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Alcohols Alcohols Alcohols Alcohols and and and and Phenols Phenols Phenols Phenols McMurry McMurry: Chapter : Chapter 17 17 McMurry McMurry: Chapter : Chapter 17 17 1

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Page 1: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

AlcoholsAlcoholsAlcohols Alcohols andandand and 

PhenolsPhenolsPhenolsPhenols

McMurryMcMurry: Chapter: Chapter 1717McMurryMcMurry: Chapter : Chapter 17171

Page 2: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Structure and PropertiesAlcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols are –OH groups attached to sp2 carbons:

p

All –OH groups undergo hydrogen bonding:

2

Page 3: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Alcohols and Phenols

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Page 4: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Alcohol Nomenclature

• Alcohols are indicated with the suffix –ol. • Phenol (common name) can be used as the parent namePhenol (common name) can be used as the parent name.• Numbering begins closest to the alcohol  and groups are 

named in alphabetical order:

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Page 5: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Take‐Home ActivityyDraw the following compounds: 

Draw the following compounds:OHOH

Draw the following compounds: 

RS E

OHBrDraw the following compounds: 

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Page 6: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Properties: Weak Acids and Basesp

Alcohols and phenols act as weak bases in the presence of idstrong acids:  

But also act as weak acids in the presence of base:  

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Page 7: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Properties: Relative Acidity• Simple alcohols are about as acidic as water (pKa ~16) Compound pKa Acidity

p y

• Bulky alcohols are weaker acids (sterically hindered H+ and low solvation of anion): 

5Strong

solvation of anion):

1616

• Induction by EWGs polarize the Weak18

y pO‐H bond and increase acidity 

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Page 8: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Properties: Relative Acidity

• Phenol is more acidic than simple alcohols because it

Compound pKa Acidity

p y

simple alcohols because it dissociates more easily due to resonance:

7Strong

10

11

• EWGs increase acidity 16 y• EDGs decrease acidity Weak

16

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Page 9: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

What Can Deprotonate an Alcohol/Phenol?Alcohols are deprotonated by strong bases. Phenols (pka 10) are more acidic than alcohols (pka 16), so they are 

p /

(p ), ydeprotonated more easily:

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Page 10: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

IR and NMR Spectroscopy of Alcohols13C NMR: C‐OH: 50‐80 ppm1H NMR: ROH: 1.0‐5.0 ppm (broad singlet), R2CHOH: 3.4‐4.5 ppm

p py

IR: O‐H: 3300‐3600 cm‐1,C‐O: 1000‐1250 cm‐1

H3C

H2C

OH O

H HH

HH

H

H

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Page 11: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Take Home ActivityySolve for the following structure:

C5H12O5 12

IR: strong/broad absorption band at 

3300 cm‐1

*Note: bs = broad singlet, s = singlet, 

lt = triplet, q = quartet  

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Page 12: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Review: Alkene ReactivityConverting alkenes into alcohols can be performed through hydroboration, oxymercuration‐demercuration, or 

y

y , y ,dihydroxylation procedures:

M k iknon‐Markovnikov

Markovnikov

12

cis 1,2‐diol

Page 13: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Reduction of Aldehydes and KetonesReduction of aldehydes → 1° alcohols while ketones → 2° alcohols: 

NaBH4• Mild reducing agent

LiAlH4St d i t th N BH

g g• Alcohols are used as solvents 

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• Stronger reducing agent than NaBH4 • Reacts violently with H2O, so Et2O or THF is used as a solvent

Page 14: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Reduction of Carboxylic Acids and EstersyReduction of carboxylic acids give and esters give 1° alcohols: 

• Only strong reducing agents (LiAlH ) can be used since carboxylicOnly strong reducing agents (LiAlH4) can be used since carboxylic acids and esters are less electrophilic than aldehydes and ketones

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Page 15: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Carbonyl Reduction Selectivityy y

Carbonyl NaBH4 LiAlH4 Product Complete the following scheme:y 4 4 Complete the following scheme: 

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Page 16: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Grignard Addition to Aldehydes and Ketonesg y

Addition of Grignard reagent to an aldehyde or ketone gives alcohol products:alcohol products:

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Page 17: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Grignard Addition to Esters

Addition of Grignard reagent to an ester gives alcohol products:

g

Why can’t carboxylic acids be used with Grignard reagents? 17

Page 18: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

In‐Class ActivityIn Class Activity

Predict the product of the following reaction:

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Page 19: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Take‐Home ActivityTake Home Activity

How could you make the following compounds from a Grignard addition to a carbonyl?addition to a carbonyl?

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Page 20: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Take‐Home Activity

Design a synthesis of this product, using at least one Grignard addition:

Take Home Activity

addition:

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Page 21: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Generating Alkyl Halides from 3° AlcoholsGenerating Alkyl Halides from 3 Alcohols

Tertiary (3°) alcohols can be converted into alkyl halides in the presence of HCl or HBr:in the presence of HCl or HBr:

SN1 Mechanism:

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Page 22: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Generating Alkyl Halides from 1°/2° AlcoholsGenerating Alkyl Halides from 1 /2 Alcohols

1° and 2° alcohols are converted using SOCl2 or PBr3:

SN2 Mechanisms:

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Page 23: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Alkenes via Alcohol DehydrationAlkenes via Alcohol Dehydration3° Alcohols undergo elimination with acid and heat (E1):

ΔΔ

Elimination of alcohols can be achieved using milder conditions with phosphorus oxychloride (E2):

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Page 24: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Oxidation of AlcoholsOxidation of AlcoholsAlcohols (1°/2°) can be easily oxidized to carbonyl groups:

1° alcohol aldehyde carboxylic acid1 alcohol aldehyde carboxylic acid

2° alcohol ketone

3° alcohol

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Page 25: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Strong Oxidizing ReagentsStrong Oxidizing Reagents

• Jones Reagent:  CrO3 in aq. H2SO4/acetone

• Sodium Chromate:  Na2Cr2O7/H+

• Potassium Permanganate:     KMnO4/H+

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Page 26: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Mild Oxidizing ReagentsMild Oxidizing Reagents

Dess‐Martin Periodinane (DMP)        Collins Reagent: CrO3∙pyr2

Pyridinium Chlorochromate (PCC)    Pyridinium Dichromate (PDC) C O / idi /HCl C O / idi /H OCrO3/pyridine/HCl CrO3/pyridine/H2O

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Page 27: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Alcohol Oxidation Selectivity

It is important to identify the different oxidation outcomes in order to properly  Complete the 

following scheme:p p yexecute a synthetic goal: 

Alcohol Carbonyl Reagent(s)

following scheme: 

OHPh

O O

Collins reagent, DMP, PCC, PDC

Jones reagent, Na2Cr2O7/H+, KMnO4

C lli

OHPh

OH

Collins reagent, DMP, PCC, PDC,Jones reagent, 

Na2Cr2O7/H+, KMnO4O O

2 2 7/ , 4HPh

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Page 28: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Chemistry ConnectionsBiological Oxidation of Alcohols 

• Primary alcohols (like ethanol) are oxidized twice in our bodies:

• A build‐up of acetaldehyde and acetic acid causes nausea, vomiting,      headache and fatigue (aka: a hang‐over). 

• Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) is metabolized into oxalic acid (highly toxic). An overdose is treated with EtOH, which has a 100x greater affinity to the enzyme, blocking its production. 

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Page 29: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Preparing and Using PhenolsRecall: phenol synthesis via benzyne intermediate (Dow Process)

p g g

high P, high Δ

R ll S A R i i h Ph l (OH i EDG)Recall: SEAr Reactions with Phenol (OH is strong EDG)

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Page 30: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Phenol Oxidation to QuinonesQ

• Phenols can be oxidized to give benzoquinones, but not in the same way as alcohols Why?but not in the same way as alcohols. Why?

• Benzoquinones can then undergo reversible redox with hydroquinones (reversibility is important for energy y q ( y p gyproduction in cells): 

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Page 31: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Chemistry ConnectionsBombardier Beetle: Biological Oxidation

• Powerful defense mechanism where the beetle ejects a noxious spray.

h b l h d ( h l) d h d d• The beetle stores hydroquinone (a phenol) and hydrogen peroxide (oxidant) in separate abdominal chambers. When it feels threatened, the reactants are combined allowing a powerful reaction to occur and the solution is expelled explosively out of its abdomen:solution is expelled explosively out of its abdomen:

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Page 32: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Take Home ActivityPropose a synthesis for the following compounds, using benzaldehyde as the starting material:

y

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Page 33: Alcohols and Phenols - University of Toronto · PDF fileStructure and Properties Alcohols are –OH groups attached to sp3‐hybridized carbons, while enols and phenols 2are –OH

Take Home ActivityMatch the following 1H spectra with one of the products in the previous question:

y

*Note:  s = singlet, t = triplet, l lp = pentet, m = multiplet

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