Herbologia, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2014

DOI 10.5644/Herb.14.1.01

ALIEN FLORA OF HUTOVO BLATO NATURAL PARK(SOUTH BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA)

Semir MasloLundåkerskolan Gislaved Sweden E-mail: semmas@edu.gislaved.se

Abstract

The bibliography of alien plant taxa in Bosnia and Herzegovina is not abundant. There are no published complete lists or analysis of alien flora in Bosnia and Herzegovina as a whole. Therefore, information on the alien species present in Bosnia and Herzegovina is incomplete. Only sporadic and, in many cases, accidental records concerning adventive/neo-phyte plant taxa exist.

In this study alien flora of the Hutovo Blato Natural Park was ana-lysed. It numbers 49 taxa, which equals 7.67% of the complete flora of Hutovo Blato Park. Alien taxa present exclusively in crops were not ana-lysed in this work. The most common family is Asteraceae s. l. (10 taxa, 20%), followed by Poaceae (9 taxa, 18%). The predominant life forms are therophytes (63%) and phanerophytes (17%). According to the naturaliza-tion status, the most dominant are invasive taxa (47%). Most non-native taxa originate in the Americas (51%), followed by those that originate in Asia and Mediterranean, each 20%. Many of these species are herbaceous annuals, many of which are regarded as weeds.

Keywords: alien flora, invasive plants, weeds, Hutovo Blato, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Introduction

The natural park of Hutovo Blato includes part of the sunken so called lower Neretva pool, which lies along the mountain Dinara direc-tion. The area is, except from the NW side, completely closed of with karst-mountains. The Hutovo Blato Park is situated 20 km inland from the Adriatic Sea in the south part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This area was classified as a natural park in 1995. It was listed in the Ramsar Conven-tion as international protected wetland in 2001. The total area of Hutovo Blato Park covers 74 km2. The geology consists mostly of Cretaceous and Eocene limestone (Hafner et al., 2013). The climate is sub-Mediterranean, with short mild winters, usually without snow, and long hot summers.

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As stated in to the Biogeographic Map of Europe (Rivas-Martínez et al., 2004), Hutovo Blato is in the Euro-Siberian Region, Alpino-Caucasion Subregion, Apennino-Balkan Province, and Illyrian sector. With respect to natural vegetation this area belongs to the Sub-Mediterranean vegetation zone of hop and oriental hornbeam forest (the Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis Horvat 1954 emend. 1958 alliance), mainly communities of shrub forest of pubescent oak and oriental hornbeam (the Querco-Carpinetum orientalis Horvatić 1939 association) (Hafner et al., 2013). Two principal types of ecosystems predominate in the park, the aquatic (60% of the total surface area of the park) and the terrestrial (Jasprica & Carić, 2002).

According to data available in “Overview and status of Biological and Landscape Diversity in Bosnia and Herzegovina” (Redžić et al., 2008) 4569 taxa of vascular flora have been registered on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Based on available records, it is estimated that in the terri-tory of Bosnia and Herzegovina occur more than 500 alien species, of which many got adapted in natural habitats. A significant number of them lives only in crops (Redžić et al., 2008). The flora of the natural park of Hutovo Blato has been poorly investigated. There are no published complete lists or analysis of the flora of the area. Some published data exist, but only on the

Figure 1. Location and boundaries of the researched area (map by Šilić, 2006)

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water and marsh vegetation (Bajić, 1954; Riter-Studnička, 1975; Jerković, 1978; Bjelčić, 1985, 1988; Jasprica, 2002, 2003, 2009; Šilić, 2006).

Since the 1950s a few works giving findings of alien flora from vari-ous areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina have been published (Korica, 1952, 1957; Bjelčić, 1954, 1986; Slavnić, 1960, 1964; Šilić, 1972, 1973, 2000; Abadžić, 1986/87; Mišić, 1998; Šoljan, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004; Petrović, 2003, 2011; Vojniković, 2009; Maslo, 2010, 2012). There are no published complete lists or analyses of alien flora of the Hutovo Blato Park or in Bos-nia and Herzegovina as a whole. This work contains the first preliminary list and analysis of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato Park.

According to all acquired literature data (see References), and my own field observations, in the preliminary list of vascular flora the natural park of Hutovo Blato consist of 639 taxa. Voucher material is deposited in the Herbarium of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina (SARA).

Materials and methods

This study is based on all acquired literature data and the authors’ field investigations from the spring 1998 to the end of 2013.

Plant nomenclature follows Nikolić (2013) and the taxa that are not listed in the above mentioned source were adjusted according to the data-base GRIN Taxonomy for Plants (2013). In this work is perceived Aster-aceae family in a broader sense (sensu lato).

In the list of alien flora (Appendix 1), taxa were listed in alphabetic order. Designations for: family, life form, invasion status, history, origin and first records. The life-form categories follow Raunkiaer (1934), Pig-natti (1982), Diklić (1984) and marked with the standard abbreviations in the list of urban flora: Ch (Chamaephytes), G (Geophytes), H (Hemmic-riptophytes), Hy (Hydrophytes), P (Phanerophytes) and T (Therophytes).

Data about the geographic origin of alien taxa were taken mostly from the available literature (see References).

The terminology presented below has been adapted from Richard-son et al. (2000), Pyšek et al. (2004), Boršić et al. (2008) and Mitić et al. (2008). All taxa are classified into three categories depending on the de-gree of their naturalization: casual taxa (CAS.), naturalized non-invasive taxa (NAT.) and naturalized invasive taxa (INV.), and archaeophytes (arc.) and neophytes (neo.) with respect to the residence time.

- ALIEN (NON-NATIVE, NON-INDIGENOUS, INTRODUCED) PLANTS. Plant taxa in a given area whose presence there is due to intentional or accidental introduction as a result of human activity.

Alien flora of Hutovo blato Natural Park (south Bosnia and Herzegovina)

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- CASUAL (TRANSIENT, EPHEMERAL) PLANTS. Alien plants that may flourish and even reproduce occasionally in an area, but which do not form self-replacing populations, and which rely on repeated introductions for their persistence.

- NATURALIZED PLANTS. Alien plants that reproduce consist-ently and sustain populations over many life cycles without direct intervention by humans; they often recruit offspring freely, usu-ally close to adult plants, and do not necessarily invade natural, seminatural or human-made ecosystems.

- INVASIVE PLANTS (PLANT INVADERS). Naturalized plants that produce reproductive offspring, often in very large numbers, at considerable distances from parent plants, and thus have the potential to spread over a large area.

- archaeophytes, established non-native plants introduced inten-tionally or unintentionally before 1500 A.D.

- neophytes, non-native plants introduced intentionally or uninten-tionally after 1500 A.D.

Analysis of the alien flora

The list of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato contains a total of 49 taxa, which is 7.67% of the complete flora (639 taxa). Representatives of alien flora belongs to 42 genera and 25 families. Gymnospermae are present witt only one taxa, Cupressus sempervirens L. Angiospermae are presents with 48 taxa, with a distinct domination of Dicotyledones (38 taxa, 77.55%) over Monocotyledones (10 taxa, 20.41%), see Tab. 1.

Table 1. Taxonomic analysis of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato

TAXA

Gymnospermae AngiospermaeDicotyledones Monocotyledones Total

No. of taxa % No. of

taxa % No. of taxa %

No. of

taxa%

Families 1 4.00 22 88.00 2 8.00 25 100Genera 1 2.38 32 76.19 9 21.43 42 100

Species & subspecies 1 2.04 38 77.55 10 20.41 49 100

According to the number of taxa, the most abundant family is Aster-aceae with 10 taxa (20.41%), followed by Poaceae (9 taxa, 18.37%), see

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Tab. 2. The most abundant genera are Amaranthus, Bidens, Euphorbia, Medicago, Solanum, Sorghum and Xantthium (two taxa) while the other genera are represented with two only one taxa.

Table 2. The most abundant families in the alien flora of Hutovo BlatoFamilies No. taxa % of total flora (49)

Asteraceae 10 20.41Poaceae 9 18.37Fabaceae 3 6.12

Solanaceae 3 6.12Brassicaceae 2 4.08

Amaranthaceae 2 4.08Euphorbiaceae 2 4.08

Analysis of the geographical origin of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato (Tab. 3.) showed that the most plants originated from the Americas (25 taxa, 51.02%), among which most originate from North America (15 taxa). Plants that originate from Asia and Mediterranean are also significantly represented (10 taxa each, 20.41%).

Table 3. Analysis of the geographical origin of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato

Geografic region/subregion No. of taxa %AFRICA 1 2.04AMERICA Central & South America 1 25 51.02

North America 15North & South America 1

South America 8ASIA Asia 1 10 20.41

Central Asia 3East Asia 4

South-West Asia 1West Asia 1

MEDITERRANEAN 10 20.41UNKNOWN ORIGIN 3 6.12TOTAL 49 100.00

Analysis of life-forms of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato (Fig. 2.) shows the domination of therophytes with 31 taxa (63.27%), followed by phanerophytes with 8 taxa (16.33%), while the least abundant are chamae-phytes and hydrophytes with only one taxa (2.04%).

Alien flora of Hutovo blato Natural Park (south Bosnia and Herzegovina)

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Figure 2. Life-form spectrum of the alien flora of Hutovo Blato

Figure 3. Degree of naturalization of alien flora of Hutovo Blato

According to the degree of naturalization the most prominent are invasive plants with 23 taxa (46.94%), followed by naturalized plants with 17 taxa (34.69%). There were 9 taxa (18.37%) of casual plants, see Fig. 3

Due to the scheme proposed by Richardson et al. (2000) and Pyšek et al. (2004), 23 taxa of alien flora of Hutovo Blato can be classified as invasive (Appendix 1).

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Figure 4. Some alien species in the flora of Hutovo Blato: a. Abutilon theophrasti Medic. b. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. c. Artemisia verlotiorum Lamotte d. Aster squamatus (Spreng.) Hieron e. Bidens subalternans DC. f. Cuscuta campestris Yunck g. Euphorbia nutans Lag h. Paspalum pas-palodes (Michx.) Scribn i. Vinca major L. (Photo: Semir Maslo).

Alien flora of Hutovo blato Natural Park (south Bosnia and Herzegovina)

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Results and discussion

The alien flora of Hutovo Blato consists of 49 taxa, made up by 20 archaeophytes (40.82%) and 29 neophytes (59.18%), see Appendix 1, and form 7.67% of the total vascular plant diversity ever recorded there. Among 49 taxa, 9 (18.37%) are classified as casual, 17 (34.69%) as natu-ralized but non-invasive, and 23 (46.94%), as invasive (Fig. 3). Among casual taxa 44.44% are neophytes and 55.56% archaeophytes, the corre-sponding figures being 23.53% and 76.47%, respectively, for naturalized, and 91.30% and 8.70% for invasive taxa (Appendix 1). From this it fol-lows that invasive taxa are strongly over-represented among neophytes.

Many of alien species are herbaceous annuals, many of which are re-garded as weeds. The number of taxa with a short life cycle is particularly evident in the highly anthropized habitats and conditions of the Mediterra-nean climate. In recent decades the most serious source of noxious weeds is through accidental introductions from other floristic regions, especially North America (Quezel, 1990).

These include dangerous weed species, some of which appear to be in the initial stages of expansion. Most of these thrive in habitats closely associated with man – e.g., along roadsides and in settlements, like Eu-phorbia nutans Lag., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Bidens subalternans DC., Bromus catharticus Vahl., Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq., Cuscuta campestris Yunker., Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn., Euphorbia maculata L., Euphorbia nutans Lag. and Xantthium spinosum L. Other thrive along riverbanks of the Krupa river, channels, and wet gravel pits, like Ambro-sia artemisifolia L., Artemisia verlotiorum L., Aster squamatus (Spreng.) Heiron., Bidens frondosa L., Helianthus tuberosus L., Paspalum paspal-odes (Michx.) Scribn. and Xanthium strumarium L. ssp. italicum (Moretti) D.Löve.

The majority of taxa listed above are also recognized as alien in neighbouring Dalmatia and possibly invaded Hutovo Blato area from there. Other taxa, such as Ambrosia artemisifolia L., Bidens frondosa L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. was mainly distributed in the northern parts of the country. According to Šarić et al. (2011), Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. and Ambrosia artemisifolia L. spread from the Posavina (in the north) to the south, in the last few decades.

Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn. covers large area of Hutovo Blato. It has already spread over such a wide area that it endangers na-tive species, and it even edifies specific association Cypero-Paspaletum digitarii(=distichi) (Horvatić 1954). This association grows on habitats

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that are regularly flooded in summer. It forms narrow strips around Lake Deran. It borders with the ass. Dichostyli-Fimbristyletum dichotomae. In both associations, the accompanying species neophyte Paspalum paspal-odes has great constancy (Jasprica & Carić, 2002).

The species Ambrosia artemisifolia L. grows in ruderal vegetation along Krupa River near Karaotok. It was recorded on a small area and is not yet considered a dangerous weed in this moment. Bidens frondosa L. covers large areas along the Krupa River banks and displace natural veg-etation. It has also been spreading over ruderal areas and lake shores of Lake Škrka. Its spreading in this region will require particular attention in the future.

Artemisia verlotiorum L., Aster squamatus (Spreng.) Heiron. and Bidens subalternans DC. appears quite frequently on ruderal habitats (along roads, on embankments). Only isolated populations were noticed.

Abutilon theophrasti Medic., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Sor-ghum bicolor (L.) Moench. have been spotted in abundant populations in a large number of locations, especially in the maize field, creating areas of dangerous weed.

Other species were recorded individually or in small groups and are not regarded as dangerous weeds so far.

Conclusions

In the total of 49 taxa of alien plants which were the object of this re-search, 35 of them were stated for the first time for the flora of the Hutovo Blato Natural Park. The findings from the area of Hutovo Blato are of special interest because the available data about alien flora for this area are really rare. Also, these include dangerous weed species, some of which appear to be in the initial stages of expansion.

In general, taxa with potentially most negative influence of natu-ral habitats in the area of Nature Park are Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn. and Bidens frondosa L.

The numerous new localities of the alien taxa covered by this re-search in the area of Hutovo Blato contribute to the better knowledge of their present distribution as well as of the dynamics of their expansion in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the future, if the anthropogenic influence in the area of Nature Park increases, further distribution of alien plants can be expected.

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Appendix 1. Alien flora of Hutovo Blato

No.

of

taxo

Taxon Family

Life

-fo

rm

Inva

sion

st

atus

His

tory

Ori

gin 1st record/author

1. Abutilon theophrasti Medik. Malvaceae T INV arc As-E JERKOVIĆ 19782. Ailanthus altisima (Mill.) Sw. Simaroubaceae P INV neo As-E MASLO 20093. Amaranthus deflexsus L. Amaranthaceae T NAT neo Am-S MASLO 20094. Amaranthus retroflexus L. Amaranthaceae T INV neo Am-N JASPRICA 20025. Ambrosia artemisifolia L. Asteraceae T INV neo Am-N MASLO 20096. Artemisia verlotiorum L. Asteraceae H INV neo As-E JASPRICA 2010

7. Arundo donax L. Poaceae G NAT arc As-C. MASLO 20098. Aster squamatus (Spreng.)

HeironAsteraceae T INV neo Am-C&S MASLO 2009

9. Avena sativa L. Poaceae T CAS arc Unknown MASLO 200910. Bidens frondosa L. Asteraceae T INV neo Am-N MASLO 200911. Bidens subalternans DC. Asteraceae T INV neo Am-S MASLO 200912. Brassica rapa L.ssp. rapa Brassicaceae T CAS arc M MASLO 200913. Bromus catharticus Vahl. Poaceae T NAT neo Am-S MASLO 200914. Canabis sativa L. Cannabaceae T NAT arc As-C MASLO 200915. Consolida regalis S. F. Gray Ranunculaceae T NAT arc M MASLO 200916. Conyza canadensis (L.)

Cronq. Asteraceae T INV neo Am-N JASPRICA 2002

17. Cupressus sempervirens L. Cupressaceae P CAS arc M MASLO 200918. Cuscuta campestris Yunker Cuscutaceae T INV neo Am-N MASLO 200919. Datura stramonium L. Solanaceae T INV neo Am-N MASLO 200920. Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Poaceae T INV neo As MASLO 200921. Elodea canadensis Michx Hydrocharitaceae Hy INV neo Am-N JASPRICA 2002

22. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. ssp. annuus

Asteraceae T INV neo Am-N MASLO 2009

23. Euphorbia maculata L. Euphorbiaceae T INV neo Am-N MASLO 2009

S. Maslo

13

24. Euphorbia nutans Lag Euphorbiaceae T NAT neo Am-N MASLO 200925. Helianthus tuberosus L. Asteraceae G INV neo Am-N JASPRICA 2010 26. Ipomaea purpurea Roth. Convolvulaceae T CAS neo Am-S MASLO 200927. Laurus nobilis L. Lauraceae P NAT arc M FIALA 189328. Medicago arabica (L.) Huds. Fabaceae T NAT arc M JASPRICA 200229. Medicago sativa L. Fabaceae H NAT arc Unknown MASLO 200930. Morus alba L. Moraceae P NAT arc As-E MASLO 200931. Oxalis dillenii Jacq. Oxalidaceae H NAT neo Am-N MASLO 200932. Panicum miliaceum L. Poaceae T NAT arc As-C MASLO 200933. Papaver rhoeas L. Papaveraceae T NAT arc M JASPRICA 200234. Parthenocissus quinquefolia

(L.) Planchon.Vitaceae P INV neo Am-N MASLO 2009

35. Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Scribn.

Poaceae G INV neo Am-N BAJIĆ 1954

36. Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae T NAT arc M MASLO 200937. Prunus dulcis (Mill.)

D.A.WebbRosaceae P NAT arc M MASLO 2009

38. Punica granatum L Punicaceae P NAT arc As-SW BJELČIĆ 198539. Robinia pseudoacacia L. Fabaceae P INV neo Am-N MASLO 200940. Sinapis arvensis L. Brassicaceae T NAT arc Unknown MASLO 200941. Solanum lycopersicum L. Solanaceae T CAS neo Am-S MASLO 200942. Solanum tubersom L. Solanaceae G CAS neo Am-S JASPRICA 200243. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Poaceae T CAS arc Af MASLO 200944. Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Poaceae G INV arc M MASLO 200945. Veronica persica Poir. Scrophulariaceae T INV neo As -W BECK et al. 196746. Vinca major L. Apocynaceae Ch CAS arc M MASLO 200947. Xantthium spinosum L. Asteraceae T INV neo Am-S MASLO 200948. Xanthium strumarium L. ssp.

italicum (Moretti) D. Löve Asteraceae T INV neo Am-N&S BAJIĆ 1954

49. Zea mays L. Poaceae T CAS neo Am-S MASLO 2009

Alien flora of Hutovo blato Natural Park (south Bosnia and Herzegovina)