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1. Error bars are a graphical representation of the variability of data

2. The 'standard deviation' summarizes the spread of values around a

'mean'.

3. 68% of the values fall within one standard deviation of the mean.

4. All unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life within one

standard deviation of the mean.

5. Stem cells retain the capacity to divide and have the ability to

differentiate along different pathways.

6. Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission

7. Tumors are the result of uncontrolled cell division and that these can

occur in any organ or tissue.

8. Interphase is an active period in the life of a cell when many

metabolic reactions occur.

9. The metabolic activities of interphase include: protein synthesis/DNA

replication/reproduction of mitochondria/chloroplasts.

10. Growth, embryonic development, tissue repair and asexual

reproduction involve mitosis

11. The names of the four bases in DNA are: Adenine, Guanine,

Cytosine and Thymine.

12. DNA replication is semi-conservative.

13. In cell respiration, glycolysis in (cytoplasm) breaks glucoseinto pyruvate with a small yield of ATP

14. Photosynthesis involves the conversion of light energy into

chemical energy.

15. Light from the Sun is composed of a range of wavelengths

(colors)

16. Chlorophyll is the main photosynthetic pigment

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17. Light energy is used to produce ATP, and to split water

molecules (photolysis) to form O2 and H+.

18. ATP and H+ (from the photolysis of water) are used to fix

carbon dioxide to make organic molecules.

19. Eukaryotic chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins

20. Meiosis is a reduction division of a diploid nucleus to form

haploid nuclei.

21. In karyotyping, chromosomes are arranged in pairs according

to their size and structure.

22. Karyotyping is performed for the purpose of prenatal

diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities.

23. Karyotyping uses cells collected by chorionic villus sampling

or amniocentesis.

24. Some genes have more than two alleles (multiple alleles)

25. Many genes on the X chromosomes are absent from the

shorter Y chromosome in humans.

26. Human females can be homozygous or heterozygous with

respect to sex-linked genes.

27. In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments move in an electric field

and separate according to their size.

28. Gel electrophoresis of DNA is used in DNA profiling.

29. Genes can be transferred between species because the

genetic code is universal.

30. A gene transferred to a new species it produces the same

polypeptide (same amino acid sequence)

31. BT Corn and Golden Rice are two examples of the current uses

of genetically modified crops.

32. Light is the initial energy source for almost all communities

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33. Energy transformations are never 100% efficient

34. Populations tend to produce more offspring than the

environment can support.

35. The coronary arteries supply heart muscle with oxygen and

nutrients.

36. Blood is composed of plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes

(phagocytes and lymphocytes) and platelets

37. The blood transports the following: nutrients/oxygen/carbon

dioxide/hormones/antibodies/urea/heat.

38. The nervous system consists of the central nervous system

(CNS) and peripheral nerves.

39. The nervous system is composed of cells called neurons that

can carry rapid electrical impulses.

40. The endocrine system consists of glands that release

hormones that are transported in the blood.

41. Homeostasis involves maintaining the internal environment

between limits.

42. Examples of homeostasis include: blood pH/ CO2

concentration/blood glucose concentration/body temperature/water

balance.

43. Saprotrophic bacteria and fungi (decomposers) recycle

nutrients.

44. The members of a species show variation

45. Multicellular organisms show emergent properties

46. Nerve impulses are conducted from receptors to the CNS by

sensory neurons, within the CNS by relay neurons and from the CNS

to effectors by motor neurons.

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47. The most common chemical elements in living things are

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen & nitrogen; other elements are needed by

organisms, including sulfur, calcium, phosphorus, iron & sodium.