone who visits a park or protected area can make adifference. You can obey park rules and learn about thepark environment. You can try to leave as little markas possible on the parks. Even if you have never beento a park or protected area, you can learn about thenatural environment, and appreciate the role thatparks play. With your support, the parks and protectedareas will still be beautiful for future generations.

What do you think this signmeans?

Why do you think it isimportant to protectparks for futuregenerations? Discussyour thoughts as aclass.

ThinkingIt Through

What Can Residents Do?People do live in some park areas, but there are rulesfor these people, too. For example, the town of Banff islocated in Banff National Park. There is a rule thatBanff cannot have more than 10 000 people livingpermanently in the town. The residents must have ajob there or be related to someone who is workingthere. Why do you think this rule was made?

People who live in park townsites are careful not toleave food and garbage out, so they don’t attract theanimals. They also encourage wildlife to stay away. Inthe town of Banff, the elk are chased away by peoplewaving hockey sticks!


259

SKILLPOWER

259

Information can be communicated in many ways. Youcan present what you have to say in any of the waysshown here, and more.

How do you choose which one to use? A lotdepends on your purpose for communicating and youraudience. Are you planning to inform, persuade, orentertain? Who is your audience? What kind ofpresentation might best help them understand whatyou have to say?

CommunicatingInformation

SpeechOral reportPoemSong

Telling

EssayWritten reportWeb sitePowerPoint presentation

Writing

PostersPhotographsDrawingsGraphs and tables

Showing

Practise the Skill

Look back at the sign of park rules on page 256. Try tocommunicate the information in different ways. Rememberto think about who your audience is first. You could• give a speech

• create a PowerPoint presentation

• draw a poster

Which format do you think works best? Why?


Communicate Information Think about the parks and protected areas youlearned about in this chapter. Which placewould you like to visit the most? Why? Lookback to page 259 to see the different ways youmight communicate. Pick a format. Use it to tryto persuade your teacher to take you to yourchosen park or natural area.

Create a PowerPoint PresentationWork in small groups. Choose one endangered plant or animal inAlberta. Find out how Alberta’s parks are helping to protect thistype of animal or plant. Plan a short PowerPoint presentation forthe class. Include details about whose responsibility it is to helpprotect these plants and animals. Include details about whatresponsible citizens can do to protect these plants and animals.

Create a Tourism BrochureMake a brochure encouraging people to visit a national park inAlberta. What can you see and do? How does the park protectnature? Have fences been built? Are there hiking trails? Add sometips on how tourists can respect nature.

Report on a Newspaper ArticleFind a newspaper, magazine, or Internet article on how anyAlberta park is preserving its wildlife, plants, or landscape. Readthe article once to identify the main idea. Read it again. Whatdifferent viewpoints are included in the article? Share the mainidea of the article and the different viewpoints with your class.

Set Your Skills in Motion

260


Inquiring Minds?

Look What You Have Learned!

Parks and protected areas are important because they preservethe natural landscape, plants, and animals that are special to anarea. Tourists can visit parks to learn about Alberta’s natural andcultural heritage. Tourism also brings money and jobs to theprovince. However, it’s important that visitors and residentsrespect the park environment and wildlife and obey the rules.Parks and protected areas are all part of Alberta’s identity.

Take Time to ReflectBefore you go on to the next chapter, think about what you havelearned in this one. How did you communicate information indifferent ways? What did you learn that will help you shareinformation more effectively in the next chapter?

Choose something from this chapter to save foryour Alberta Treasure Chest.

Review the inquiry questions for this chapter:• Why are provincial parks, protected areas, and

national parks important?• How do we protect Alberta’s land and heritage?

Show what you have learned by making a chart.Collect information from the text that answers eachinquiry question. If you can, add information fromother sources. Be sure you include where you founddifferent pieces of information.

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