Alexander Thomson UW - Madison

Civil EngineeringCertificate in

Engineering for Energy Sustainability

Utilization of Waste Materials in Portland Cement Concrete (PCC)

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Overview

• Why use alternative materials• Important properties of PCC• Description of PCC components• Introduction of cement substitutes• Analysis of affects on PCC properties• Exploration of other alternatives• Recommendations and summary• Q & A

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Why is there a need to substitute PCC with alternative materials?

• PCC is very energy intensive to produce• Cement is most energy intensive component

• Recycles waste from industrial sources

There is a growing demand for concrete and cement

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How do you make concrete buildings “sustainable”?

• Reduce operating energy • Increase recycling potential

• design for deconstruction

• Increase efficiency of concrete plants• alternative fuels • reuse waste water

• Use waste materials in concrete to reduce the required water and energy

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Using waste materials must not negatively affect PCC’s properties• Compression• Permeability• Porosity

• Freeze/Thaw

Performance• Density

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The properties of PCC are determined by the components.

Coarse Aggregates: rocks (up to 1in diameter)Fine Aggregates: sandCement: powdery material, mainly limestoneAdmixtures: can be either fluids or solidsWater

Component Mass (%)

Calcium oxide, CaO 61-67%

Silicon oxide, SiO2 19-23%

Aluminum oxide, Al2O3 2.5-6%

Ferric oxide, Fe2O3 0-6%

Sulfate, SO4 1.5-4.5%

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The properties of PCC are determined by the components.

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Only some waste materials should be used in PCC.

• Cement substitutes:• Fly Ash: SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO

• Blast Furnace Slag (BFS): SiO2, CaO, Al2O3, MgO

• Ceramic Waste: SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO

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Video: Green Concrete

Short video about cement substitutes:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=910scqpLHIE

Prof. Jannie Van Deventer: University of Melbourne

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Video: Making “green” concrete

Short video about fly ash in concrete:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AmUgIiGjlOo

Dr. Jeffery Volz: a researcher at

Missouri University of Science and Technology

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Affects on PCC properties caused by cement alternatives.

Waste Material

Percent Waste

Compres-sion

Perme-ability

Porosity Freeze/ Thaw

Density

Fly Ash 35-50% - Early+ Late

+ Water / Air

- + /

BFS 50-70% - Early/ Late

+ Water+ Air

/ / +

Ceramic Waste

20% - Early/ Late

+ Water- Air

/ / /

+ Indicates positive affect- Indicates negative affect/ Indicates no significant affect

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There are possible alternatives for other PCC components.• Focus on:

• Major components of concrete• Energy intensive components

• Options must be:• Practical• Cost effective

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Example case: animal protein and waste plastic• Ground plastic from used water

bottles used as fine aggregates• Hemoglobin from animal slaughter

houses used as an admixture

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Example case: animal protein and waste plastic

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Example case: animal protein and waste plasticResults:

• Increased workability • Up to 40% less water needed

• Decreased density by 17%• Decreased compressive strength

• From 47 MPa to 26 MPa

• Increased porosity• Improved thermal conductivity by 64.5%

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Recommendations

• Use local cement substitutes• Avoid shipping materials

• Research• Combine waste materials• Speed early strength gain

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Using waste materials in PCC has clear advantages.

Economical

Environmental

Practical

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ReferencesAhmaruzzaman, M. (2010). A review on the utilization of fly ash. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 36(3),

327-363.

Escalante-García, J. I., Magallanes-Rivera, R. X., & Gorokhovsky, A. (2009). Waste gypsum–blast furnace slag cement in mortars with granulated slag and silica sand as aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 23(8), 2851-2855.

Huntzinger, D. N., & Eatmon, T. D. (2009). A life-cycle assessment of Portland cement manufacturing: Comparing the traditional process with alternative technologies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 17(7), 668-675.

Kelly, P. (2009). Precast Concrete Sustainable and Green. Building Engineer, 84(10), 20-21.

Making Better Concrete with Material from America’s Coal Ash Leader. Fly Ash: The Modern Pozzolan. www.flyash.com

Mamlouk & Zaniewski (2006). Materials for Civil and Constructions Engineers. 2nd Edition.

Pacheco-Torgal, F., & Jalali, S. (2010). Reusing ceramic wastes in concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 24(5), 832-838.

Puertas, F., García-Díaz, I., Barba, A., Gazulla, M. F., Palacios, M., Gómez, M. P., et al. (2008). Ceramic wastes as alternative raw materials for Portland cement clinker production. Cement and Concrete Composites, 30(9), 798-805.

Remadnia, A., Dheilly, R. M., Laidoudi, B., & Quéneudec, M. (2009). Use of animal proteins as foaming agent in cementitious concrete composites manufactured with recycled PET aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, 23(10), 3118-3123.

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Questions?