aleurodicus rugioperculatus

Rugose Spiraling Whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus is an invasive pest to India.The incidence and intensity of the pest is increasing every year since its entryinto the country i.e. during 2016 in Tamil Nadu and Kerala and 2017 in AndhraPradesh causing severe losses to the growth of the plants. Apart from suckingthe sap and thereby draining the nutrients from the plants, the honeydewsecretion by the pest is making nuisance by attracting sooty mold fungus to

Good Agricultural Practices for the Managementof Rugose Spiraling Whitefly

grow over it which forms as a black layer(Fig. 1) . This makes the plants appearblack hindering the photosyntheticactivity. Though the quantification of thelosses due to the pest infestation has notbeen done for any crop, it is essential todraw management practices to curb theincidence. Since the pest is new to thecountry and that too an invasive species,no foolproof readymade information is Fig. 1: Black layer on oil palm leaves

available on its management. The continuous efforts carried out in variousresearch institutes on its management yielded fruitful results and are worth tobe practiced for its successful mitigation. The pest can be curbed to belowthreshold levels if all the below mentioned practices are followed in anintegrated manner.

1. Since the pest is a migratory one from one plant and one area to another,utmost care is needed while purchasing and transporting the plantingmaterial. As the pest is a tiny sized one, it is essential to check thoroughly

Fig. 2: Rugose Spiraling Whitefly

each and every plant for the presence of thepest (Fig. 2). Only those plants which are freefrom the pest infestation (having no singlespiral of eggs) should be procured / planted.Even after planting, continuous supervisionneeds to be carried out at regular intervals forthe skipped ones, if any.

2. To arrest the migration of the pest, it is recommended to stop procuringthe plants from already infested areas till such time the incidence is subsided.

Once the trap is full it needs to be replaced with a new one (Fig. 4).

6. Applying castor oil on the yellow or green coloured tarpaulin sheets of 1.5to 2 feet height size and wrapping them on the stems of coconut/oil palmpalms is also a good and cost effective practice to suppress the adultpopulation (Fig. 5). These traps need to be serviced at alternate days bywiping the sheets to remove the trapped adults and reapplying castor oil.

7. Application of neem oil 10000 ppm (Fig. 6) concentration mixed withdetergent powder like RIN, SURF, WHEEL, NIRMA etc. is found to be a goodand effective practice in bringing down the pest population. The detergent

Fig. 3: Marigold as Cover crop

3. Growing marigold plants all aroundthe garden or interspersed withinthe target crops is a good culturalpractice to suppress the whitefly.The limonene content present inthese flowers may repel the flies anddo not kill them, thus no pestresistance and no negative impacton beneficial insects (Fig. 3).

4. Since most of the green crops including weeds in thevicinity of the infested plants are acting as collateralhosts for the pest development, it is advised to removethem or take control measures on these too.

5. Hanging sticky glue traps of green or yellow colour inthe infested gardens are found effective compared toother ones (white) in attracting and managing the pestpopulation. The adult flies that come out during duskare attracted to these traps and ultimately get killed.

Fig. 4: Sticky glue traps

Fig. 6: Botanical InsecticideFig. 5: Cost effective glue traps

powder is observed dissolving the waxy material present over the peststages and makes them exposed to biotic and abiotic stress. The neem oil isfound acting over the exposed immature stages of the pest and makes themsuppressed. The other concentrations of neem oil (1000 and 1500 ppm) thatare available in the market may also be useful but need higher dose thatmay increase the cost of application.

8. Bioagents namely parasitoids, predators and entomopathogenic fungi arefound effective to suppress the pest during winter and rainy seasons buttheir efficacy is found reduced during high temperature periods like summer.The nymphal parasitoid, Encarsia guadeloupe that was collected from thespiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus infested areas is found an effective

Fig. 8: Eggs of Predator

9. The locally available neuropteranpredator Dichochrysa astur (Fig. 8)is found effective causingmortality to the pest populationby eating the egg stages. Thetypical symptom of its feeding onpest is seen with the eatencarcasses on its back making it ashump back. These predators arebeing multiplied at HRS (DrYSRHU), Ambajipet and suppliedto the farmers for further release.

parasitoid on Rugose SpiralingWhitefly also. These parasitoids thatwere collected from already infestedareas of Kerala and Tamil Naduproved effective when released inAndhra Pradesh causing more than20% parasitism to the second instarnymphs (Fig. 7). However theirefficacy was found diminished withthe increase in temperatures.Fig. 7: Parasitized nymphs of RSW

10. The ICAR- IIOPR, Pedavegi has found the effectiveness of fungal microbialorganism Isaria fumosorosea (Fig. 9) (strain of ICAR-NBAIR, Bengaluru) onthe pest population. It is found killing the pest population during all the

Fig. 9: Isaria fumosorosea fungus

seasons. Since it is a microbial fungi-cide, pollution to the environmentand resurgence problems are notcropped up. The multiplicationprocedures at both laboratory andfield levels were standardized forgetting maximum number ofspores per unit area.

Fig. 10: Fungus multiplication in Laboratory

11. Methodologies that need to befollowed for the fungus multi-plication in laboratory (Fig. 10) onvarious media were standardizedusing locally available material.This paves the way for following byall the interested persons withlittle investment.

12. The commercial multiplication of the fungus inthe farmers’ fields using mother culture suppliedby this Institute as well as various laboratories hasbeen standardized by using simple materials likestarch powder and jaggery (Fig. 11).

13. The fungus multiplication is made easy to carryout by farmers themselves in their fields bysupplying mother culture having spore count ofmore than 100 X 108. The fungus is found fastdeveloped in jaggery and starch materials at ashort time of 15 days. Re-inoculation studiescarried out using the infected RSW confirms themortality of the pest due to the fungus Isaria

Fig. 11: Commercialmultiplication of fungus

fumosorosea only. Hence it is also recommended to include in IPM practicesfor RSW

14. The application methods were also standardized by comparing varioussprayers. Use of turbo sprayer (Fig. 12) is found very effective in gettingmaximum mortality of the pest compared to traditional sprayers likeknapsack, foot pumps and power operated ones.

15. Three applications of the developed culture at weeklyintervals along with detergent powders are effectivein controlling the pest population and hencerecommended.

16. Awareness campaigns / meetings to make the farmersknow about the pest and its management need to beorganized in the pest infested areas at frequentintervals to disseminate the knowhow onmanagement practices (Fig. 13) .

17. Demonstration of the technologies that are availableon the mitigation of the pest need to be conducted inthe infested gardens so that the nearby farmers canvisit and gain the knowledge on management.

Edited by: Dr. Kalidas, P., Principal Scientist, ICAR IIOPR, Pedavegi

Published by: Dr. R.K.Mathur, Director, ICAR IIOPR, Pedavegi

Fig. 13: Awareness campaigns

18. Since insecticidal sprays may pose theproblem of pest resurgence by killingthe natural enemies, it may beavoided. This will give a chance for thenatural enemy build up in the garden.

19. Use of insect growth regulatingchemicals (chitin inhibitors) likeBuprofezin that was proved effective

in USA when used in combination with Isaria fumosorosea fungus, mayalso be a good practice to follow.

20. Hygienic conditions need to be maintained in the gardens as well as in theIsaria fungus multiplication areas for effective management of the pest.

By following the above mentioned practices in an integrated manner, thewhitefly menace can be checked effectively.

Acknowledgements

Sincere thanks to the oil palm growers of Andhra Pradesh state who havetaken up the task of implementing the recommended management practicesin their plantations as a challenge to eradicate the pest. Thanks to ICAR- NBAIR,Bengaluru for supplying/selling the microorganism Isaria fumosorosea.

Fig. 12: Turbo spraying

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ø£\qT (dæ<ä› ;C≤\T 100 I 108 ô|’>± ø£*–q$) düT\Te⁄>±yê&ÉTø√e#·TÃ. u…\¢+, >∑+õ bı&ÉT\‘√ n‹ ‘·≈£îÿedüeTj·T+˝À n+fÒ 15 s√E˝À¢H˚ á •©+Á<Ûë\T y˚>∑+>±n_Ûeè~∆ #Ó+<äT‘êj·Tì ø£qT>=qã&ç+~. ÇkÕ]j·÷|ò üP´yÓ÷k˛s√õj·÷ •©+Á<Ûë\qT ñ|üjÓ÷–+∫ ádü]Œ˝≤ø±s¡ ‘Ó\¢<√eT |üP]Ô>± ìs¡÷à\q »]–q≥T¢|ü⁄q:|ü]o\q n<Ûä j·THê\˝À ‘*+~. n+<äTe\¢ ‘Ó\¢<√eTìyês¡D˝À düeTÁ>∑ N&É|”&É\ j·÷»e÷q´+˝À Bìï#˚sêÃ\ì dü÷∫+#·&ÉyÓTÆ+~.

14. $$<Ûä ÁùdŒj·Ts¡¢qT b˛*Ã #·÷&É≥+ <ë«sê Bìì yê&˚|ü<ä∆‘·T\qT ÁbÕe÷D°ø£]+#·&É+ »]–+~. kÕ+Á|ü<ëj·Tø£ø±ï|tkÕø˘ e+{Ï ÁùdŒj·Ts¡T¢, |òü⁄{Ÿ |ü+|ü⁄\T, Ç+<Ûäq+‘√|üì#˚ùd |æ∫ø±Ø\ ø£+fÒ ≥s√“ ÁùdŒj·Ts¡T¢ yê&Éø£+ e\¢,yê´~Ûø±]ø£ ‘Ó\¢<√eT\ ìs¡÷à\q Á|üuÛ≤e e+‘·+>±»s¡T>∑T‘·T+<äì ‘˚*+~ (∫Á‘·+ 12).

∫Á‘·+ 11: |òü+>∑dtqT yêDÏ»´|üs¡+>±eè~∆ #˚j·TT≥

15. eè~∆ #˚dæq |òü+>∑dt Á<ëeD≤ìï @<˚ì ã≥º\T ñ‹πø bÂ&És¡T‘√ø£*|æ yês¡+ qT+∫ 10 s√E\ $sêeT+‘√ 3 kÕs¡T¢ |æ∫ø±] #dæq|ü&ÉTÁ|üuÛ≤eø±]>± |üì#˚dæq+<äTq Ä |ü<ä∆‹H˚ bÕ{Ï+#ê\ì dü÷#·q.16. dü]Œ˝≤ø±s¡ ‘Ó\¢<√eT ø£*–+#˚ N&É\T/‘Ó>∑Tfi¯fl qcÕº\ >∑T]+∫ìyês¡D˝À bÕ{Ï+#·e\dæq j·÷»e÷q´ |ü<ä∆‘·T\qT >∑T]+∫ ¬s’‘·T\˝Àne>±Vü≤q ô|+#˚+<äT≈£î düe÷y˚XÊ\T/Á|ü#êsê\T yê´~Û Á|üã*qÁbÕ+‘ê˝À¢ $]$>± ìs¡«Væ≤+#ê* (∫Á‘·+ 13).17. ‘Ó\¢<√eT ø±≥T e\¢ ø£*π> yê´<ÛäT\T/ N&É|”&É\ ìyês¡D¬ø’ ¬s’‘·T\˝Àne>±Vü≤q ô|+#˚+<äT≈£î yê´~Û Á|üã*q ‘√≥˝À¢ πøåÁ‘·kÕúsTT Á|ü<äs¡Ùq\Tìs¡«Væ≤+#ê*. düMT|ü ÁbÕ+‘ê\ ¬s’‘·T\T á Á|ü<äs¡Ùq\≈£î Vü‰»¬s’‘˚‘Ó\¢<√eT N&É|”&É\ j·÷»e÷q´+ >∑T]+∫ ‘Ó\TdüT ø√>∑\T>∑T‘ês¡T.

dü+bÕ<ä≈£î\T: &Üø£ºsY |æ. ø±[<ëdt, eTTK´XÊgy˚‘·Ô, ô|<äy˚–Á|ü#·Ts¡D: &Üø£ºsY ÄsY.¬ø. e÷<ÛäTsY, &Ó’¬sø£ºsY, ◊.dæ.@.ÄsY.-◊.◊.z.|æ.ÄsY., ô|<äy˚–

18. ø°≥ø£HêX¯ø£ ÁùdŒj·Ts¡¢ yê&Éø£+ e\¢ düVü≤» X¯Á‘·Tø°≥ø±\T ≈£L&Ü q•+∫ yê´~Û ‹s¡>∑u…fÒº Á|üe÷<äeTTqï+<äTq yê{Ïì yê&Éø£b˛e&É+ eT+∫~. Ç+<äTe\¢‘Ó\¢<√eT\ düVü≤» XÁ‘·Te⁄\T eè~∆ #Ó+~ yê{Ïì HêXq+#˚kÕÔsTT.19. ø°≥ø±\ m<äT>∑T<ä\qT ìj·T+Á‹+# s¡kÕj·THê\qTÇkÕ]j·÷ |òüP´yÓ÷k˛s√õj·÷ ‘√ ø£*|æ yê&çq|ü&ÉT

∫Á‘·+ 12: ≥s√“ ÅùdŒj·TsY

(nyÓT]ø±˝À) ‘Ó\¢<√eT ìs¡÷à\q Á|üuÛ≤ee+‘·+>± »]–q+<äTq eTq<˚X¯+˝À ≈£L&Ü n<˚ |ü<ä∆‹bÕ{Ï+#ê\ì dü÷#·q.20. dü]Œ˝≤ø±s¡ ‘Ó\¢<√eTqT |üP]Ô>± ìs¡÷à*+#ê\+fÒ ‘√≥\˝À eT]j·TT X¯Á‘·T •©+Á<Ûë\qT$]$>± n_Ûeè~∆ #˚ùd ÁbÕ+‘ê\˝À |ü]X¯óÁuÛÑ‘·qT bÕ{Ï+#·&É+ #ê˝≤ nedüs¡+.

ô|’q dü÷∫+∫q |ü<ä∆‘·T\qT düeTÁ>∑ Ø‹˝À neT\T #˚ùdÔ, dü]Œ˝≤ø±s¡ ‘Ó\¢<√eT N&É\TdüeTs¡∆e+‘·+>± n]ø£≥ºe#·TÃ.

ÇkÕ]j·÷ |üP´yÓ÷k˛s√õj·÷ •©+Á<Ûë\qT á dü+düú≈£î düs¡|òüsê/$Áø£sTT+∫q◊.dæ.@.ÄsY.-mHé._.@.◊.ÄsY., u…+>∑Tfi¯Ss¡T yê]øÏ ø£è‘·»„‘·\T.

∫Á‘·+ 13: ne>±Vü≤Hê dü<ädüT‡

Ä+Á<ÛäÁ|ü<˚XŸ˝Àì nsTT˝ŸbÕ+ ‘√≥\ ô|+|üø£+<ës¡T¢ ‘·eT ‘√≥˝À¢ dæbòÕs¡T‡ #˚dæqdü$Twæº j·÷»e÷q´ |ü<ä∆‘·T\T bÕ{Ïdü÷Ô, dü]Œ˝≤ø±s¡ ‘Ó\¢<√eT N&É\ ìyês¡D ø£èwæ ÀbÕ˝§Z+≥Tqï ¬s’‘·T\+<ä]ø° Vü≤è<äj·T |üPs¡«ø£ ø£è‘·»„‘·\T.

aleurodicus rugioperculatus

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