alkaline earth metal fact sheet

5/25/2018 Alkaline Earth Metal Fact Sheet

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Alkaline earth metal 1

Alkaline earth metal

Alkaline earth metals

alkali metals group 3

IUPAC group number 2

Name by element beryllium group

Trivial name alkaline earth metals

CAS group number (US) IIA

old IUPAC number (European) IIA

Period

2

Beryllium (Be)

4

3

Magnesium (Mg)

12
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Magnesium_crystals.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Period_3_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Be-140g.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Period_2_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Period_%28periodic_table%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Group_%28periodic_table%29%23Old_IUPAC_and_CAS_numberinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Group_%28periodic_table%29%23Old_IUPAC_and_CAS_numberinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Group_%28periodic_table%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Group_3_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkali_metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparent.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Transparen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4

Calcium (Ca)

20

5

Strontium (Sr)

38

6

Barium (Ba)

56

7

Radium (Ra)88

Legend

Alkaline earth metal

primordial element

radioactive natural element

Atomic number color:

black=solid

The alkaline earth metals are a group of chemical elements in the periodic table with very similar properties: they

are all shiny, silvery-white, somewhat reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure[1] and readily lose their

two outermost electrons to form cations with charge +2.[2] In the modern IUPAC nomenclature, the alkaline earth

metals comprise the group 2 elements.[3]

The alkaline earth metals are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and

radium (Ra).[4] This group lies in the s-block of the periodic table as all alkaline earth metals have their outermost

electron in an s-orbital.[1][5][6]

All the discovered alkaline earth metals occur in nature.[7] Experiments have been conducted to attempt the synthesis

of element 120, which is likely to be the next member of the group, but they have all met with failure. However,element 120 may not be an alkaline earth metal due to relativistic effects, which are predicted to have a large

influence on the chemical properties of superheavy elements.[8]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superheavy_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relativistic_quantum_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unbiniliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_orbitalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S-blockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strontiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valence_electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_temperature_and_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reactivity_%28chemistry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periodic_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Group_%28periodic_table%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive_decayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primordial_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Radium226.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Period_7_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Barium_unter_Argon_Schutzgas_Atmosph%C3%A4re.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Period_6_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strontiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Strontium_destilled_crystals.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Period_5_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Period_4_element


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Characteristics

Chemical

Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in its electronic configuration, especially the outermost

shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior:

Z Element No. of electrons/shellElectron configuration

[9]

4 beryllium 2, 2 [He] 2s2

12 magnesium 2, 8, 2 [Ne] 3s2

20 calcium 2, 8, 8, 2 [Ar] 4s2

38 strontium 2, 8, 18, 8, 2 [Kr] 5s2

56 barium 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2 [Xe] 6s2

88 radium 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2

[Rn] 7s

2

Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first five members of the group. The chemistry of radium is not

well established due to its radioactivity;[1] thus, the presentation of its properties here is limited.

The alkaline earth metals are all silver-colored, soft, and have relatively low densities, melting points, and boiling

points. In chemical terms, all of the alkaline metals react with the halogens to form the alkaline earth metal halides,

all of which ionic crystalline compounds (except for beryllium chloride, which is covalent). All the alkaline earth

metals except beryllium also react with water to form strongly alkaline hydroxides and thus should be handled with

great care. The heavier alkaline earth metals react more vigorously than the lighter ones. [1] The alkaline metals have

the second-lowest first ionization energies in their respective periods of the periodic table[6] because of their

somewhat low effective nuclear charges and the ability to attain a full outer shell configuration by losing just twoelectrons. The second ionization energy of all of the alkaline metals is also somewhat low.[1][6]

Beryllium is an exception: It does not react with water or steam, and its halides are covalent. If beryllium did form

compounds with an ionization state of +2, it would polarize electron clouds that are near it very strongly and would

cause extensive orbital overlap, since beryllium has a high charge density. All compounds that include beryllium

have a covalent bond.[10] Even the compound beryllium fluoride, which is the most ionic beryllium compound, has a

low melting point and a low electrical conductivity when melted.[11][12][13]

All the alkaline earth metals have two electrons in their valence shell, so the energetically preferred state of

achieving a filled electron shell is to lose two electrons to form doubly charged positive ions.

Compounds and reactions

The alkaline earth metals all react with the halogens to form ionic halides, such as calcium chloride (CaCl2), as well

as reacting with oxygen to form oxides such as strontium oxide (SrO). Calcium, strontium, and barium react with

water to produce hydrogen gas and their respective hydroxides, and also undergo transmetalation reactions to

exchange ligands.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ligandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transmetalationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strontium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halogenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Positive_%28electricity%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_shellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beryllium_fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orbital_overlaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Full_outer_shellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effective_nuclear_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periodic_tablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ionization_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beryllium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ionic_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boiling_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boiling_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactive_decayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xenonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kryptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strontiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_configurationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electron_shellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_configuration


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Alkaline earth metals fluorides solubility-related constants[14]

MetalM

2+

HE[15]

F-

HE[16]

"MF2"

unit

HE

MF2

lattice

energies[17]

Solubility[18]

Be 2,455 458 3,371 3,526 soluble

Mg 1,922 458 2,838 2,978 0.0012

Ca 1,577 458 2,493 2,651 0.0002

Sr 1,415 458 2,331 2,513 0.0008

Ba 1,361 458 2,277 2,373 0.006

Physical and atomic

The table below is a summary of the key physical and atomic properties of the alkaline earth metals.

Alkaline

earth

metal

Standard

atomic weight

(u)[19][20][21]

Melting

point

(K)

Melting

point

(C)

Boiling

point

(K)[6]

Boiling

point

(C)[6]

Density

(g/cm3)

Electronegativity

(Pauling)First

ionization

energy

(kJmol1

)

Covalent

radius

(pm)[22]

Flame test color

Beryllium 9.012182(3) 1560 1287 2742 2469 1.85 1.57 899.5 105 White[23]

Magnesium 24.3050(6) 923 650 1363 1090 1.738 1.31 737.7 150 Brilliant

white[1]

Calcium 40.078(4) 1115 842 1757 1484 1.54 1.00 589.8 180 Brick-red[1]

Strontium 87.62(1) 1050 777 1655 1382 2.64 0.95 549.5 200 Crimson[1]

Barium 137.327(7) 1000 727 2170 1897 3.594 0.89 502.9 215 Apple

green[1]

Radium [226][24] 973 700 2010 1737 5.5 0.9 509.3 221 Crimson

red

[25]

Nuclear stability

All of the alkaline earth metals except magnesium and strontium have at least one naturally occurring radioisotope:

beryllium-7, beryllium-10, and calcium-41 are trace radioisotopes, calcium-48 and barium-130 have very long

half-lives and thus occur naturally, and all isotopes of radium are radioactive. Calcium-48 is the lightest nuclide to

undergo double beta decay.[26]

The natural radioisotope of calcium, calcium-48, makes up about 0.1874% of natural calcium,[27] and thus natural

calcium is weakly radioactive. Barium-130 makes up approximately 0.1062% of natural barium, and thus barium is

weakly radioactive as well.

[28]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_beta_decayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioactivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isotopes_of_radiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Half-lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barium-130http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium-48http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trace_radioisotopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium-41http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beryllium-10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beryllium-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radioisotopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flammenf%C3%A4rbungSr.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strontiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flammenf%C3%A4rbungCa.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berylliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flame_testhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Picometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Covalent_radiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Covalent_radiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilojoule_per_molehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ionization_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ionization_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pauling_scalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronegativityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boiling_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boiling_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boiling_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boiling_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unified_atomic_mass_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atomic_weight


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History

Etymology

The alkaline earth metals are named after their oxides, the alkaline earths, whose old-fashioned names were beryllia,

magnesia, lime, strontia and baryta. These oxides are basic (alkaline) when combined with water. "Earth" is an old

term applied by early chemists to nonmetallic substances that are insoluble in water and resistant toheatingproperties shared by these oxides. The realization that these earths were not elements but compounds is

attributed to the chemist Antoine Lavoisier. In his Trait lmentaire de Chimie (Elements of Chemistry) of 1789 he

called them salt-forming earth elements. Later, he suggested that the alkaline earths might be metal oxides, but

admitted that this was mere conjecture. In 1808, acting on Lavoisier's idea, Humphry Davy became the first to obtain

samples of the metals by electrolysis of their molten earths,[29] thus supporting Lavoisier's hypothesis and causing

the group to be named the alkaline earth metals.

Discovery

The calcium compounds calcite and lime have been known and used since prehistoric times.[30] The same is true for

the beryllium compounds beryl and emerald.[31] The other compounds of the alkaline earth metals were discovered

starting in the early 15th century. The magnesium compound magnesium sulfate was first discovered in 1618 by

farmer at Epsom in England. Strontium carbonate was discovered in minerals in the Scottish village of Strontian in

1790. The last element was the least abundant radioactive radium which was extracted from uraninite in

1898.[32][33][34]

All elements except beryllium were isolated by electrolysis of molten compounds. Magnesium, calcium and

strontium were first produced by Humphry Davy in 1808, while beryllium was independently isolated Friedrich

Whler and Antoine Bussy in 1828 by reacting berylium compounds with potassium. In 1910, radium was isolated

as a pure metal by Curie and Andr-Louis Debierne also by electrolysis.[32][33][34]

Beryllium

Emerald, a variety of beryl, the mineral in which

beryllium was first known to be in.

Beryl, a mineral which contains beryllium, has been known since

the time of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt.[31] Although it was

originally thought that beryl was an aluminium silicate,[35] beryl

was later found to contain a then-unknown element when, in 1797,

Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin dissolved aluminium hydroxide from

beryl in an alkali.[36] In 1828, Friedrich Whler[37] and Antoine

Bussy[38] independently isolated this new element, beryllium, by

the same method, which involved a reaction of beryllium chloride

with metallic potassium; this reaction was not able to producelarge ingots of beryllium.[39] It was not until 1898, when Paul

Lebeau performed an electrolysis of a mixture of beryllium

fluoride and sodium fluoride that large pure samples of beryllium were produced.[39]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium_fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beryllium_fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beryllium_fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Lebeauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Lebeauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beryllium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Bussyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Bussyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_W%C3%B6hlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_hydroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis-Nicolas_Vauquelinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_silicatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ptolemaic_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AB%C3%A9ryl_var._%C3%A9meraude_sur_gangue_%28Muzo_Mine_Boyaca_-_Colombie%29_15.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emeraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9-Louis_Debiernehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Bussyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_W%C3%B6hlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_W%C3%B6hlerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uraninitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strontianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epsomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emeraldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lime_%28material%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trait%C3%A9_%C3%89l%C3%A9mentaire_de_Chimiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Lavoisierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barytahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strontiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berylliahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxide


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Magnesium

Magnesium was first produced by Sir Humphry Davy in England in 1808 using electrolysis of a mixture of magnesia

and mercuric oxide.[40]Antoine Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831. Davy s first suggestion for a name was

magnium,[40] but the name magnesium is now used.

Calcium

Lime has been used as a material for building since 7000 to 14,000 BCE, [30] and kilns used for lime have been dated

to 2,500 BCE in Khafaja, Mesopotamia.[41][42] Calcium as a material has been known since at least the first century,

as the ancient Romans were known to have used calcium oxide by preparing it from lime. Calcium sulfate has been

known to be able to set broken bones since the tenth century. Calcium itself, however, was not isolated until 1808,

when Humphry Davy, in England, used electrolysis on a mixture of lime and mercuric oxide,[43] after hearing that

Jns Jakob Berzelius had prepared a calcium amalgam from the electrolysis of lime in mercury.

Strontium

In 1790, physician Adair Crawford, who had been working with barium, realized that Strontian ores showed

different properties than other supposed ores of barium.[44]

Therefore, he concluded that these ores contained newminerals, which were named strontites in 1793 by Thomas Charles Hope, a chemistry professor at the University of

Glasgow,[45] who confirmed Crawford's discovery. Strontium was eventually isolated in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy

by electrolysis of a mixture of strontium chloride and mercuric oxide. The discovery was announced by Davy on 30

June 1808 at a lecture to the Royal Society.[46]

Barium

Barite, the material in which barium was

first known to be in.

Barite, a mineral containing barium, was first recognized as containing a new

element in 1774 by Carl Scheele, although he was only able to isolate barium

oxide. Barium oxide was isolated again two years later by Johan Gottlieb

Gahn. Later in the 18th century, William Withering noticed a heavy mineral

in the Cumberland lead mines, which is now known to contain barium.

Barium itself was finally isolated in 1808 when Sir Humphry Davy used

electrolysis with molten salts, and Davy named the element barium, after

baryta. Later, Robert Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen isolated pure barium

by electrolysis of a mixture of barium chloride and ammonium

chloride.[47][48]

Radium

While studying uraninite, on 21 December 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie discovered that even after uranium had

decayed, the material created was still radioactive. The material behaved somewhat similarly to barium compounds,

although some properties, such as the color of the flame test and spectral lines, were much different. They announced

the discovery of a new element on 26 December 1898 to the French Academy of Sciences.[49] Radium was named in

1899 from the word radius, meaning ray, as radium emitted power in the form of rays.[50]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Academy_of_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compounds_of_bariumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Curiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Curiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uraninitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augustus_Matthiessenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Bunsenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barytahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Humphry_Davyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cumberlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Witheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Gottlieb_Gahnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johan_Gottlieb_Gahnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Scheelehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3A6158M-barite2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercuric_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strontium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Glasgowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Glasgowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Charles_Hopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adair_Crawfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzeliushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercuric_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium_sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Romehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesopotamiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khafajahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lime_kilnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lime_%28material%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoine_Bussyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercury%28II%29_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Humphry_Davy


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Occurrence

Series of alkaline earth metals.

Beryllium occurs in the earth's crust at a concentration of two to six

parts per million (ppm),[51] much of which is in soils, where it has a

concentration of six ppm. Beryllium is one of the rarest elements in

seawater, even rarer than elements such as scandium, with a

concentration of 0.2 parts per trillion.[52][53] However, in freshwater,

beryllium is somewhat more common, with a concentration of 0.1 parts

per billion.[54]

Magnesium and calcium are both incredibly abundant in the earth's

crust, with calcium being the fifth most abundant element, and

magnesium the eighth. While none of the alkaline earth metals are ever found in their elemental state, magnesium

and calcium are found in many rocks and minerals. Magnesium is often found in carnellite, magnesite, and dolomite,

while calcium is often found in chalk, limestone, gypsum, and anhydrite.[1]

Strontium is also incredibly common on earth, being the fifteenth most abundant element in the crust. Most

strontium in the crust is in the minerals celestite and strontianite. [55] Barium is slightly less common, and much of itis in the mineral barite.[56]

Radium, being a decay product of uranium, is found in all uranium-bearing ores. [57] Due to its relatively short

half-life,[58] no radium that was present when the earth was formed is still around today, and instead has all come

from the gradual decay of the uranium.[57]

Production

Emerald, a variety of beryl,

is a naturally occurring

compound of beryllium.

Most beryllium is extracted from beryllium hydroxide. One way to create this substance

is a sintering method, which is done by mixing beryl, sodium fluorosilicate, and soda at

high temperatures, which forms sodium fluoroberyllate, aluminium oxide and silicondioxide. An solution of sodium fluoroberyllate and sodium hydroxide in water is then

used to form beryllium hydroxide by precipitation. Another method used is known as the

melt method. In it, beryl is heated to high temperatures while in a powdered form, and is

then cooled with water. It is then heated again slightly while in sulfuric acid, eventually

yielding beryllium hydroxide. The created beryllium hydroxide from either method is

then used to create beryllium fluoride and beryllium chloride through a somewhat long

process. Electrolysis or heating of these compounds can then be used to obtain

beryllium.[10]

Strontium carbonate is generally extracted from the mineral celestite. This can be donethrough two methods: either leaching the celestite with sodium carbonate, or by a more

complicated method involving coal.[59]

Barium can be produced from barite ore. Once the ore has been mined, it has to be separated from quartz, sometimes

by froth flotation methods, resulting in relatively pure barite. Carbon is then used to reduce the baryte into barium

sulfide. The barium sulfide can then be dissolved with other elements to form other compounds, such as barium

nitrate, which in turn can be thermally decompressed into barium oxide, which eventually can yield pure barium

after a reaction with aluminium.[56] The most important supplier of barium is China, which produces more than 50%

of the world's barium.[60]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barium_nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barium_nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barium_sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barium_sulfidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Froth_flotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium_carbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celestitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beryllium_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beryllium_fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulfuric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beryllium_hydroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Properties_of_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silicon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silicon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium_fluoroberyllatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium_fluorosilicatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ABeryl-130023.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berylhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uraniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decay_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strontianitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celestitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anhydritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gypsumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chalkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolomitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scandiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parts_per_millionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AErdalkali.jpg


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Applications

Beryllium is mostly used for military applications,[61] but there are other uses of beryllium as well. In electronics,

beryllium is used as a p-type dopant in some semiconductors,[62] and beryllium oxide is used as a high-strength

electrical insulator and heat conductor.[63] Due to its light weight and other properties, beryllium is also used in

mechanics when stiffness, light weight, and dimensional stability are required at wide temperature ranges.[64][65]

Magnesium has many different uses. One of its most common uses was in industry, where it has many structural

advantages over other materials such as aluminium, although this usage has fallen out of favor recently due to

magnesium's flammability.[66] Magnesium is also often alloyed with aluminium or zinc to form materials with more

desirable properties than any pure metal.[67] Magnesium has many other uses in industrial applications, such as

having a role in the production of iron and steel, and the production of titanium. [68]

Calcium also has many uses. One of its uses is as a reducing agent in the separation of other metals form ore, such as

uranium. It is also used in the production of the alloys of many metals, such as aluminium and copper alloys, and is

also used to deoxidize alloys as well. Calcium also has a role in the making of cheese, mortars, and cement.[69]

Strontium and barium do not have as many applications as the lighter alkaline earth metals, but still have uses.

Strontium carbonate is often used in the manufacturing of red fireworks,[70]

and pure strontium is used in the studyof neurotransmitter release in neurons.[71][72] Barium has some use in vacuum tubes to remove gases, [56] and barium

sulfate has many uses in the petroleum industry,[6] as well as other industries.[6][56][73]

Due to its radioactivity, radium no longer has many applications, but it used to have many. Radium used to be used

often in luminous paints,[74] although this use was stopped after workers got sick.[75] As people used to think that

radioactivity was a good thing, radium used to be added to drinking water, toothpaste, and many other products,

although they are also not used anymore due to their health effects. [66] Radium is no longer even used for its

radioactive properties, as there are more powerful and safer emitters than radium.[76][77]

Biological role and precautions

Magnesium and calcium are ubiquitous and essential to all known living organisms. They are involved in more than

one role, with, for example, magnesium or calcium ion pumps playing a role in some cellular processes, magnesium

functioning as the active center in some enzymes, and calcium salts taking a structural role, most notably in bones.

Strontium plays an important role in marine aquatic life, especially hard corals, which use strontium to build their

exoskeletons. It and barium have some uses in medicine, for example "barium meals" in radiographic imaging,

whilst strontium compounds are employed in some toothpastes. Excessive amounts of strontium-90 are toxic due to

its radioactivity.

Beryllium and radium, however, are toxic. Beryllium's low aqueous solubility means it is rarely available to

biological systems; it has no known role in living organisms, and when encountered by them, is usually highly

toxic.[10] Radium has a low availability and is highly radioactive, making it toxic to life.

Extensions

The next alkaline earth metal after radium is thought to be element 120, although this may not be true due to

relativistic effects.[8] The synthesis of element 120 as first attempted in March 2007, when a team at the Flerov

Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna bombarded plutonium-244 with iron-58 ions; however, no atoms were

produced, leading to a limit of 400 fb for the cross-section at the energy studied.[78] In April 2007, a team at the GSI

attempted to create element 120 by bombarding uranium-238 with nickel-64, although no atoms were detected,

leading to a limit of 1.6 pb for the reaction. Synthesis was again attempted at higher sensitivities, although no atoms

were detected. Other reactions have been tried, although all have been met with failure.[79]
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nickelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uraniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Schwerionenforschunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barn_%28unit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plutoniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dubnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flerov_Laboratory_of_Nuclear_Reactionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flerov_Laboratory_of_Nuclear_Reactionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relativistic_quantum_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unbiniliumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toothpastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barium_mealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exoskeletonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enzymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ion_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toothpastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luminous_painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barium_sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barium_sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fireworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strontium_carbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mortar_%28masonry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uraniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reducing_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heat_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electrical_insulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beryllium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dopanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P-type_semiconductor


9/13


The chemistry of element 120 is predicted to be closer to that of calcium or strontium[80] instead of barium or

radium. This is unusual as periodic trends would predict element 120 to be more reactive than barium and radium.

This lowered reactivity is due to the expected energies of element 120's valence electrons, increasing element 120's

ionization energy and decreasing the metallic and ionic radii.[80]

Notes[1] Royal Society of Chemistry. "Visual Elements: Group 2The Alkaline Earth Metals" (http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/visualelements/

PAGES/data/intro_groupii_data. html). Visual Elements. Royal Society of Chemistry. . Retrieved 13 January 2012.

[2] Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). ButterworthHeinemann. ISBN 0080379419.

[3] In both the old IUPAC and the CAS systems for group numbering, this group is known as group IIA (pronounced as "group two A", as the

"II" is a Roman numeral).Fluck, E. (1988). "New Notations in the Periodic Table" (http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/1988/pdf/

6003x0431. pdf).Pure Appl. Chem. (IUPAC) 60 (3): 431436. doi:10.1351/pac198860030431. . Retrieved 24 March 2012.

[4] International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (2005).Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 2005).

Cambridge (UK): RSCIUPAC. ISBN 0-85404-438-8. pp. 51. Electronic version. (http://old. iupac. org/publications/books/rbook/

Red_Book_2005.pdf).

[5] "Periodic Table: Atomic Properties of the Elements" (http://www.nist.gov/pml/data/upload/periodic_table_composite_2010_nobleed.

pdf). nist.gov. National Institute of Standards and Technology. September 2010. . Retrieved 17 February 2012.

[6] Lide, D. R., ed. (2003). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (84th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.[7] "Abundance in Earth's Crust" (http://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/image-flash/abund-crust. html).

WebElements.com. . Retrieved 14 April 2007.

[8] Gggeler, Heinz W. (57 November 2007). "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements" (http://lch. web. psi.ch/files/lectures/

TexasA&M/TexasA&M.pdf).Lecture Course Texas A&M. . Retrieved 26 February 2012.

[9] Noble gas notation is used for conciseness; the nearest noble gas that precedes the element in question is written first, and then the electron

configuration is continued from that point forward.

[10] Jakubke, Hans-Dieter; Jeschkeit, Hans, eds. (1994). Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry. trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

[11] Bell, N. A. (1972). "Beryllium halide and pseudohalides" (http://books. google. com/?id=VupzlLU9NB0C&pg=PA257& dq=beryllium+

fluoride+ covalent#v=onepage& q=beryllium fluoride covalent&f=false). In Emelus, Harry Julius; Sharpe, A. G..Advances in inorganic

chemistry and radiochemistry, Volume 14. New York: Academic Press. pp. 256277. ISBN 978-0-12-023614-5. .

[12] Walsh, Kenneth A. (2009-08-01).Beryllium chemistry and processing(http://books. google. com/?id=3-GbhmSfyeYC&pg=PA119&

dq=beryllium+

fluoride+

covalent#v=onepage&

q=beryllium fluoride covalent&

f=false). ASM International. pp. 99

102, 118

119.ISBN 978-0-87170-721-5. .

[13] Hertz, Raymond K. (1987). "General analytical chemistry of beryllium" (http://books. google. com/?id=uaWTfwrG644C& pg=PA74&

dq=beryllium+ fluoride+ covalent#v=onepage& q=beryllium fluoride& f=false). In Coyle, Francis T.. Chemical analysis of metals: a

symposium. ASTM. pp. 7475. ISBN 978-0-8031-0942-1. .

[14] Energies are given in kJ/mol, solubilities in mol/L; HE means "hydration energy".

[15] Wiberg, Wiberg & Holleman 2001, pp. XXXVIXXXVII

[16] Wiberg, Wiberg & Holleman 2001, p. XXXVI

[17][17] Lide 2004, p. 12-23

[18] Wiberg, Wiberg & Holleman 2001, p. 1073

[19] The number given in parentheses refers to the measurement uncertainty. This uncertainty applies to the least significant figure(s) of the

number prior to the parenthesized value (ie. counting from rightmost digit to left). For instance, 100794(7) stands for 100794 000007, while

100794(72) stands for 100794 000072. "Standard Uncertainty and Relative Standard Uncertainty" (http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/

Info/Constants/definitions.html). CODATA reference. National Institute of Standards and Technology. . Retrieved 26 September 2011.

[20] Wieser, Michael E.; Berglund, Michael (2009). "Atomic weights of the elements 2007 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http://iupac.org/

publications/pac/pdf/2009/pdf/8111x2131. pdf).Pure Appl. Chem. (IUPAC) 81 (11): 21312156. doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-09-08-03. .

Retrieved 7 February 2012.

[21] Wieser, Michael E.; Coplen, Tyler B. (2011). "Atomic weights of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (http://iupac.org/

publications/pac/pdf/2011/pdf/8302x0359. pdf).Pure Appl. Chem. (IUPAC) 83 (2): 359396. doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-10-09-14. . Retrieved

11 February 2012.

[22] Slater, J. C. (1964). "Atomic Radii in Crystals".Journal of Chemical Physics41 (10): 31993205. Bibcode 1964JChPh..41.3199S.

doi:10.1063/1.1725697.

[23] Jensen, William B. (2003). "The Place of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Periodic Table" (http://www.che. uc.edu/jensen/W.B.

Jensen/Reprints/091. Zn-Cd-Hg. pdf).Journal of Chemical Education (American Chemical Society) 80 (8): 952961.

Bibcode 2003JChEd..80..952J. doi:10.1021/ed080p952. . Retrieved 2012-05-06.

[24] The element does not have any stable nuclides, and a value in brackets indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope of the element.[25] The color of the flame test of pure radium has never been observed; the crimson red color is an extrapolation from the flame test color of its

compounds.Kirby, H. W; Salutsky, Murrell L (1964). The Radiochemistry of Radium(http://books. google. de/books/about/
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References

Bibliography

Weeks, Mary Elvira; Leichester, Henry M. (1968).Discovery of the Elements. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical

Education. LCCCN 68-15217.

Further reading

Group 2 Alkaline Earth Metals (http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/visualelements/pages/data/

intro_groupii_data.html), Royal Chemistry Society.

Hogan, C.Michael. 2010. Calcium. eds. A.Jorgensen, C. Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth (http://www.eoearth.

org/article/Calcium?topic=49557). National Council for Science and the Environment.

Maguire, Michael E. "Alkaline Earth Metals." Chemistry: Foundations and Applications. Ed. J. J. Lagowski. Vol.

1. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. 3334. 4 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Thomson Gale.

Silberberg, M.S., Chemistry: The molecular nature of Matter and Change (3e dition, McGraw-Hill 2009)

Petrucci R.H., Harwood W.S. et Herring F.G., General Chemistry (8e dition, Prentice-Hall 2002)
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._J._Lagowskihttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Calcium?topic=49557http://www.eoearth.org/article/Calcium?topic=49557http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/visualelements/pages/data/intro_groupii_data.htmlhttp://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/visualelements/pages/data/intro_groupii_data.html


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Article Sources and Contributors 13

Article Sources and ContributorsAlkaline earth metal Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=535539221 Contributors: 1297, 2602:306:3BC5:969:AC78:EAAC:7ACE:DCAD, 64.26.98.xxx, 777sms, Aadal,Aashaa, Abshirdheere, Ahoerstemeier, Akjar13, Alansohn, Ale jrb, Andre Engels, AndyVolykhov, Antony1103, Apollo, BD2412, Babychanel, Badocter, Bennybp, Bggoldie, Bkell, Bomac,

Braincricket, Brion VIBBER, ChemNerd, Chris Dybala, Chris the speller, Chrislk02, Chrumps, Chukonu xbow, Chuunen Baka, Cimex, Cnilep, Conversion script, DMacks, DO11.10, Darekun,

Darnir redhat, Darth Panda, DePiep, Dittaeva, Double sharp, Eddideigel, Edgar181, Element16, Ellywa, Eric119, Espi, Eugene van der Pijll, Eumolpo, Falkflyer, Fastily, Feline1, Femto,

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