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Lesson 6

*Alcohol, Tobacco, & Other Drugs

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*Warm Up

*ESSENTIAL STANDARD/OBJECTIVE:9.ATOD.1.4- Summarize the risks of IV drug use, including blood borne diseases.*BENCHMARK:9ATOD.1.4 Explain 3 effects of IV

drug use and identify 1 relationship to contracting HIV/AIDS*ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: What are the risks

associated with IV drug use? What drugs are considered to be IV drugs and what are their effects on drug users?

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*Warm Up Continued

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Your Brain on Drugs

1-2 Min 3-4 5-6

6-7 7-8 8-9

9-10 10-20 20-30

Photo courtesy of Nora Volkow, Ph.D. Mapping cocaine binding sites in human and baboon brain in vivo. Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wolf AP, Dewey SL, Schlyer DJ, Macgregor RIR, Hitzemann R, Logan J, Bendreim B, Gatley ST. et al. Synapse 1989;4(4):371-377.

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Your Brain After Drugs

Normal

Cocaine Abuser (10 days)

Cocaine Abuser (100 days)

Photo courtesy of Nora Volkow, Ph.D. Volkow ND, Hitzemann R, Wang C-I, Fowler IS, Wolf AP, Dewey SL. Long-term frontal brain metabolic changes in cocaine abusers. Synapse 11:184-190, 1992; Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang G-J, Hitzemann R, Logan J, Schlyer D, Dewey 5, Wolf AP. Decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers. Synapse 14:169-177, 1993.

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* The picture on the left is of someone who has never used cocaine.

* The picture on the right is of a cocaine addict.

*Have You Changed Your Mind?

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*Key Terms

*IV Drugs- the process of injecting drugs directly into a patient's vein.*Blood Borne- means able to be spread in

the blood.

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*chemical neurotransmission

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*chemical neurotransmission

*Communication of information between neurons is accomplished by movement of chemicals across a small gap called the synapse. *Chemicals, called neurotransmitters, are

released from one neuron at the presynaptic nerve terminal. *Neurotransmitters then cross the synapse

where they may be accepted by the next neuron at a specialized site called a receptor.

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*Dopamine & Neurotransmissio

n

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*Dopamine & Cocaine

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*Dopamine & Opiates

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*Dopamine & Marijuana

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*sections taken from the neocortex of

monkeys that were given ecstasy twice a

day for 4 days

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*What Are HIV and AIDS?

*HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). *AIDS is a disease of the immune system

that has treatment options, but no cure, at the present time. *Most people just say “HIV/AIDS” when

they are talking about either the virus (HIV) or the disease it causes (AIDS).

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*HIV/AIDS

*HIV is a blood-borne virus. That means it can spread when the blood or bodily fluids of someone who’s infected comes in contact with the blood, broken skin, or mucous membranes of an uninfected person. *Sharing needles or other equipment used for

injection drug use and engaging in risky sexual behaviors are the two main ways that HIV is spread.* Infected pregnant women also can pass HIV to

their babies during pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding.

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*HIV/AIDS Continued

*HIV destroys certain cells, called CD4+ cells, in the immune system—that’s the body’s disease fighting department. *Without these cells, a person with HIV can’t fight off

germs and diseases. In fact, loss of these cells in people with HIV is a key predictor of the development of AIDS. *Because of their weakened immune system, people

with AIDS often develop infections of the lungs, brain, eyes, and other organs, and many suffer dangerous weight loss, diarrhea, and a type of cancer called Kaposi's sarcoma.

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*What does it mean?

*The good news is that HIV isn’t the death sentence it was when the epidemic began, thanks in large part to a treatment called HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy). *HAART is a combination of three or more

antiretroviral medications that can hold back the virus and prevent or decrease symptoms of illness.

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*How Are Drug Abuse and HIV

Related?

*Drug abuse and addiction have been closely linked with HIV/AIDS since the beginning of the epidemic. *Although injection drug use is well known

in this regard, the role that non-injection drug abuse plays more generally in the spread of HIV is less recognized.

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*Injection drug use

*People typically associate drug abuse and HIV/AIDS with injection drug use and needle sharing. *Injection drug use refers to when a drug is injected

into a tissue or vein with a needle. *When injection drug users share “equipment”—such

as needles, syringes, and other drug injection paraphernalia—HIV can be transmitted between users. *Other infections—such as hepatitis C—can also be

spread this way. *Hepatitis C can cause liver disease and permanent

liver damage.

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*Poor judgment and risky behavior

*Drug abuse by any method (not just injection) can put a person at risk for contracting HIV. *Drug and alcohol intoxication affect the

way a person makes decisions and can lead to unsafe sexual practices, which puts them at risk for getting HIV or transmitting it to someone else.

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*Biological effects of drugs

*Drug abuse and addiction can worsen the progression of HIV and its consequences, especially in the brain. *For example, research has shown that HIV

causes more harm to nerve cells in the brain and greater cognitive damage among people who abuse methamphetamine than among people with HIV who do not abuse drugs. *In animal studies, methamphetamine has been

shown to increase the amount of HIV in brain cells.

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*Drug abuse treatment

*Since the late 1980s, researchers have found that if you treat drug abuse you can prevent the spread of HIV. *When people who have a drug problem enter

treatment, they stop or reduce their drug use and related risk behaviors, including drug injection and unsafe sexual practices. *Drug treatment programs also serve an important

role in getting out good information on HIV/AIDS and related diseases, providing counseling and testing services, and offering referrals for medical and social services.

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*How Are Teens Affected?

*Young people are at risk for contracting HIV and developing AIDS. *According to CDC, more than 50,000

young people age 13 to 24 in the United States had been diagnosed with AIDS by the end of 2009. *In the past, most of those cases were in

adolescent males. That ratio is changing as more females become infected.

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*Who is effected?

* In youth, as in adults, some populations are disproportionately affected. *That means that some populations are more affected

than others. *For example, Blacks/African Americans age 13 to 19

represent only 17 percent of the U.S. teenage population, but accounted for more than 70 percent of the HIV infections among people age 13 to 19 in 2009. *The reasons for this gap aren’t completely understood;

in fact, Black/African American youth have lower rates of drug abuse than Whites and Hispanics.

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*Am I safe?

*In general, middle and late adolescence is a time when young people engage in risk-taking and sensation-seeking behaviors that may put them in jeopardy of contracting HIV. *Regardless of whether a young person takes

drugs, unsafe sexual practices increase a person's risk of contracting HIV. *Drugs and alcohol can increase the chances

of unsafe behavior by altering judgment and decision making.

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*How Can Teens Protect

Themselves?

*The best way to protect yourself is to stay healthy and think clearly. *Choose not to use drugs. Know that drug

use can change the way the brain functions, thereby affecting the way people make decisions and weigh risks.

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*Assignment

*Use paper provided by teacher to make a fortune teller.*On the four outside squares list three activities

you enjoy doing outside of school and one school related activity*On the eight triangles inside the fortune teller

write the following: LSD, Heroin, Ecstasy, PCP, Cocaine, Methamphetamines, Opium & Risks of HIV/AIDS* You will walk around to 4 stations to gather

information.

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*Assignment Continued

*Collect the following information about each of the drugs*How the drug is used*2 side effects of drug*HIV/AIDS*3 risks associated with drugs and HIV/AIDS

*You will write the collected information on the inside flap on your fortune teller.

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*Ticket Out the Door

*Using information you collected in class today, create a 8 questions crossword puzzle. (This would be one question about each drug researched).