By

Shreyas Sudhaman

8th Standard

Sri Kumarans Public School - ICSE

A1-501, Elita

Albert Einstein

….. Before Einstein

“ There is nothing new to be discovered in physics” – Lord Kelvin, 1900

“Everything that can be invented has been invented.” – Commissioner of the US Patent office ,1899.

Why do I need to know about Einstein?

*Great theoretical physicist

*Phenomenally changed scientific research

*Profound thinker

His Childhood

*Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the German Empire on 14 March 1879.

* Father : Hermann Einstein

* Mother : Pauline Einstein

* Hermann owned Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie.

* Manufactured electrical equipment based on Direct current (DC)

* The Einsteins were non-observant Jews.

* Albert attended a Catholic elementary school from the age of five for three years.

Early Influences*Max Talmud *When Einstein was ten years old Max Talmud a poor

Jewish medical student from Poland, was introduced to the Einstein family by his brother

*During weekly visits over the next five years he gave Einstein popular books on science, mathematical texts and philosophical writings

*Pocket Compass*His father once showed him a pocket compass

*Einstein realized that there must be something causing the needle to move, despite the apparent "empty space“

*As he grew, Einstein built models and mechanical devices for fun and began to show a talent for mathematics.

Family Circumstances*In 1894, his father's company failed

*Direct Current (DC) lost the War of Currents to Alternating Current (AC)

*The Einstein family moves to Italy.

*When the family moves to Pavia, Einstein stays in Munich to finish his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium.

*His father wanted him to become an electrical engineer

*At the end of December 1894 Einstein travelled to Italy to join his family in Pavia.

*convinced the school to let him go by using a doctor's note.

“ the spirit of learning and creative thought are lost in strict rote learning”

Education* Wrote a short essay with the title "On the Investigation

of the State of the Ether in a Magnetic Field." in Italy in 1895

*In late summer 1895, at the age of sixteen, Einstein sat the entrance examinations for the Swiss Federal Polytechnic in Zurich,

*Passed the Swiss Matura in 1896

*He enrolled in the four year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program .

*Was frustrated as he could not find a teaching job for 2 years

First Job

* Job in Bern, at the Federal Office for Intellectual Property, the patent office, as an assistant examiner.

* He evaluated patent applications for electromagnetic devices.

*Patent review work related to questions about transmission of electric signals and electrical-mechanical synchronization of time.

* two technical problems that show up conspicuously in the thought experiments that eventually led Einstein to his radical conclusions about the nature of light and the fundamental connection between space and time.

Academic Achievements

*In 1901, Einstein had a paper on the capillary forces of a straw published in the prestigious Annalen der Physik.

*In 30 April 1905, he completed his thesis, with Alfred Kleiner, Professor of Experimental Physics, serving as pro-forma advisor.

*Einstein was awarded a PhD by the University of Zurich. His dissertation was entitled "A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions".

Einstein published four ground breaking papers!!! Photoelectric effect

Brownian motion

Special Relativity

The Equivalence of Matter and Energy

• Recognized as a leading scientist• Appointed lecturer at the University of Bern

Miracle year - 1905

Einstein the Academician* Physics docent at the University of Zurich

* Professor at Karl-Ferdinand University in Prague

* Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics

* Professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin

* Becomes a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences

Nobel Prize

*Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921

* But .. for what?

* Not for relativity

* But, For Photoelectric Effect !!

*Because relativity was still considered somewhat controversial, it was officially bestowed for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.

Einstein’s Achievements* 

Atom with electrons revolving around the central nucleus.

Photoelectric Effect*It was known that some types of light can eject

electrons from metals.

*Einstein`s theory

*Blue light has more energy than Red light.

*Photons- tiny packets of light energy

*Red light can't dislodge electrons-

* its individual photons don't have enough energy

* The impact is just not large enough to shift the electrons.

*Blue light can dislodge electrons

*Each individual photon has more energy than the red photon. And photons of ultraviolet light, which have yet more energy, will give electrons enough energy to whizz away from the metal altogether.

*Precursor to Quantum mechanics

Energy Mass Equivalence

* 

* In 1933- the Nazis rose to power under Adolf Hitler.

- Einstein emigrates to the US

* Einstein's works burnt at Nazi book burnings.

* Einstein – An Assassination target

* $5,000 bounty on his head!!

*One German magazine included him in a list of enemies of the German regime with the phrase, "not yet hanged"

Einstein and Nazi Germany

WWII and Einstein*Writes a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt

*Alerts Americans to the possibility that German scientists might win the race to build an atomic bomb.

* U.S. enters the "race" to develop the bomb.

*Initiates Manhattan project

*Only country to develop an atomic bomb during World War II.

*Einstein becomes an American citizen in 1940.

*Offered the position of President of Israel(1952).

“I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones.”

Great Loss to Mankind

*On 17 April 1955, Albert Einstein experienced internal bleeding

*He died in Princeton Hospital early the next morning at the age of 76

Einstein refused surgery, saying:"I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolong life artificially. I have done my share, it is time to go. I will do it elegantly."

Thank You