alcohol and its abuse drugs and our society part 13
TRANSCRIPT
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Alcohol and Its AbuseAlcohol and Its Abuse
Drugs and Our SocietyDrugs and Our Society
Part 13Part 13
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Effects of AlcoholEffects of Alcohol1.1. Impact on the United StatesImpact on the United States
-- and the worldand the world
a. Alcohol effects everyonea. Alcohol effects everyone
- by own use- by own use
- someone else’s use- someone else’s use
b. Attitudes: run the gamutb. Attitudes: run the gamut
- from reverence- from reverence
- to dismay- to dismay
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Effects, cont.Effects, cont.2.2. Oldest known drugOldest known drug
- primitive societies: ritually / socially- primitive societies: ritually / socially
- anxiety / unstable environment- anxiety / unstable environment
a. Not always acknowledged as a druga. Not always acknowledged as a drug
- it is legal- it is legal
- harmful / government would control- harmful / government would control
- commercials: beautiful people - commercials: beautiful people drinkingdrinking
b. Parents / role models consume b. Parents / role models consume
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Effects, contEffects, cont3.3. People drink for many reasonsPeople drink for many reasons
- relax- relax
- reduce inhibitions- reduce inhibitions
- pleasure- pleasure
- to forget- to forget
- intoxication- intoxication
a. Part of social fabric / American lifea. Part of social fabric / American life
- family dinners / festive occasions / - family dinners / festive occasions / supersuper bowl / weddings / celebrate bowl / weddings / celebrate holidays holidays
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Effects, cont.Effects, cont.b. Difficult to think of drug:b. Difficult to think of drug:
- served many cultural - served many cultural purposespurposes
- cause so much havoc- cause so much havoc
4.4. History of alcoholHistory of alcohol use in US use in US
- beginning of colonial times- beginning of colonial times
- temperance movement / Prohibition / - temperance movement / Prohibition /
contemporary usecontemporary use
a. Colonial timesa. Colonial times
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History of AlcoholHistory of Alcohol - 1620: Plymouth Rock- 1620: Plymouth Rock
- positive attitude towards alcohol- positive attitude towards alcohol
- drinking in moderation: acceptable- drinking in moderation: acceptable
- drunkenness was punished- drunkenness was punished
b. Importance of alcoholb. Importance of alcohol
- sanitation / nutrients- sanitation / nutrients
(1) Sanitary practices lacking(1) Sanitary practices lacking
- wells contaminated- wells contaminated
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History, cont.History, cont. - was a preservative- was a preservative
(2) Important nutrients(2) Important nutrients
- vitamins / minerals / yeast- vitamins / minerals / yeast
- made from grains / vegetables- made from grains / vegetables
(3) 1640: first distillery (Staten Island)(3) 1640: first distillery (Staten Island)
- Dutch rum trade- Dutch rum trade
- New England’s largest business- New England’s largest business
- most profitable- most profitable
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History, cont.History, cont.c. Consumption peaked: 1801 – c. Consumption peaked: 1801 –
18091809
- Jefferson’s presidency- Jefferson’s presidency
- farmer’s took alcohol into fields- farmer’s took alcohol into fields
- employers gave to employees on - employers gave to employees on jobjob
- politicians gave to voters at polls- politicians gave to voters at polls
d. Continental Armyd. Continental Army
- troops received daily rations- troops received daily rations
- either rum or whiskey- either rum or whiskey
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History, cont.History, cont.e. 1850: first national censuse. 1850: first national census
- aged 15 or older- aged 15 or older
- over 6 gallons per person- over 6 gallons per person
- twice the levels of today- twice the levels of today
5.5. Temperance movement (early 1800s)Temperance movement (early 1800s)
- stop escalating use / abuse- stop escalating use / abuse
- few made connection between - few made connection between alcohol /alcohol /
social problemssocial problems
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History, cont.History, cont.a. Did realize problem of uncontrolled usea. Did realize problem of uncontrolled use
- began in 1826- began in 1826
- declined during Civil War (1861 – 1865)- declined during Civil War (1861 – 1865)
- reasserted late 1860s- reasserted late 1860s
b. Before Civil War: 6 gallons per adultb. Before Civil War: 6 gallons per adult
- before Prohibition: 2 gallons- before Prohibition: 2 gallons
c. Three most influential in alcohol reformc. Three most influential in alcohol reform
- Women’s Christian Temperance Union- Women’s Christian Temperance Union
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History, cont.History, cont. - Anti-Saloon League- Anti-Saloon League
- National Prohibition Party- National Prohibition Party
d. Grew into powerful political forced. Grew into powerful political force
- 1880 to 1889: 7 states prohibition law- 1880 to 1889: 7 states prohibition law
- 1907/1919: 34 states passed- 1907/1919: 34 states passed
- 2 states repealed laws banning - 2 states repealed laws banning alcoholalcohol
6.6. ProhibitionProhibition
- movement gathered strength in early 1900s- movement gathered strength in early 1900s
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History, cont.History, cont.- movement to ban gathered strength- movement to ban gathered strength
a. Amendment to bana. Amendment to ban
- ‘- ‘Volstead ActVolstead Act’ (Andrew ’ (Andrew Volstead)Volstead)
- adopted by US Senate (1917)- adopted by US Senate (1917)
- House (1918)- House (1918)
- 35 states must ratify- 35 states must ratify
- all but 2 (Rhode Isl / Connecticut) - all but 2 (Rhode Isl / Connecticut)
- 18- 18thth Amendment (January 16, Amendment (January 16, 1920)1920)
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History, cont.History, cont.b. b. Negative effectsNegative effects
- illegal trade in alcohol- illegal trade in alcohol
- using adulterants- using adulterants
- lack of enforcing the law- lack of enforcing the law
- home brewing (not illegal)- home brewing (not illegal)
c. Law repealed (1933): 21c. Law repealed (1933): 21stst AmendmentAmendment
- disregard for law- disregard for law
- loss of jobs- loss of jobs
- loss of revenue- loss of revenue
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Current Alcohol UseCurrent Alcohol Use1.1. Most people = Most people = social drinkerssocial drinkers
- drinking patterns: no health/social - drinking patterns: no health/social problemsproblems
- experience immediate risks (accidents)- experience immediate risks (accidents)
- able to abstain at will- able to abstain at will
a. Cannot abstain (medical/social difficulties)a. Cannot abstain (medical/social difficulties)
- - problem drinkersproblem drinkers / / alcoholicsalcoholics
b. Label: depends on criteria usedb. Label: depends on criteria used
- can abuse / not be alcoholic- can abuse / not be alcoholic
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Current Use, cont.Current Use, cont. - problem drinkers: not drink daily- problem drinkers: not drink daily
b. Not easily categorizedb. Not easily categorized
- do they: drink alone or with friends- do they: drink alone or with friends
- do they: drink and drive / or take - do they: drink and drive / or take taxitaxi
c. One factor observed:c. One factor observed:
- costs rise / consumption drops- costs rise / consumption drops
- among social drinkers- among social drinkers
- not heavy drinkers - not heavy drinkers
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Current Use, cont.Current Use, cont.d. State cracking down (alcohol level) d. State cracking down (alcohol level) - DUI: .08%- DUI: .08% - 26 states: drive-thru alcohol sales- 26 states: drive-thru alcohol sales - Washington state: Sunday sales- Washington state: Sunday sales
2.2. Drinking patternsDrinking patterns- vary among different groups- vary among different groups
a. College studentsa. College students - fraternity/sorority: higher consumption- fraternity/sorority: higher consumption than students not affiliatedthan students not affiliated
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Current Use, cont.Current Use, cont.b. Gay / lesbian / bisexual college b. Gay / lesbian / bisexual college
studentsstudents
- more than heterosexual - more than heterosexual
c. Heavy drinkingc. Heavy drinking
- highly correlated with bar patronage- highly correlated with bar patronage
- singles / males- singles / males
d. Alcohol-related problemsd. Alcohol-related problems
- greater: more access to places to - greater: more access to places to drinkdrink
or buyor buy
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Current Use, cont.Current Use, cont.e. Per capita consumptione. Per capita consumption
- higher in New England states- higher in New England states
- lowest in Mid-Atlantic states- lowest in Mid-Atlantic states
f. f. Men vs. WomenMen vs. Women
- men more likely to drink- men more likely to drink
- consumption levels: greater- consumption levels: greater
- heavy drinking by younger - heavy drinking by younger women women increasing increasing
- single older women- single older women
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Current Use, cont.Current Use, cont.3.3. Drinking patterns of womenDrinking patterns of women
- more seeking treatment- more seeking treatment
a. Demographic subgroupsa. Demographic subgroups - unemployed- unemployed - looking for work- looking for work - employed part-time- employed part-time
b. Patterns more prevalent among:b. Patterns more prevalent among: - divorced / separated- divorced / separated - unmarried / living with a partner- unmarried / living with a partner
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Current Use, cont.Current Use, cont.c. Age 20 to early 30sc. Age 20 to early 30s
- husband / partner drinks heavily- husband / partner drinks heavily
- greater risk for problem drinker- greater risk for problem drinker
d. 21 – 34 with childrend. 21 – 34 with children
- less likely to report drinking - less likely to report drinking problemsproblems
4.4. College campus arrests (alcohol / drugs)College campus arrests (alcohol / drugs)
- increased dramatically- increased dramatically
- may reflect stricter enforcement- may reflect stricter enforcement
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Campus Arrests, cont.Campus Arrests, cont.a. a. AlcoholAlcohol - Michigan State University - 856- Michigan State University - 856 - University of Maine -- University of Maine - 673673 - Western Michigan University -- Western Michigan University - 563563 - University of CA, Berkeley -- University of CA, Berkeley -546546
b. b. DrugsDrugs - University of CA, Berkeley -- University of CA, Berkeley -265265 - University of Maine -- University of Maine - 143143 - Michigan State University -- Michigan State University - 133133 - University of Washington -- University of Washington - 127127
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Binge DrinkingBinge Drinking1.1. Among young people:Among young people:
- 5 or more drinks (men)- 5 or more drinks (men)
- 4 drinks (women)- 4 drinks (women)
- in short period of time- in short period of time
a. Starts around age 13a. Starts around age 13
- increases during adolescence- increases during adolescence
b. 14% (13 – 17) met criteria / heavy b. 14% (13 – 17) met criteria / heavy drinkingdrinking
- only 16%: admitted drinking problem- only 16%: admitted drinking problem
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Binge Drinking, cont.Binge Drinking, cont.2.2. Parties very / somewhat importantParties very / somewhat important
- more likely to binge- more likely to binge
a. High school athletesa. High school athletes
- more likely than non-athletes- more likely than non-athletes
b. More than 2/3s high school studentsb. More than 2/3s high school students
- obtain alcohol from 21 or older- obtain alcohol from 21 or older
c. 14%: 18 to 20 years – commercial c. 14%: 18 to 20 years – commercial outletoutlet
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Older AmericansOlder Americans1.1. 60 years and older60 years and older
- lower levels of use / abuse- lower levels of use / abuse
- alcoholism: increasing- alcoholism: increasing
a. Vulnerabilitya. Vulnerability
- loneliness / isolation- loneliness / isolation
- 10% of all elderly- 10% of all elderly
b. b. Older menOlder men
- twice as likely as older women- twice as likely as older women
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Older Americans, cont.Older Americans, cont. - alcohol related problems- alcohol related problems
- late-life onset of alcoholism- late-life onset of alcoholism
c. Primary reason problem drinking so lowc. Primary reason problem drinking so low
- heavy drinkers dying - heavy drinkers dying
2.2. Race and alcohol useRace and alcohol use
- 29% African-American men: abstain- 29% African-American men: abstain
- 23% Caucasian men: abstain- 23% Caucasian men: abstain
-- 46%: black women / 34%: white 46%: black women / 34%: white women women
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Race, cont.Race, cont.a. Heavy drinkinga. Heavy drinking
- more prevalent in 18 – 29 age - more prevalent in 18 – 29 age groupgroup
- both white men and women- both white men and women
b. This age group for black b. This age group for black men/womenmen/women
- more likely to abstain- more likely to abstain
1.1. Alcoholic beveragesAlcoholic beverages
- central nervous system depressant- central nervous system depressant
- “ethyl alcohol” / not “methyl alcohol” - “ethyl alcohol” / not “methyl alcohol”
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Beverages, cont.Beverages, cont.a. a. FermentationFermentation
- certain yeasts with carbon / hydrogen /- certain yeasts with carbon / hydrogen /
oxygen of sugar and wateroxygen of sugar and water
- transform: ethyl alcohol/carbon dioxide- transform: ethyl alcohol/carbon dioxide
- yields beverage 14% alcohol- yields beverage 14% alcohol
b. Distillation: percentage increasedb. Distillation: percentage increased
- lower boiling point than other liquids- lower boiling point than other liquids
- steam rises / cooled / back to liquid- steam rises / cooled / back to liquid
- distilled liquid: higher alcohol content- distilled liquid: higher alcohol content
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Process, cont.Process, cont.2.2. BeerBeer
- sprouted barley added to cereal grains- sprouted barley added to cereal grains
- changes carbohydrates to sugar- changes carbohydrates to sugar
- yeast: changes sugar into 5% alcohol- yeast: changes sugar into 5% alcohol
Pharmacology of AlcoholPharmacology of Alcohol
1.1. Transformed in the liver: Transformed in the liver: acetaldehydeacetaldehyde
- then into: acetate / water / carbon - then into: acetate / water / carbon dioxidedioxide
(acetate acid = vinegar)(acetate acid = vinegar)
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Process, cont.Process, cont.a. Most toxic poison createda. Most toxic poison created
- alcohol metabolism- alcohol metabolism
b. Found in: cigarette smoke / car b. Found in: cigarette smoke / car exhaustexhaust
/ embalming fluid (“getting bombed”)/ embalming fluid (“getting bombed”)
c. Causes: hangovers / liver disease / c. Causes: hangovers / liver disease /
cancer / alcoholismcancer / alcoholism
- interferes with neurotransmitter - interferes with neurotransmitter activityactivity
- you drink = you ingest poison- you drink = you ingest poison
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Pharmacology, cont.Pharmacology, cont.2.2. Rate of eliminationRate of elimination
- excreted in urine / breath / sweat- excreted in urine / breath / sweat
a. Leaves body: 3/4a. Leaves body: 3/4thth ounce per hour ounce per hour
- shot spirits / bottle beer / glass - shot spirits / bottle beer / glass winewine
- about the same amount of alcohol- about the same amount of alcohol
- produce same intoxicating effect- produce same intoxicating effect
b. Primary site of absorption b. Primary site of absorption
- small intestine- small intestine
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Pharmacology, cont.Pharmacology, cont.2.2. Factors effecting absorption rateFactors effecting absorption rate
a. Food in stomacha. Food in stomach - absorbed more slowly- absorbed more slowly - wine/beer less quickly = distilled spirits- wine/beer less quickly = distilled spirits - champagne: exception (carbon dioxide)- champagne: exception (carbon dioxide) - liquor + carbonated beverage (quickly)- liquor + carbonated beverage (quickly)
b. Males / females: absorb at different ratesb. Males / females: absorb at different rates - male: larger / more water- male: larger / more water - less likely to feel effects same amount- less likely to feel effects same amount
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Pharmacology, cont.Pharmacology, cont.c. Premenstrual phasec. Premenstrual phase
- absorb more quickly- absorb more quickly
- birth control pills: more quickly- birth control pills: more quickly
3.3. Concentration in bloodConcentration in blood
- blood alcohol concentration (BAC)- blood alcohol concentration (BAC)
- blood alcohol level (BAL)- blood alcohol level (BAL)
a. Effect of alcohol on individuala. Effect of alcohol on individual
- correlates to % of alcohol in - correlates to % of alcohol in bloodstream bloodstream
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Pharmacology, cont.Pharmacology, cont.b. Consumed at rate exceeding b. Consumed at rate exceeding
metabolismmetabolism
- leaving the body- leaving the body
- BAC rises- BAC rises
c. As BAC risesc. As BAC rises
- behavioral / subjective efforts- behavioral / subjective efforts
- become more pronounced- become more pronounced
- speech / movement / thinking / vision- speech / movement / thinking / vision
d. Drinking too much / short time / fatald. Drinking too much / short time / fatal
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Health EffectsHealth Effects1.1. Accounts for 10% of all deaths in USAccounts for 10% of all deaths in US
- alcoholic life expectancy: reduced 15 - alcoholic life expectancy: reduced 15 yearsyears
a. Effects every bodily organa. Effects every bodily organ
- depend on frequency / quantity- depend on frequency / quantity
- type of alcohol does not matter- type of alcohol does not matter
b. Study of adolescentsb. Study of adolescents
- beer / wine / distilled spirits- beer / wine / distilled spirits
- equally damaging physical impairment- equally damaging physical impairment
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Effects on BrainEffects on Brain2.2. Alcohol and the brainAlcohol and the brain
- highly sensitive- highly sensitive
a. 5 to 6 drinks dailya. 5 to 6 drinks daily
- adversely affect: cognitive functioning- adversely affect: cognitive functioning
- increase impairment: higher - increase impairment: higher consumptionconsumption
- 15 to 30% nursing home patients- 15 to 30% nursing home patients
b. Acts on b. Acts on cerebrumcerebrum
- affects judgment / reasoning / inhibitions- affects judgment / reasoning / inhibitions
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Effects on Brain, cont.Effects on Brain, cont. - stimulates release of - stimulates release of serotoninserotonin
- accounts for disinhibiting effects- accounts for disinhibiting effects
c. Acts on c. Acts on cerebral cortexcerebral cortex
- effects motor activity- effects motor activity
- moods change quickly- moods change quickly
- stimulates release of - stimulates release of dopaminedopamine
- feelings of pleasure / euphoria- feelings of pleasure / euphoria
d. Acts on d. Acts on cerebellumcerebellum
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Effects on Brain, cont.Effects on Brain, cont. - senses are impaired- senses are impaired
- experience memory loss- experience memory loss
e. Acts on e. Acts on medullamedulla (increased (increased amounts)amounts)
- sedated to point respiration could - sedated to point respiration could stopstop
3.3. Autopsy studiesAutopsy studies: alcohol shrinks the brain: alcohol shrinks the brain
- especially in women- especially in women
a. Drinking small amounts dailya. Drinking small amounts daily
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Effects on Brain, cont.Effects on Brain, cont. - does not affect memory adversely- does not affect memory adversely
- large amounts: harm the memory- large amounts: harm the memory
- - alcohol-induced amnesiaalcohol-induced amnesia last short last short timetime
b. b. Conditioned alcoholicConditioned alcoholic
- appear conscious - appear conscious
- even function when drinking- even function when drinking
- have no memory of what transpired- have no memory of what transpired
- condition referred to as: - condition referred to as:
alcohol-induced blackoutalcohol-induced blackout
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Alcohol and the LiverAlcohol and the Liver1.1. Liver: main site of metabolismLiver: main site of metabolism
- heavy use: devastating on liver- heavy use: devastating on liver
a. Three main conditions:a. Three main conditions: - fatty liver- fatty liver - alcohol hepatitis- alcohol hepatitis - cirrhosis- cirrhosis
b. Fatty liverb. Fatty liver - not a serious problem- not a serious problem - may progress into cirrhosis - may progress into cirrhosis
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Liver, cont.Liver, cont.c. c. Alcohol hepatitisAlcohol hepatitis
- inflammation of liver- inflammation of liver
d. d. CirrhosisCirrhosis
- injury and scarring- injury and scarring
- destruction of normal liver tissue- destruction of normal liver tissue
- results: 25,000 deaths annually- results: 25,000 deaths annually
2.2. Alcohol liver diseaseAlcohol liver disease
- more common in women- more common in women
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Liver, cont.Liver, cont.a. Womena. Women
- drink over a period of years- drink over a period of years
- 6 oz. wine / 13 oz. beer / 2 oz. - 6 oz. wine / 13 oz. beer / 2 oz. whiskeywhiskey
b. Menb. Men
- drink over a period of years- drink over a period of years
- 20 oz. wine / 40 oz. beer / 6 oz. - 20 oz. wine / 40 oz. beer / 6 oz. whiskey whiskey
3.3. Alcohol / Intestinal TractAlcohol / Intestinal Tract
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Intestinal TractIntestinal Tract - small amounts help digestion- small amounts help digestion
- can irritate stomach- can irritate stomach
- large amounts can cause - large amounts can cause bleedingbleeding
4.4. Alcohol / cardiovascular systemAlcohol / cardiovascular system
-- small amount: help reduce coronary small amount: help reduce coronary diseasedisease
- reduce risk by 40%- reduce risk by 40%
- but only in older adults- but only in older adults
-- for wine / not hard liquorfor wine / not hard liquor
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Cardiovascular, cont.Cardiovascular, cont.a. Heavy use:a. Heavy use:
- degeneration of heart muscle- degeneration of heart muscle
- Alcoholic Heart Muscle Disease - Alcoholic Heart Muscle Disease (AHMD)(AHMD)
- - cardiomyopathycardiomyopathy: becomes : becomes inflamedinflamed
b. High blood pressureb. High blood pressure
- deficient circulation of blood- deficient circulation of blood
- abnormal cardiac rhythm- abnormal cardiac rhythm
5.5. Other problems:Other problems:
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Other Problems, cont.Other Problems, cont. - impacts immune system / white blood - impacts immune system / white blood
cells cells
a. Research: links alcohol use and cancera. Research: links alcohol use and cancer
- esophageal cancer- esophageal cancer
- 10 times greater: consume 21 drinks or - 10 times greater: consume 21 drinks or
more per weekmore per week
b. b. Fetal Alcohol SyndromeFetal Alcohol Syndrome
- 3- 3rdrd most common cause of birth most common cause of birth defects defects
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Problems, cont.Problems, cont.6.6. Underage drinkingUnderage drinking
- 10% of all alcohol consumed- 10% of all alcohol consumed- 1/3- 1/3rdrd consume at least once per month consume at least once per month- underage males: more than adult males- underage males: more than adult males- underage females: slightly less- underage females: slightly less
a. Problems generated:a. Problems generated: - automobile accidents: death / injuries- automobile accidents: death / injuries - alcohol induced violence- alcohol induced violence - unplanned / unprotected sex- unplanned / unprotected sex
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Problems, cont.Problems, cont. - poor academic performance- poor academic performance
- school dropout rate- school dropout rate
- delinquent (illegal) behavior- delinquent (illegal) behavior
b. Early 1970s: states lowered drinking b. Early 1970s: states lowered drinking ageage
- if you can go to war / you can drink- if you can go to war / you can drink
- accidents / injuries / deaths - accidents / injuries / deaths increasedincreased
- 1984: feds set drinking age at 21- 1984: feds set drinking age at 21
- highway funds to control states- highway funds to control states
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AlcoholismAlcoholism1.1. Alcoholism has many definitionsAlcoholism has many definitions
- none universally accepted- none universally accepted
a. Many consider it a diseasea. Many consider it a disease
- identified as having a personal defect- identified as having a personal defect
- used term alcoholic for decades- used term alcoholic for decades
b. Today: alcohol abuse / dependence b. Today: alcohol abuse / dependence usedused
- US Dept. Health and Human Services- US Dept. Health and Human Services
definition:definition:
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Alcoholism, cont.Alcoholism, cont. ““A disease that is characterized by A disease that is characterized by
abnormal alcohol-seeking behavior abnormal alcohol-seeking behavior thatthat
leads to impaired control over leads to impaired control over drinking.”drinking.”
b. WithdrawalWithdrawal
- alcohol can create dependency- alcohol can create dependency
- drinking stops: withdrawal symptoms- drinking stops: withdrawal symptoms
c. First 5 days: most severec. First 5 days: most severe
- symptoms can last for weeks- symptoms can last for weeks
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Alcoholism, cont.Alcoholism, cont. - craving for alcohol obvious symptom- craving for alcohol obvious symptom
2.2. Physical symptomsPhysical symptoms::
-- headaches / sweating / nausea / headaches / sweating / nausea / insomniainsomnia
- loss of appetite / paleness / rapid heart rate- loss of appetite / paleness / rapid heart rate
- clammy skin / abnormal movements- clammy skin / abnormal movements
- hand tremors / stomach cramps- hand tremors / stomach cramps
a. Severe symptoms:a. Severe symptoms:
- confusion/hallucination (delirium tremor)- confusion/hallucination (delirium tremor)
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Alcoholism, cont.Alcoholism, cont.3.3. Causes for:Causes for:
-- 1800s: common view = personal 1800s: common view = personal choicechoice
- heredity / socio-cultural / biochemistry / - heredity / socio-cultural / biochemistry /
personality / interpersonal factorspersonality / interpersonal factors
a. a. GeneticsGenetics
- research on twins- research on twins
- 31% for identical / 24% fraternal- 31% for identical / 24% fraternal
b. b. Psychosocial factorsPsychosocial factors
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Alcoholism, cont.Alcoholism, cont. - look at why we start drinking- look at why we start drinking
- why we continue- why we continue
- factors that influence- factors that influence
c. c. CultureCulture
- attitude of culture / subculture / - attitude of culture / subculture / groupgroup
- used in religion / families / - used in religion / families / neighborsneighbors
- less likely abused- less likely abused
4.4. Alcohol and societyAlcohol and society
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Alcohol and SocietyAlcohol and Society- can devastate friends / family / others- can devastate friends / family / others
a. a. StatisticsStatistics - 6 to 11% of elderly admitted to - 6 to 11% of elderly admitted to hospitalshospitals - 20% in psychiatric wards- 20% in psychiatric wards - 14% in emergency rooms (alcoholism)- 14% in emergency rooms (alcoholism) - 25% all emergency room admissions- 25% all emergency room admissions
b. b. Automobile accidentsAutomobile accidents - leading cause of death (5 to 34 years - leading cause of death (5 to 34 years old)old) - 2/3s involve alcohol - 2/3s involve alcohol
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Alcohol and Society, cont.Alcohol and Society, cont.c. How alcohol affects the driverc. How alcohol affects the driver
- process information more slowly- process information more slowly
- look at center of visual field / do not - look at center of visual field / do not
use peripheral visionuse peripheral vision
- unable to deal with multiple sources - unable to deal with multiple sources ofof
informationinformation
- even moderate drinkers (.05 BAC) - even moderate drinkers (.05 BAC)
underestimate hazards when drivingunderestimate hazards when driving
d. Accidentsd. Accidents
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Alcohol and Society, cont.Alcohol and Society, cont. - more likely injury accidents / fatal - more likely injury accidents / fatal
fallsfalls - .10 BAC = 10% more likely to fall- .10 BAC = 10% more likely to fall
e. e. SuicideSuicide - 20 to 36% after consuming alcohol- 20 to 36% after consuming alcohol - related primarily to distilled spirits- related primarily to distilled spirits
f. f. Family violenceFamily violence - 57% men under influence- 57% men under influence - 27% women- 27% women - alcohol use escalates / so does - alcohol use escalates / so does
violenceviolence