Alexander the Great

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Book key1–2 Open answers3 a Darius / Xerxes b Athens c Zeus d Delphi e Olympia f Pella4 a Yes. b Yes. c No. d They spoke different forms of Greek; the

Macedonians did not share the other Greeks’ interest in literature, science and philosophy.

5–6 Open answers7 a ii b vi c iv d v e iii f i8 He created a well-trained professional army. He

forced all the Greek city-states to accept him as leader. He created an empire that covered Greece, Macedonia, Albania, Bulgaria and European Turkey.

9 Open answers10 a At Philip’s wedding to Eurydice, there was a big

argument and Alexander attacked his father. Olympias was sent away at the same time as her son.

b Following Alexander’s orders, these friends told the King of Caria that Alexander would be a better husband for the Carian princess than his half-brother Arrhidaeus.

11–13 Open answers14 a F b T c F d F e T f F15 a Alexander’s soldiers cut steps into the steep

rockface of a mountain. They then marched into Thessaly by this new road, took the Thessalians by surprise and defeated them.

b Alexander threw a spear at the ground as his boat reached the shore. He ran round the tomb of Achilles while Hephaistion ran round the tomb of Patroclus. Then, in a temple, he exchanged his armour for a shield that had perhaps been used in the Trojan War.

c There was a battle. Alexander crossed the river very early in the morning, before the Persian army was awake, and took the enemy by surprise. Cleitus saved Alexander’s life during the battle. At the end of the battle, Alexander ordered the death of about 15,000 Greek soldiers in the Persian army.

d Alexander untied (or perhaps cut) the Gordian knot. According to legend, this meant that he would become the ruler of all Asia.

16–19 Open answers20 a ii b iii c v d iv e i21 a Darius’s b Darius’s c Darius’s d Alexander’s22 c, d23 He went to speak to the god Ammon. After that, he

believed he was the son of Zeus – more than human.24 Open answers25 a Gaugamela b Babylon c snow d gold e burned f Darius26 He wanted to catch Darius, who was running away

from the battle.27–29 Open answers30 c, d, e, f, h, i, j31 a Bessus was one of Darius’s murderers. He led the

war against Alexander in Bactria, but was taken prisoner by his own men. Alexander sent him to Ecbatana, where his ears and nose were cut off before he was killed.

b Parmenion was Alexander’s second-in-command. He was killed when Alexander believed that Philotas, Parmenion’s son, had planned his murder.

c Roxane was the daughter of the Sogdian leader, Oxyartes. After her father’s defeat, she was married to Alexander.

d Bucephalas was Alexander’s horse. He was hurt in the battle with King Porus after carrying Alexander across the River Hydaspes. He died later that day.

32 a He gave orders to open their letters in secret. b He told his men to fill their leather tent-bags with

dried grass and use them to sail across the river. c He took soldiers across the river during the night,

twenty-five kilometres from camp. They crossed in boats at first, and then on horseback.

33–35 Open answers36 a 2 b 6 c 3 d 1 e 5 f 437 The sand was so deep that it was hard to walk. There

were lots of steep hills of sand. There were poisonous plants and snakes. There was not enough food and drink. When the rain came, it came too forcefully and washed people away.

38 a good news, because he had killed so many of them b bad news, because they had not been loyal while

he was away

Alexander the Great

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39 Open answers40 Ptolemy (a) and Seleucus (e) were still alive. Roxane

was killed in Macedonia by Cassander. Hephaistion died of an illness before Alexander. Perdiccas was killed by his bodyguards. Olympias was put under siege by Cassander, and, died of hunger.

41–51 Open answers

Discussion activities key1 The last battle was won by the Greeks so the battles

before were won by the Persians, the Greeks, and the Persians respectively; so if the first battle was started by the people who were submitted by the other but couldn’t free themselves, then the Greeks started it and were under Persian Rule.

2–3 Open answers4 490 – 480 + 499 – 359 – 123 = 275 Open answers. Some features that have been

changed: only Greek people could participate in the old games; they were always held in Olympia; only men were allowed to compete; the games were a religious event in honour of Zeus; there was only one winner; there were fewer disciplines; there weren’t winter games.

6 Yes, they are uncle and niece. If Olympias is Alexander’s mother, and there are two pairs of brother and sister, then Olympias doesn’t marry Alexander and Alexander does not marry his sister; then Cleopatra marries the King of Epirus that must be Olympia’s brother.

7–9 Open answers10 The city-states abandoned any plans of independence. 11–14 Open answers15 He built a road across the sea to the city of Tyre, and

he built the important town of Alexandria.16–18 Open answers19 He offers Alexander lands, gold and marriage to his

daughter.20–21 Open answers22 Open answers. The reasons why he suffered are:

there were two plots to kill him and he had to kill two of his commanders; he had an argument with a third commander and killed him too; Bucephalas, his beloved horse, died; he felt he’d been defeated by his own army, who refused to continue; he felt he could not conquer even one of the many worlds that existed.

23–27 Open answers

Activity worksheets key1 Down g: Possible answer: Group of countries

controlled by one ruler or government a D

g E F E A T

b G Y M N A S I U M

c E L E P H A N T

d P H I L O S O P H Y

e C H A R I O T

f T E M P L E

2 a 3; Hercules b 4; Homer c 1; Athene d 5; Hippocrates e 2; ships3

a Bucephalas b Cleopatra c Leonidas d Ptolemy e Dionysus Plato was Alexander’s teacher’s teacher.4 a F b T c F d T Chaeronea is the name of the battle in which

Alexander commanded part of his father’s army, at the age of eighteen.

5

a P

b L

c A

d T

e O

armour In the Trojan War, Patroclus, Achilles’s best friend, fought in Achilles’s armour to give the Greeks confidence.

arrow In the Trojan War, Paris shot Achilles in the heel with a poisoned arrow, to make sure he would die.

shield In the temple of Athene, Alexander exchanged his own armour for a shield which, according to legend, had been used in the Trojan War.

spear When he crossed the Dardanelles to attack the people of Asia, once on the beach, Alexander threw his spear at the ground as a sign that this land was now his.

Alexander the Great

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6 a He arranged for both of these men to be killed. b He ordered his army to make a new road to

Thessaly. c He acted quickly – moving his army straight to

Thebes and destroying it completely. d He called together forces from many lands – Illyria,

Thrace, Thessaly, Athens, Crete etc. e He left his mother, Olympias, in charge of

Macedonia.7 a > u e > o i > i o > e u > a a We will be led by General Memnon and will

take the islands of Chios and Lesbos. We will try to create many problems in Greece, so that Alexander has to go back home. We will burn all the fields, so that Alexander’s army find no food as they advance. Do not fear! We will defeat them!

b We are very sorry to inform you that General Memnon has unexpectedly died. Wait for new orders.

8 a Battle b Darius c family d comfortable e welcomed f months g Gaza h Egypt i god j Alexandria9 a Army > family b chariot > Army c mountains > chariot d palace > mountains e family > palace10 a four and a half million kilograms: one and a half

million kilograms in Susa + three million kilograms in Persepolis

b 23,000 more horsemen (30,000 – 7,000) and 170,000 more foot soldiers (200,000 – 30,000)

c 22,500: 15,000 animals were used to move 3,000,000 kilograms of gold, then 7,500 more animals would be needed to move the 1,500,000 kilograms he already had in Susa

d 480 BC: 330 BC (year Alexander takes Persepolis and burns the Palace) – 150 (number of years that had elapsed since Xerxes’s burning of the Acrpolis)

11 a two; he responded by killing the men that were made responsible – Philotas, General Parmenion’s son, and Callisthenes, a pupil and relative or Aristotle.

b three: Philotas was accused of participating in a plan to kill Alexander; Parmenion was killed for fear he would turn against Alexander after the execution of his son Philotas; Cleitus was killed for criticizing Alexander and having an argument with him

c On their march to Bactria through snow and ice, Alexander walked beside his soldiers; on their march towards the River Oxus, in the a stony desert and with no water, Alexander refused a cup of water that was found for him.

d The first defeat of Alexander’s army was in Maracanda; Alexander was not there to lead them; his first personal defeat came from his own army who, exhausted, refused to continue towards the river Ganges, to fight the King of Maghda.

12 a F b F c T d T e T f T g F

Progress test key1 a armoured b protection c discussion d punishment e suffering f relationship2 a Cleopatra and Philip b Olympias c Bucephalas d Philip e the Carian king

Alexander the Great

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3 4 a 2,300 b 300,000 c 50,000 d 220 e 2005 a D b A c D d A e A6 a 2 b 4 c 1 d 37 a Alexander b Pediccas c Roxane d A bodyguard e Olympias f Cassander g Cassander h Cassander

adoption b Queen Ada and Alexander

2 Caria

making people slaves

a Alexander 4 Thebes and Granicus

siege of town a Alexander 1 Halicarnassus and Thebes

create a month a Alexander 3 East of the river Granicus

retreat c The Persians 3 East of the river Granicus