Alexander AntonAttorney-at-LawGerman Dairy Association (MIV), Brusselsanton@milchindustrie.de

Trademarks,Trademarks,

Geographical IndicationsGeographical Indications

and Generics in cheesesand Generics in cheeses

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Background

German Dairy Industry:German Dairy Industry:

120 daries (coops and private companies)

with 38.000 employees

processing the milk of 112.000 dairy farms

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BackgroundCheese productionCheese productionCheese productionCheese production

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? %

< 0,5 %

20 %

55 %

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

EU 25 Germany France Italy

Background

PDO / PGIshare of cheese production

PDO / PGIshare of cheese production

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„Protection of geographical names is a key to promote quality products and

to increase transparency...Feta cheese should not be an

exception. Marketing cheese as Feta when it is not produced strictly

according to its product specifications is misleading to consumers.“

Franz Fischler • former EU Commissioner

„Protection of geographical names is a key to promote quality products and

to increase transparency...Feta cheese should not be an

exception. Marketing cheese as Feta when it is not produced strictly

according to its product specifications is misleading to consumers.“

Franz Fischler • former EU Commissioner

Imagine a world where you have to call parmesan

cheese „aged hard cheese“ or where Dijon

mustard would have to be marketed as „brown spicy

mustard.“C. Manly Mopus • President/

CEO of Grocery Manufacturers of America

Imagine a world where you have to call parmesan

cheese „aged hard cheese“ or where Dijon

mustard would have to be marketed as „brown spicy

mustard.“C. Manly Mopus • President/

CEO of Grocery Manufacturers of America

„We have no difficulty with protecting legitimate local names for cheeses such as Roquefort or Gorgonzola. But at the same

time we must also recognize that some names – such as Feta, Parmesan, Emmental and Cheddar – have long been recognized as

generic products by consumers around the world. The right to continue to produce and

market those cheeses must be equally protected.“

Craig Norgate • CEO of New Zealand‘s Fonterra Cooperative Group

„We have no difficulty with protecting legitimate local names for cheeses such as Roquefort or Gorgonzola. But at the same

time we must also recognize that some names – such as Feta, Parmesan, Emmental and Cheddar – have long been recognized as

generic products by consumers around the world. The right to continue to produce and

market those cheeses must be equally protected.“

Craig Norgate • CEO of New Zealand‘s Fonterra Cooperative Group

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International developments

Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, 1883

Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indications of Source on Goods, 1891

Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration, 1958

Stresa Convention for the Use of Appellations of Origin and Denominations of Cheeses, 1951

WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 1994

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Stresa Convention 1951

Annex A protection of the origin

Annex B protection of characteristics

= generic names

“denominations of cheeses in Annex B shall not be transferred to Annex A …”

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Geographical Indication (Terminology)

A geographical indication is an indication which identifies a good as originating in the territory of a Member, or a region or locality in that territory, where a given quality, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical is essentially attributable to its geographical originorigin.

(TRIPS-Agreement)

Alexander Anton

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Council Regulation (EEC)No. 2081/92

Protected Designation of Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)Origin (PDO)

Protected Geographical Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)Indication (PGI)

Product must beProduct must beproduced andprocessed andpreparedin geographical area

Product must beProduct must beproduced orprocessed orpreparedin geographical area

(Scope: limited to certain agricultural products for which a link a link between product or foodstuff characteristics and between product or foodstuff characteristics and geographical origin existsgeographical origin exists)

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42

31

20

19

12

11

6

4

4

2

1

1

1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

France

Italy

Greece

Spain

Portugal

UK

Austria

Germany

Netherlands

Denmark

Belgium

Ireland

Sweden

PDO/PGI registration under Reg. (EEC) No. 2081/92 (cheeses)

total 154(2004)

total 154(2004)

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? %

< 0,5 %

20 %

55 %

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

EU 25 Germany France Italy

PDO / PGIshare of cheese production

PDO / PGIshare of cheese production

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German GI cheeses

Allgäuer Bergkäse

Allgäuer Emmentaler

Altenburger Ziegenkäse

OdenwälderFrühstückskäse

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Generic Cheeses

Emmental, Cheddar, Gouda, Edam,

Camembert, Brie, Provolone, Mozzarella...

Feta (C-465/02), Parmesan (C-132/05)

Emmental, Cheddar, Gouda, Edam,

Camembert, Brie, Provolone, Mozzarella...

Feta (C-465/02), Parmesan (C-132/05)

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Europanach Spalte B

1 bis 2 (24)

EU-25 ①① Parmesan 2008 ?Parmesan 2008 ?

②② Feta 2007 ?Feta 2007 ?

③③ Olmützer 2010 ?Olmützer 2010 ?

④④ Münster 2019 ?Münster 2019 ?

⑤⑤ Emmental ?Emmental ?

⑥⑥ Edam/Gouda ?Edam/Gouda ?

⑦⑦ EU-Commission EU-Commission ④④

⑤⑤

②②①①

③③

⑥⑥

⑦⑦

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Court Cases(European Court of Justice, Court of First Instance)

FetaFeta C-289/96 et. al. (1999)

C-465/02 & 466/02 et. al.

GorgonzolaGorgonzola C-87/97 (1999)

EmmentalEmmental C-448/98 (2000)

ParmesanParmesan T-197/96

C-66/00 (2002)

C-132/05

Grana PadanoGrana Padano C-469/00 (2003)

GranaGrana T-291/03

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Regulation (EEC) No. 2081/92

Generic namesGeneric names

Generic names may not be registered.

Generic name means the name of an agricultural product or foodstuff which, although it relates to the place or the region where this product or foodstuff was originally produced or marketed, has become the the common name common name of an agricultural product or a foodstuff.

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Regulation (EEC) No. 2081/92

List of generic namesList of generic names

In Reg. 2081/92 the Commission is askedto draw up and publish a non-exhaustive, indicative list of generic names before the entry into force of this regulation(July 24, 1993).

Codex Alimentarius Standard: generic names

Stresa Convention of 1951

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Convention/Reg.

Designation

Stresa (1951) Codexstandard Reg. (EEC) 2081/92

Gorgonzola Annex A -- PDO

Asiago Annex B -- PDO

Fiore Sardo Annex B -- PDO

Fontina Annex B -- PDO

Camembert/Brie Annex B C-33 / C-34 (1973) --

Emmental Annex B C-9 (1967) --

GruyèreAnnex B

C-10 (1967)(revocation 1997)

( ? )

DanabluAnnex B

C-2 (1966)(revocation 1997)

PGI (21.6.96)

Danbo Annex B C-3 (1966) --

Edam/Gouda Annex B C-4 / C-5 (1966) --

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Regulation (EEC) No. 2081/92

Statement by the Council and the Commission

„(We) stress that this Regulation is not

intended to prevent the continued marketing

of products legally sold within the

Community on June 30, 1992, so long as

they do not conflict with the criteria relating

to traditional fair practice and actual

likelihood for confusion.“

„(We) stress that this Regulation is not

intended to prevent the continued marketing

of products legally sold within the

Community on June 30, 1992, so long as

they do not conflict with the criteria relating

to traditional fair practice and actual

likelihood for confusion.“

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Trademark, GI and Generic

Logo Gruyere Switzerland.jpg

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bilateral agreements CH / ...(Emmental)

CH – D (1967) generic name

CH – TCH (1973) PDO

CH – F (1974) generic name

CH – SPAIN (1974) generic name

CH – POR (1977) PDO

CH – HUN (1979) PDO