ali fitna
TRANSCRIPT
Ali’s KhilafahAli’s Khilafah
The Difficult YearsThe Difficult Years
35-40 A.H.35-40 A.H.
• Uthman was killed Friday 18Uthman was killed Friday 18thth Zi Al- Zi Al-Hijah, 35 HHijah, 35 H
• Five days later, Ali was given Bay’a Five days later, Ali was given Bay’a under the pressure of the rebelsunder the pressure of the rebels
• Madina is under rebel controlMadina is under rebel control
• Sahaba and Ali differ regarding Sahaba and Ali differ regarding priorities for the new Khalifah priorities for the new Khalifah
IraqIraq
MisrMisr
ShaamShaam
Rebels came from mostly 3 territirries
Madina is in turmoil and under control of rebels
Sahaba ask Ali to punish the murderers
Ali wanted to stabilize and restore order to the territories (Amsar)
Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a
Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a
Uthman bin Hunayf
Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a
Uthman bin Hunayf
Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a
Ubaydullah bin Abbas to Yemen
Uthman bin Hunayf
Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a
Abu MusaUthman bin Hunayf
Kays bin Saad
Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a
Abu Musa
Kharabta
Uthman bin Hunayf
Kays bin Saad
Ali appoints new Governors. Before Bay’a
Abu Musa
Kharabta
Sahl bin Hunayf
Uthman bin Hunayf
Kays bin Saad
Mu’away and Ali
Abu Musa
Kharabta
Uthman bin Hunayf
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
Talha and Al-Zubayr
Abu Musa
Kharabta
Uthman bin Hunayf
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
Army of Mecca
Abu Musa
Kharabta
Uthman bin Hunayf
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
Army of Mecca to Basra
Abu Musa
Kharabta
Uthman bin Hunayf
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
Ali moves to Al-Shaam
Abu Musa
Kharabta
Uthman bin Hunayf
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
Ali changes direction to catch up with Army of Mecca
Abu Musa
Kharabta
Uthman bin Hunayf
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
Uthman bin Hunayf
Abu Musa
Mecca Army
Ali’s Army
Uthman bin Hunayf
Abu Musa
Mecca Army
Ali’s Army
Events of Al-Basra Rabi II 36 A.H.
Uthman bin Hunayf
Abu Musa
Mecca Army
Ali’s Army
Events of Al-Basra Rabi II 36 A.H.
Abu Musa
Mecca Army
Ali’s Army
Events of Al-Basra Rabi II 36 A.H.
Abu Musa
Mecca Army
Ali’s Army
Ali moves to Kufa
Mecca Army
Ali’s Army
Mecca Army
Ali’s Army
Ali moves to Basra
Mecca Army
Ali’s Army
Ali moves to Basra
Mecca Army
Ali’s Army
Battle of Al-Jamal (Camel)10 Jumada II 36 A.H.
Ali’s Army
Battle of Al-Jamal (Camel)10 Jumada II 36 A.H.
Ali controls most Islamic states exept Shaam. Jumada II 36 A.H.
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
Ali and Mu’aweyaAli and Mu’aweya• Mu’aweya is asked by Na’yla* to retaliate for
Uthman*• Mu’aweya* refuses to follow Ali* before ALLALL
those participated in the revolution against Uthman are executed. Estimated ~2500 in all.
• Ali refuses to kill or surrender the rebels:– Not all rebels are involved in the murder plot (like
Ammar* bin Yaser*)– Just and fair trials have to take place– The Khalifah has to restore order first, then deliver
justice according to Islamic Shari’a
*May Allah be pleased with them and all of the Sahaba
Ali and Mu’aweyaAli and Mu’aweya• Amr* bin Al-A’as joins Mu’aweya*
• Abdullah* bin Abi As-Sarh joins Mu’aweya
• Shurahbil bin As-Samt (Hims) calls for Mu’aweya to become Khalifa. Since there has to be a Khalifa among Muslims on Muaweya’s side.
• Ali* sees in deviding the Muslim Ummah a worse Fitna than the murder of Uthman. Decides to move with his army to Al-Shaam to restore order and unity
*May Allah be pleased with them and all of the Sahaba
Ali moves to Shaam and reaches Seffeen in Zi Al-Hija 36 A.H.120,000 fighters
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
Mu’aweya reaches Seffeen in Zi Al-Hija 36 A.H.90,000 fighters
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
Ali sends Mu’aweya messengers in Zi Al-Hija 36 A.H.
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
Skirmishes start in Zi Al-Hija 36 A.H.
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
Fighting halts for Muharam 37 A.H.Negotiations restart
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
Battle of Seffeen starts Wednesday, 1st Safar 37 A.H.
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
Battle of Seffeen continues Thursday, 7th Safar 37 A.H.Ammar is killed
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
Battle of Seffeen ends friday, 8th Safar 37 A.H.Quran on the spears.
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
70,000 Muslim are killed25,000 from Ali’s army45,000 from Mu’aweya’s
Agreement of Tahkeem (Judgment) is reached 13 or 15th Safar 37 A.H.
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
Agreement of Tahkeem (Judgment) is reached 13 or 15th Safar 37 A.H.
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
Dumat Al-Jandal
Tahkeem
• Ali realizes the trick from Mu’aweya and Amr, but his army is sharply divided over the issue. Ali accepts against his own judgment.
• Abu Musa is to represent Ali, and Amr is to represent Mu’aweya
• Contract of Judgment written in Safar 37 A.H. Actual meeting is to take place in Ramadhan 37H in Dumat Al-Jandal
Tahkeem
• 12,000 of Ali’s army are angered by the Tahkeem. They leave the army to Harura’.
• This is the beginning of Al-Khawarej.
• Abdullah bin Abbas and Ali convince them to return to Ali’s side. (temporarily)
Tahkeem
• Amr and Abu Musa meet in Dumat Al-Jandal in Ramadhan 37 A.H. A group of Sahaba is present.
• Tahkeem events. (Common historical myths, not supported by good references or common sense)
Tahkeem
• Ali refuses to accept the ruling:– Still no agreement on a Khalifa.– Not based on Quran or Sunna.
• Ali’s speech in Kufa to resume fighting against Mu’aweya
• Khawarej leave Ali’s camp and ask for his Tawbah
Fighting KhawarejFighting Khawarej
• Ali prepared his army to invade Al-Shaam.
• Al-Basra army show lack of support. 3,200 fighters show up out of 60,000.
• Kufa army responds, but demands dealing with Khawarej first.
• Ali has 68,000 fighters.
Fighting KhawarejFighting Khawarej• Khawarej were strict and diligent worshipers with
misguided interpretation of religion.
• They lacked support of any Sahabi. (none in their camp, in contrast to Ali’s and Mu’aweya’s)
• Some hated the dominance of Quraysh over Khilafa
• Crimes of Khawarej: Abdulla bin Khabbab. Takfeer.
• Ali decides to deal with Khawarej first.
• Ali fights Khawarej and defeats them in Al-Nahrawan.
• Ali’s army waekens:– Many killed in Seffeen– Not enough support from Basra– Many Khawarej among their clans– Tired of consecutive battles– Confused by division and Fitna
• Events of Egypt: further weakness and division
Events of Egypt38-39 A.H.
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
Kays bin Saad deos not want to fight in Kharabta
Kharabta
Kays bin Saad
Mu’awya
Muhammad bin Abu Bakr becomes Governor of Egypt
Kharabta
Muhammadbin Abu Bakr
Mu’awya
Muhammad bin Abu Bakr fights in Kharabta and defeated.
Kharabta
Muhammadbin Abu Bakr
Mu’awya
Al-Ashatar is murdered on his way to Egypt
Kharabta
Muhammadbin Abu Bakr
Mu’awya
Mu’aweya sees an opportunity to capture rich Egypt
Kharabta
Muhammadbin Abu Bakr
Mu’awya
Mu’aweya sends Amr to conquer Egypt
Kharabta
Muhammadbin Abu Bakr
Mu’awya
Egypt falls to Mu’aweya and Muhammad bin Abu Bakr is killed
Kharabta
Muhammadbin Abu Bakr
Mu’awya
Egypt falls to Mu’aweya and Muhammad bin Abu Bakr is killed
Mu’awya
Mu’aweya is stronger. Sends armies to raid and capture more territories
Mu’awya
Busr bin Ata’a
Sufian bin Awf
Dhahak bin Kays
Mu’aweya controls most Muslim teritorries
Mu’awya
Assassination Plot Assassination Plot
• Khawarej meet to plot and revenge from Ali.
• Abdur-Rahaman bin Muljam and his co-conspirators.
• Ali is assassinated on Friday Ramadhan 15th, 40 A.H.; Dies Ramadhan 17th.
• Al-Hasan becomes the Fifth Khalifa. Then, six months later, he gives Bay’a to Muaweya to end Fitnah.
• Al-Fitnah Al-Kubra is over.