algas usos
TRANSCRIPT
Characteristics
• Range in size from microscopic to single celled organisms to large seaweed
• Autotrophic
• Form the reproductive structures – gametangia or gamete chambers
• Aquatic and have flagella at some point in life
• Often contain pyrenoids, organelles that synthesis and store starch
BODY CHARACTERISTICS
Size and Shape : Algae are range in size, from the invisible (microscopic) to the visible (macroscopic)
•Solitary unicellular algae Their shape are round, oval, or pear-shaped algae of this group. The example is Chlorella
STRUCTURE
• Thallus (haploid)
• Four types of algae
–Unicellular
–Colonial
–Filamentous
–multicellular
•Multicellular algae There are forms of thread, filament, and sheet-like multicellular algae. The example is Oedogonium which have filament shape body.
•Unicellular algae in colony Cells are dependent on one another for their survival. The protoplast of each cell is connected to another by pores on the cell wall. The colony shape is like a disc, a ball, or net. The example is Hydrodictyon which have shape like a net
CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE
• SEVEN PHYLUM BASED ON
– COLOR
– TYPE OF CHLOROPHYLL
– FOOD-STORAGE SUBSTANCE
– CELL WALL COMPOSITION
ALGAE
EUGLENOPHYTA
PYRROPHYTA Fire
CHLOROPHYTA Green
CHRYSOPHYTA Golden PHAEOPHYTA Brown
RHODOPHYTA Red
CYANOPHYTA Green blue
BODY STRUCTURE
All algae are eukaryotic organisms, their contain chloroplast. There are many shape of chloroplast . Spherical, bowl-shaped, and belt-shaped. The main pigments in algae is chlorophyll.
ADDITIONAL PIGMENTS
Carotene Phycobilin
Fucoxanthin (Brownish)
Xantophylls (Golden)
Phycocyanin (Bluish)
Phycoerythrin (Reddish)
Phylum Chlorophyta
• Green algae
• 7000 diverse species
• Biologist reason that green algae give rise to land plants.
• Both green algae and land plants have chlorophyll a and B as well as carotenoids and store food as starch
• Both have walls made of cellulose
Phylum Rhodophyta
• 4000 species of RED Algae
• Most are marine
• Smaller than brown algae and are often found at a depth of 200 meters.
• Contain chlorophyll a and C as well as phycobilins which are important in absorbing light that can penetrate deep into the water
• Have cells coated in carageenan which is used in cosmetics, gelatin capsules and some cheeses
Phylum Phaeophyta
• 1500 species of Brown algae
• Mostly marine and include seaweed and kelp
• All are multicellular and large (often reaching lengths of 147 feet)
• Individual alga may grow to a length of 100m with a holdfast, stipe and blade
• Used in cosmetics and most ice creams
Phylum Euglenophyta
• 1000 species of Euglenoids
• Have both plantlike and animal-like characteristics
• Fresh water
Other Phylum Representatives
Diatoms – used in detergents, paint removers, toothpaste
Dinoflagellates – red tides
Important in the
formation of
petroleum
products
Golden algae
Several macroalgae are also the source of hydrocolloids such as agar-agar and carrageenan which are widely used in the food industry as stabilisers, thickeners and gelling agents.
Product Algae Function Food
Carageenan Rhodophyta Stabilizer, Milk, yogurt, ice
cream, soup,
cream,pudding
Agar Gelidium
amansii (Red
algae)
Stabilizer,
thickener
Freeze food,
processed
cheeses
Mayonnaise
Alginate Brown algae thickener Ice cream, milk
products,
sauces,
Confectionery,
etc
Green Polymers
Co-products from algae, including green
polymers, chemicals and animal feed, will play
a decisive role in the success of established
and emerging algae production ventures.
• Algae are good source of vitamins minerals, proteins,
• Different colors, flavors, textures
• Nutraceuticals
• Omega-3 supplements and food ingredients
• Protein powders
• Totally unique omega-3 products contain both EPA and DHA.
Highly valued, plant-based, vegetarian, nutritional
supplements unlike mercury-contaminated fish oil.
• Future: carotenoids; lutein, zeaxanthin, fucoxanthin, and
astaxanthin — potent antioxidants that reduce cell damage
and fight disease; fluorescent dyes (natural dyes that can
replace synthetic dyes in food and cosmetics)
Nutrition
• Algae yield omega-3 fatty acids, proteins and oils at more
profitable margins than other methods of production.
• Common species of nutritional supplements include Spirulina, Chlorella and Duniella
• Algae extracts are used for health supplements, pharmaceuticals, soaps, lotions, protein bars, shakes, and beauty products.
Omega 3
Markets
• Market demands for omega-3 fatty acids exceed current
industry production capacity:
• Current world demand = $4.6 billion U.S.
• 2011 estimate = $8.2 billion U.S.
• Many current market suppliers of omega-3s are
experiencing over 20 percent annual revenue growth for
algae-based ingredients in food and nutritional products
— with premium prices paid for the purest products
Nutraceuticals per Kilo
According to BioCentric, which has invested $600,000 in its line of algae nutraceuticals:
• Haemaotoccocus has a current market value of $341 per kilogram,
• Chlorella clocks in at $44 per kilo and
• Spirulina sells for $20 per kilo
Algae as Protein
• According to the FAO, the world protein consumption is set to increase 74 percent by 2050, surpassing the replenishment of wild and farm-raised fish and livestock populations.
• Algae can provide high-concentration EPA oils and protein extracts, and low-cost fish meal for aquaculture facilities.
• Algae production systems will play an important role in addressing the growing worldwide demand for protein and Omega-3 fatty acids while reducing overfishing.
• Spirullina, Chlorella
Foods from algae
• Algae have been used as human food for thousands of years in all parts of the world.
• The most commonly consumed macroalgae include the red algae Porphyra (nori, kim, laver), Asparagopsis taxiformis (limu), Gracilaria, Chondrus crispus (Irish moss) and Palmaria palmata (dulse), the kelps Laminaria (kombu), Undaria (wakame) and Macrocystis, and the green algae Caulerpa racemosa, Codium and Ulva.
• These algae are either harvested from wild populations or are farmed.
• These algae usually are eaten either fresh, dried or pickled. • Algae are used in soups, salads and sushi. • Sea lettuce (Ulva lactura) • Other foods: Funori, Hijiki, Arame.
•Soil enhancers for increasing large scale agricultural production
•Natural fumigants
An algae-based system to increase terrestrial crop production by:
• Increased bioavailability of macro and micro nutrients
• Enhanced soil organics and water-holding capabilities
• Increased soil porosity
• Replacement of chemical fumigants
Agriculture
• Ultra-pure pharmaceuticals
• Therapeutics
• Scientific reagents
• Bioactive peptides, replacement proteins, immune system
stimulators and suppressants, diagnostic proteins and
enzymes
Pharmaceuticals
• Algae are a rich and varied source of pharmacologically
active natural products and nutraceuticals. While
nutraceutical and pharmaceutical content in the baseline
algae strain is very small, current market values for
these products are extremely high.
• The major products currently being commercialized or
under consideration for commercial extraction include
carotenoids, phycobilins, fatty acids, polysaccharides,
vitamins, sterols, and biologically active molecules for
use in human and animal health.
The pharmaceutical industry is growing at a CAGR of around 8% while the global pharmaceutical market is forecasted to reach US$ 1043.4 billion in 2012.
Use of algae, especially cyanobacteria based active compounds, has received ever-increasing interest as:
• Antimicrobials, Antivirals & Antifungals
• Neuroprotective Products
• Therapeutic proteins
• Drugs
•Shrimp, fish, and mollusk feeds
•Products for Asian and Pacific food markets
• Natural feed for fish, shrimp, and mollusk larvae
• Whole and defatted algae powders for fish,
shrimp, and mollusks
• Fresh macroalgae (sea veggies) for the Pacific and Asian food markets
Aquaculture
Today, this ancient life-giver reappears as the core topic of
commercial and environmental interest in salvaging our
energy economy and our planetary future - our hope for
abundant fuel, medicine, food and carbon sequestration.
Algae Financial Forecast
In August, 2010, Global Information released a new market
research report, Algae Biofuels Production Technologies
Worldwide, in which they project that the total algae biofuels
production technologies market (including cultivation
technology sales, harvesting, extraction and fuels production
facilities) will reach $1.6 billion in 2015.
The Fuel of the Future?
• Algae produce 100 times more oil per acre than traditional food oilseed crops such as soy etc. Algae produces 4,000 -15,000 gallons of oil per acre per year versus 50 gallons per acre for soy, or approximately 26 gallons per hectare
• Algae eat CO2, the major Global Warming Gas, and produce oxygen.
• Algae require only sunshine and water, and thrive on waste and polluted waters
• Algae do not compete with food crops for either agricultural land or fresh water.
“If we were to replace all of the diesel that we use in the United States, with an algae derivative, we could do it on an area of land less than one half of 1% of the current farm land that we now use.”
Douglas Henston, Pres. Solix Algae Fuels
Diesel Fuel
ExxonMobil: $600 Million
• On July 15, 2009, Exxon announced a 600 million dollar investment into algae biofuel research. The research facility is based at partner Synthetic Genomics headquarters, and opened on July 14, 2010 in La Jolla, California.
http://gigaom2.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/exxonsynthetictestsite54.jpg
Solazyme: $125 Million
August 9, 2010: Seven-year-old Solazyme announced that it has raised $52 million in Series D financing from investors including
Braemer Energy Ventures, Morgan Stanley, and Chevron Technology Ventures, the VC arm of the oil giant. Including this round, Solazyme
has now raised over $125 million.
Algenol: 2013
• Algenol’s Biofields project begins construction this year, and Biofields continues to guide the markets to expect commercial capacity by 2013 in the 250 million gallons per year range.
• Algenol CEO Paul Woods expressed to the Biofuel Digest last year that he would regard the achievement of only 300 Mgy in capacity by mid-decade as a “disappointment”. http://i.i.com.com/cnwk.1d/i/bto/20080612/algenol_270x292.GIF
Aurora Algae: 2013
• Sept 2010 - Aurora Algae CEO Greg Bafalis forecasted the
company could reap $100,000 in gross revenue per acre, and
plans to be in large commercial production within 30 months,
quickly scaling up to 1,000-plus acres. The company is
constructing a first demonstration facility in Australia. “In
about two and a half years we’ll be cash flow positive,”
Bafalis predicted. “We’ll be tackling private equity and
venture capital in the next year.” The company has raised $40
million to date, with its third round in March, 2010, yielding
$15 million. http://venturebeat.com/2010/09/13/aurora%E2%80%99s-rebranding-bets-on-protein-bars-and-lotion-not-biofuel/
Carbon credits for sale to non-CleanTech industries
• Sequestration of CO2 directly from:
• Existing power generation facilities (coal and oil)
• Existing manufacturing facilities
• Production of off-setting carbon credits that can be sold to
other companies or industries based on the 2.5 to 1 ratio
of CO2 incorporation into algae biomass
CO2 Sequestration and environmental issues
Seambiotic, an Israeli firm, uses raceway/paddle-wheel
open-pond algae cultivation growth fed by C02 flue-gas
from a nearby power plant.
Raceway and Paddle Wheel
Photoreactor Yields
• Production w Closed System • High Nutrient Input or Waste Stream • Single Species in Controlled Environment: 30,000 -100,000 gallons per year per acre
Industry Pursuing Full Range of Algae Products
2013 Survey
ABO Members
Producers
Only
Vegetable oils for use in
food products 5% 11%
Feeds (fish and/or farm) 35% 35%
Bioplastics 4% 5%
Chemicals 11% 10%
Nutritional products or
nutraceuticals 30% 28%
Fuels 33% 29%
Fertilizers 21% 18%
Biomass for energy or
other uses 37% 36%
Other 9% 9%
ABO: Algae Biomass Organization
Capacity Continues to Expand
• 25% of producers reported they would be expanding in 2013 at an existing facility
• 22% said they would expand with new facilities
• 20% reported expansion and both new and existing facilities.