TREATY ON PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE ACTIVITIES OF STATES IN THE EXPLORATION AND USE OF OUTER SPACE, INCLUDING THE MOON AND

OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES

AKA THE OUTER SPACE TREATY

Alexey Arbuzov, Riccardo Stanzani

BACKGROUND• Treaty originally opened for US, UK, and USSR on January 27 th 1967.

• Treaty came into effect on October 10 th 1967.

IMPLEMENTATIONS• No weapons of mass destruction orbiting earth.

• No military manoeuvres in outer space

• No military fortresses, bases, installations on the Moon or other celestial bodies.

OTHER TREATIES• Test ban treaty, August 5, 1963.

• Treaty of Tlatelolco (Tia-te-lol-co),

February 14, 1964

• Space Preservation Treaty

• Moon treaty, 1979.

SPACE RACE• Sputnik was first manmade object in space

• The 60s were a time of trial and error in attempts to land on the Moon.

• With space-faring technology both sides believed the other could gain leverage in nuclear advances

• At the time of the creation and ratification of the Outer Space Treaty, the Space Race was in full swing

CONFLICTS• No bomb was deployed in Vietnam by USA

• Nixon considered deploying nuclear weapons in Vietnam in 1972

LOOPHOLE• Originally did not prohibit the placement of conventional weapons in outer

space

THE TREATY TODAY• Treaty still exists today

• 98 countries have signed and rectified

• Few have signed but only partially rectified.

BIBLIOGRAPHY• http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2002/02/28/nixon-tapes.htm

• http://www.atomicarchive.com/Timeline/Time1960.shtml

• http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/ha/tos/tos.html