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8/20/2019 All Writers and Poets

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MARTIN LUTHER

Martin Luther (10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546)initiated the Protestant Reformation !s a "riest andtheo#o$y "rofessor% he &onfronted indu#$en&e sa#esman'ohann ete# *ith his The Ninety-Five Theses in 151+

,uther stron$#y dis"uted their aim that freedom from-od.s "unishment of sin &ou#d be "ur&hased *ith money/is refusa# to retra&t a## of his *ritin$s at the demand of Po"e ,eo in 150 and the /o#y Roman 2m"eror har#es at the 2di&t of orms meetin$ in 151 resu#tedin his e&ommuni&ation by the "o"e and &ondemnation asan out#a* by the em"eror 7artin ,uther tau$ht thatsa#vation is not from $ood *ors% but a free $ift of -od% re&eived on#y by $ra&e throu$h faith in'esus as redeemer from sin /is theo#o$y &ha##en$ed the authority of the "o"e of the Romanatho#i& hur&h by tea&hin$ that the 9ib#e is the on#y sour&e of divine#y revea#ed no*#ed$e:;

and o""osed sa&erdota#ism by &onsiderin$ a## ba"tised hristians to be a ho#y "riesthood hose

*ho identify *ith ,uther.s tea&hin$s are &a##ed ,utherans

/is trans#ation of the 9ib#e into the #an$ua$e of the "eo"#e (instead of ,atin) made it morea&&essib#e% &ausin$ a tremendous im"a&t on the &hur&h and on -erman &u#ture


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/e "resided over the Phi#ade#"hia onvention that drafted the Dnited @tates onstitution in 1+8+ be&ause of $enera# dissatisfa&tion *ith the !rties of onfederation ashin$ton be&amePresident of the Dnited @tates in 1+8> and estab#ished many of the &ustoms and usa$es of thene* $overnment.s ee&utive de"artment /e sou$ht to &reate a nation &a"ab#e of survivin$ in a*or#d torn asunder by *ar bet*een 9ritain and Fran&e /is uni#atera# Proamation of Neutra#ity of 1+>3 "rovided a basis for avoidin$ any invo#vement in forei$n &onf#i&ts /e su""orted "#ansto bui#d a stron$ &entra# $overnment by fundin$ the nationa# debt% im"#ementin$ an effe&tive ta

system% and &reatin$ a nationa# ban ashin$ton avoided the tem"tation of *ar and a de&ade of "ea&e *ith 9ritain be$an *ith the 'ay reaty in 1+>5K he used his "resti$e to $et it ratified overintense o""osition from the 'effersonians !#thou$h never offi&ia##y Loinin$ the Federa#ist Party%he su""orted its "ro$rams and *as its ins"irationa# #eader ashin$ton.s fare*e## address *as a "rimer on re"ub#i&an virtue and a stern *arnin$ a$ainst "artisanshi"% se&tiona#ism% andinvo#vement in forei$n *ars

ashin$ton *as a*arded the very first on$ressiona# -o#d 7eda# *ith the hans of on$ress:8;

ashin$ton died in 1+>>% and the funera# oration de#ivered by /enry ,ee stated that of a##

!meri&ans% he *as Bfirst in *ar% first in "ea&e% and first in the hearts of his &ountrymenB:>;

ashin$ton has been &onsistent#y raned by s&ho#ars as one of the $reatest D@ Presidents

Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson (!"ri# 13% 1+43 – 'u#y 4% 186):; *as the third President of the Dnited @tates (1801–180>)% the "rin&i"a# author of the Iearation of


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7aLor events durin$ his "residen&y inude the ,ouisiana Pur&hase (1803) and the ,e*is and#ar 2"edition (1804–1806)% as *e## as es&a#atin$ tensions *ith both 9ritain and Fran&e that#ed to *ar *ith 9ritain in 181% after he #eft offi&e

!s a "o#iti&a# "hi#oso"her% 'efferson *as a man of the 2n#i$htenment and ne* many inte##e&tua##eaders in 9ritain and Fran&e /e idea#ied the inde"endent yeoman farmer as eem"#ar ofre"ub#i&an virtues% distrusted &ities and finan&iers% and favored states. ri$hts and a stri&t#y #imited

federa# $overnment 'efferson su""orted the se"aration of &hur&h and state:4;

and *as the authorof the ir$inia @tatute for Re#i$ious Freedom (1++>% 1+86) /e *as the e"onym of 'effersoniandemo&ra&y and the &ofounder and #eader of the Iemo&rati&ARe"ub#i&an Party% *hi&h dominated!meri&an "o#iti&s for 5 years 'efferson served as the *artime -overnor of ir$inia (1++>– 1+81)% first Dnited @tates @e&retary of @tate (1+8>–1+>3)% and se&ond i&e President (1+>+– 1801)

! "o#ymath% 'efferson a&hieved distin&tion as% amon$ other thin$s% a horti&u#turist% "o#iti&a##eader% ar&hite&t% ar&haeo#o$ist% "a#eonto#o$ist% inventor% and founder of the Dniversity ofir$inia hen President 'ohn F =ennedy *e#&omed 4> Nobe# Prie *inners to the hite/ouse in 1>6 he said% B< thin this is the most etraordinary &o##e&tion of ta#ent and of human

no*#ed$e that has ever been $athered to$ether at the hite /ouse – *ith the "ossib#e e&e"tionof *hen homas 'efferson dined a#oneB:5; o date% 'efferson is the on#y "resident to serve t*ofu## terms in offi&e *ithout vetoin$ a sin$#e bi## of on$ress 'efferson has been &onsistent#yraned by s&ho#ars as one of the $reatest of D@ "residents

homas 'efferson *as born on !"ri# 13% 1+43:; into a fami#y ose#y re#ated to some of the most "rominent individua#s in ir$inia% the third of ei$ht &hi#dren /is mother *as 'ane Rando#"h%dau$hter of


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o#taire *as one of severa# 2n#i$htenment fi$ures (a#on$ *ith 7ontesHuieu% 'ohn ,o&e%homas /obbes% and 'eanA'a&Hues Rousseau) *hose *ors and ideas inf#uen&ed im"ortantthiners of both the !meri&an and Fren&h Revo#utions

he name Bo#taireB% *hi&h the author ado"ted in 1+18 both as a "en name and for dai#y use%:citation needed ; is an ana$ram on B AROVET LI %B the ,atinied s"e##in$ of his surname% !rouet% and theinitia# #etters of the sobriHuet Ble jeuneB (Bthe youn$erB) he name a#so e&hoes in reverse order

the sy##ab#es of the name of a fami#y &hMteau in the Poitou re$ionC B!irvau#tB he ado"tion of the name Bo#taireB fo##o*in$ his in&ar&eration at the 9asti##e is seen by many to mar o#taire.sforma# se"aration from his fami#y and his "ast

Ri&hard /o#mes:4; su""orts this derivation of the name% but adds that a *riter su&h as o#taire*ou#d have intended it to a#so &onvey its &onnotations of s"eed and darin$ hese &ome fromasso&iations *ith *ords su&h as BvoltigeB (a&robati&s on a tra"ee or horse)% Bvolte-aceB (as"innin$ about to fa&e one.s enemies)% and BvolatileB (ori$ina##y% any *in$ed &reature) B!rouetB*as not a nob#e name fit for his $ro*in$ re"utation% es"e&ia##y $iven that name.s resonan&e *ithB! rouer B (Bfor thrashin$B) and Brou"B (a Bdebau&heeB)

o#taire is no*n to have used at #east 1+8 se"arate "en names durin$ his #ifetime of *ritin

he a"titude for Hui&% "er&e"tive% &uttin$% *itty and often s&athin$#y &riti&a# re"artee for *hi&ho#taire is no*n today made him hi$h#y un"o"u#ar *ith many of his &ontem"oraries% inudin$mu&h of the Fren&h aristo&ra&y hese shar"Aton$ued retorts *ere res"onsib#e for o#taire.s ei#efrom Fran&e% durin$ *hi&h he resided in 2n$#and

!fter o#taire retorted to an insu#t $iven him by the youn$ Fren&h nob#eman heva#ier de Rohanin #ate 1+5% the aristo&rati& Rohan fami#y obtained a roya# lettre de cachet % an irrevo&ab#e andoften arbitrary "ena# de&ree si$ned by the Fren&h =in$ (,ouis % in the time of o#taire) that*as often bou$ht by members of the *ea#thy nobi#ity to dis"ose of undesirab#es hey then used

this *arrant to for&e o#taire first into im"risonment in the 9asti##e and then into ei#e *ithoutho#din$ a tria# or $ivin$ him an o""ortunity to defend himse#f :6; he in&ident mared the be$innin$ of o#taire.s attem"ts to im"rove the Fren&h Ludi&ia# system

o#taire.s ei#e in 2n$#and #asted over t*o years% and his e"erien&es there $reat#y inf#uen&edmany of his ideas he youn$ man *as im"ressed by 9ritain.s &onstitutiona# monar&hy in&ontrast to the Fren&h abso#ute monar&hy% as *e## as the &ountry.s su""ort of the freedoms of s"ee&h and re#i$ion /e *as a#so inf#uen&ed by severa# of the neoassi&a# *riters of the a$e% anddeve#o"ed an interest in ear#ier 2n$#ish #iterature% es"e&ia##y the *ors of @haes"eare% sti## #itt#eno*n in &ontinenta# 2uro"e at the time Ies"ite "ointin$ out his deviations from neoassi&a#standards% o#taire sa* @haes"eare as an eam"#e Fren&h *riters mi$ht #oo u" to% sin&e drama

in Fran&e% des"ite bein$ more "o#ished% #a&ed onAsta$e a&tion ,ater% ho*ever% as @haes"eare.sinf#uen&e *as bein$ in&reasin$#y fe#t in Fran&e% o#taire *ou#d endeavour to set a &ontraryeam"#e *ith his o*n "#ays% de&ryin$ *hat he &onsidered @haes"eare.s barbarities

!fter a#most three years in ei#e% o#taire returned to Paris and "ub#ished his vie*s on 9ritishattitudes to*ards $overnment% #iterature% and re#i$ion in a &o##e&tion of essays in #etter formentit#ed the Lettres #hiloso#hi$ues sur les Anglais ( %hiloso#hical Letters on the English)9e&ause he re$arded the 9ritish &onstitutiona# monar&hy as more deve#o"ed and more res"e&tfu#of human ri$hts ("arti&u#ar#y re#i$ious to#eran&e) than its Fren&h &ounter"art% these #etters met$reat &ontroversy in Fran&e% to the "oint *here &o"ies of the do&ument *ere burnt and o#taire*as a$ain for&ed to #eave Fran&e

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lockehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobriquethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airvaulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(biographer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(biographer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrobaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volte-facehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettre_de_cachethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire#cite_note-The_Life_of_Voltaire-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_on_the_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lockehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobriquethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airvaulthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(biographer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrobaticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volte-facehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettre_de_cachethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire#cite_note-The_Life_of_Voltaire-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespearehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_on_the_English


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ROUSSEAU

Jean Ja!ues Rousseau (-eneva% 8 'une 1+1 – 2rmenonvi##e% 'u#y 1++8) *as a maLor -enevois "hi#oso"her % *riter% and &om"oser of the ei$hteenthA&entury2n#i$htenment% *hose "o#iti&a# "hi#oso"hy inf#uen&ed theFren&h Revo#ution and the deve#o"ment of modern "o#iti&a#

and edu&ationa# thou$ht

/is nove#% Emile& or' On Education% *hi&h he &onsideredhis most im"ortant *or% is a semina# treatise on theedu&ation of the *ho#e "erson for &itienshi" /issentimenta# nove#% (ulie' ou la nouvelle H"lo)se% *as of $reat im"ortan&e to the deve#o"ment of "reARomanti&ismand romanti&ism in fi&tion:; Rousseau.s autobio$ra"hi&a#*ritin$sC his *onessions% *hi&h initiated the modernautobio$ra"hy% and his Reveries o a +olitary ,aler *ere amon$ the "reAeminent eam"#es of the #ate ei$hteenthA&entury movement no*n as the B!$e of @ensibi#ityB% featurin$ an in&reasin$

fo&us on subLe&tivity and intros"e&tion that has &hara&teried the modern a$e

Rousseau a#so *rote a "#ay and t*o o"eras% and made im"ortant &ontributions to musi& as atheorist Iurin$ the "eriod of the Fren&h Revo#ution% Rousseau *as the most "o"u#ar of the #hiloso#hes amon$ members of the 'a&obin #ub /e *as interred as a nationa# hero in thePanth?on in Paris% in 1+>4% siteen years after his death

Rousseau *as born in 1+1 in -eneva% *hi&h sin&e 1536 *as a /u$uenot re"ub#i& and the seatof a#vinism (no* "art of @*iter#and) Rousseau *as "roud that his fami#y% of the moyen (or midd#eAass) order% had votin$ ri$hts in that &ity and throu$hout his #ife he des&ribed himse#f asa &itien of -eneva


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hen Rousseau *as ten% his father% an avid hunter% $ot into a #e$a# Huarre# *ith a *ea#thy#ando*ner on *hose #ands he had been &au$ht tres"assin$ o avoid &ertain defeat in the &ourts%he moved a*ay to Nyon in the territory of 9ern% tain$ Rousseau.s aunt @uanne *ith him /eremarried% and from that "oint 'eanA'a&Hues sa* #itt#e of him :5; 'eanA'a&Hues *as #eft *ith hismaterna# une% *ho "a&ed him% a#on$ *ith his o*n son% !braham 9ernard% a*ay to board for t*o years *ith a a#vinist minister in a ham#et outside of -eneva /ere the boys "i&ed u" thee#ements of mathemati&s and dra*in$ Rousseau% *ho *as a#*ays dee"#y moved by re#i$ious

servi&es% for a time even dreamed of be&omin$ a Protestant minister

Ti"u Sultan

Sultan #ateh Ali Ti"u (=annadaC ಟಪ ಸಲ ನ % DrduC OQ STU VWX YZ[ ST\W]) November 1+50%Ievanaha##i – 4 7ay 1+>>% @riran$a"attana)% a#so no*n as the Tiger of M$sore% *as the de

acto ru#er of the =in$dom of 7ysore /e *as the first son of /yder !#i by his se&ond *ife%Fatima or FahrAunAnissa /is fu## name is @u#tan Fateh !#i =han @hahab or i"u @aheb i"u@u#tan

@ir a#ter @&ott% &ommentin$ on the abdi&ation of Na"o#eon 9ona"arte in 1814% *roteC

B!#thou$h < never su""osed that he :Na"o#eon; "ossessed% a##o*in$ for some differen&e ofedu&ation% the #ibera#ity of &ondu&t and "o#iti&a# vie*s *hi&h *ere sometimes ehibited by o#d/aidar !##y% yet < did thin he :Na"o#eon; mi$ht have sho*n the same reso#ved and do$$ed s"iritof reso#ution *hi&h indu&ed i"u @ahib to die manfu##y u"on the brea&h of his &a"ita# &ity *ithhis sabre en&hed in his handB:cite this $uote;

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanahallihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srirangapattanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippu_Sultan#cite_note-Brittlebank-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haider_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haider_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mysore_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srirangapattanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scotthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonapartehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#When_quoting_someonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tipu_Sultan_BL.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanahallihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srirangapattanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippu_Sultan#cite_note-Brittlebank-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haider_Alihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Mysore_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mangalorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Companyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srirangapattanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scotthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonapartehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#When_quoting_someone


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i"u @u#tan *as born at Ievanaha##i% in "resentAday 9an$a#ore Iistri&t% some 33 m (1 mi) North of 9an$a#ore &ity he ea&t date of his birth is not no*nK various sour&es aim variousdates bet*een 1+4> and 1+53 !&&ordin$ to one *ide#y a&&e"ted datin$% he *as born on 10 November% 1+50 (Friday% 10th Ihu a#A/iLLah% 1163 !/) /is father% /aider !#i% *as the de fa&toru#er of 7ysore /is mother Fatima or FahrAunAnissa *as the dau$hter of @haha# ariH%$overnor of the fort of udda"ah /e *as a#so a stron$#y re#i$ious man% there is a &onf#i&t bet*een @unniA@hia "ra&ti&e of re#i$ion:citation needed ; /e bui#t a &hur&h% the first in 7ysore% at the

reHuest of the Fren&h /e *as a noted #in$uist%


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RanLit @in$h #ead the @ih army and invaded @e*ad (the Pesha*ar area) in 1818 *restin$ it from!f$hanistan and main$ it a "art of he @ih =in$dom of PunLab % 1>04) *as an


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Lor' William (entin)

,ieutenantA-enera# Lor' William Henr$ *a+en'ish,(entin) -9% -/% P (14 @e"tember 1++4 – 1+ 'une 183>)% no*n asLor' William (entin) % *as a 9ritish so#dier and statesman /eserved as -overnorA-enera# of


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&onstitution *as abo#ished and @i&i#y *as reunited *ith Na"#es he &onstitutiona# e"eriment*as deemed a fai#ure a#thou$h it &an not be said to be his a#one :; he @i&i#ian nob#es *ereine"erien&ed and in the fa&e of the diffi&u#ties of 1814 and 1815 &ou#d not sustain a &onstitution*ithout outside 9ritish su""ort that *as "u##ed a*ay in the *ae of the end of the Na"o#eoni&*ars he 9ritish no #on$er had an invested interest in the interna# affairs of @i&i#y no* that thethreat of Fren&h invasion had been removed he estab#ishment of a @i&i#ian &onstitution that *asfa&i#itated by 9entin& *as not to be soon for$otten he ideas found therein and the sma## taste

of freedom #in$ered in the memories of the @i&i#ians and had an inf#uen&e on the desire for autonomy that *as at the base of the @i&i#ian revo#utions of 180 and 1848

Mangal -an'e$

Mangal -an'e$ (& 1> 'u#y 18+ – 8 !"ri# 185+) (/indiC मममम ममममम) *as a se"oy (so#dier) in the34th Re$iment of the 9en$a# Native


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the HuarterA$uard of the 34th% too aim at 9au$h and fired /e missed 9au$h% but the bu##etstru& his horse in the f#an% and both horse and rider *ere brou$ht do*n :3; 9au$h Hui&#ydisentan$#ed himse#f% and% seiin$ one of his "isto#s% advan&ed to*ards Pandey and fired /emissed 9efore 9au$h &ou#d dra* his s*ord% Pandey atta&ed him *ith a tal/ar (an


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*ater to the &ity he 50 year o#d system is sti## fun&tionin$% but "arts of it have been destroyed by &are#ess deve#o"ment

His reign

/is &areer sa* some of the best and *orst moments of the 7aratha em"ire 7aratha "o*er in


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de&ided to i## the &a"tives at 9ibi$har% as reven$e for the murders of

November 188 – 1+ 'une 1858) (/indiA ममममम मम मममम7arathiA मममममममममम)% no*n as Jhansi 4i Rani% *as theHueen of the 7arathaAru#ed "rin&e#y state of 'hansi% *asone of the #eadin$ fi$ures of the


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@he died on 18 'une% 1858 durin$ the batt#e for -*a#ior *ith 8th /ussars that too "#a&e in=otahA=iA@erai near Phoo# 9a$h area of -*a#ior @he donned *arrior.s othes and rode into batt#e to save -*a#ior Fort% about 10 mi#es *est of ,u&no* in *hat is no* the state of Dttar Pradesh he 9ritish &a"tured -*a#ior three days #ater


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no*n for his efforts to edu&ate *omen and the #o*er &astes as *e## as .9ahuLan "eo"#e. /e%after edu&atin$ his *ife% o"ened the first s&hoo# for $ir#s in


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Sa+itri.ai Joti.a -hule ('anuary 3% 1831A 7ar&h 10% 18>+) *as a so&ia# reformer *ho a#on$*ith her husband% 7ahatma 'otiba Phu#e "#ayed an im"ortant ro#e in im"rovin$ *omen.s ri$htsin


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or$anied a strie of barbers and "ersuaded them not to shave the heads of *ido*s his *as thefirst strie of its ind hey a#so fou$ht a$ainst a## forms of so&ia# "reLudi&es hey *ere movedto see the untou&hab#es *ho *ere refused drinin$ *ater meant for the u""er &aste 9oth 'yotibaand @avitribai o"ened u" their reservoir of *ater to the untou&hab#es in the "re&in&ts of their house

6hon'o 4esha+ 4ar+e

Maharshi 6r7 6hon'o 4esha+ 4ar+e (!"ri# 18% 1858 A November >% 1>6) *as a "reeminentso&ia# reformer of his time in


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Radhabhai died in 18>1 durin$ &hi#dbirth at a$e +% #eavin$ behind a youn$ son namedRa$hunath =arve Ra$hunath be&ame a visionary so&ia# reformer

%econd $arriage

Reformatory thou$hts &on&ernin$ the then "reva#ent harsh so&ia# mores a$ainst *omanind%stated above% *ere a#ready stirrin$ u" the mind of =arve by the time Radhabai died


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*ith i#a &on&ernin$ the "rima&y of "o#iti&a# reforms versus so&ia# reforms% and started his o*n "eriodi&a# +udhara

!$arar% i#a% and ishnu @hastri hi"#unar *ere the founder members of


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Nara$ana Guru

Sri N8r8$ana Guru (7a#aya#amC നരയണ ഗ) (1855 A 1>8)% a#so no*n as @ree Ngrgyana-uru @*ami% *as a /indu saint% sa$e% "ro"het :; and so&ia# reformer of am

!s a &hi#d% Nanu *as very reti&ent and *as intense#y dra*n to *orshi" at the #o&a# tem"#e /e*ou#d &riti&ise his o*n re#atives for so&ia# dis&rimination and the a"artheidA#ie "ra&ti&e of se$re$atin$ &hi#dren from% su""osed#y% #o*er &astes /e "referred so#itude and *ou#d be foundimmersed in meditation for hours on end /e sho*ed stron$ affinity for "oeti&s and reasonin$%&om"osin$ hymns and sin$in$ them in "raise of -od /e #ost his mother *hen he *as 15 Ngnu

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_Old_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana_Guru#cite_note-Prophet2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezhavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezhavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_equalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana_Guru#cite_note-Prophet2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Narayana_Guru_at_Sixty.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sreehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wise_Old_Manhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana_Guru#cite_note-Prophet2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezhavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_equalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana_Guru#cite_note-Prophet2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramayanahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurvedahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid


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s"ent the most "art of his ear#y youth assistin$ his father in tutorin$% and his une in the "ra&ti&eof !yurveda% *hi#e devotin$ the rest of his time for devotiona# "ra&ti&es at the tem"#es nearby:4;

Transformation as master, yogi and seeker of truth

he youn$ Nanu had a een mind and *as sent to a famous s&ho#ar% =ummam"i##i Rgman Pi##aign at =aruna$a"a##i% a vi##a$e fifty mi#es a*ay from his home% at the a$e of 1 ,ivin$ as a

$uest in a "rominent fami#y house Varana#ally near =ayamu#am% Ngnu% a#on$ *ith other students% *as tau$ht @ansrit #an$ua$e and "oetry% drama and #iterary &riti&ism% and #o$i&a#rhetori& /e studied the edas and the D"anishads /e a#so be$an tea&hin$ in a nearAby s&hoo#/is no*#ed$e earned him the res"e&t of many and he &ame to be no*n as BNanu !sanB

Nanu returned home to s"end some time *ith his father% *ho *as on the death bed For a short "eriod he ran a vi##a$e s&hoo# for the &hi#dren of his nei$hbourhood hi#e &ontinuin$ his Huestfor Bthe u#timate truthB% Ngnu *ou#d often s"end time in the &onfines of tem"#es% *ritin$ "oemsand hymns and #e&turin$ to vi##a$ers on "hi#oso"hy and mora# va#ues

Married life

Dnder "ressure from his fami#y% Nanu married 3aliamma% the dau$hter of a traditiona# vi##a$edo&tor he marria$e *as a sim"#e affair *ith the $room.s sisters themse#ves investin$ the bride*ith the .haa#i. (*eddin$ not) on his beha#f he bride remained *ith her "arents% sin&e Nanuasan be&ame a *anderer not #on$ after

'Parivraaka' !" S#iritual Wanderer$

!fter the demise of his father and *ife% Nanu !san &ontinued his #ife of a *anderin$ @anyasin/e be&ame a .ParivraLaa. (one *ho *anders from "#a&e to "#a&e in Huest of ruth)


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Maha'e+ Go+in' Rana'e

Justie Rana'e (7arathiC महद गवनद रड )(16 'anuary 184–16 'anuary 1>01) *as adistin$uished s&ho#ar% $reat so&ia# reformer% and an author from


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edu&ation as a vita# e#ement to the foundation of an 0)% born Naren'ranath 6utta:; is the &hief dis&i"#e of the 1>th &entury mysti& @ri Ramarishna Paramahamsa and the founder of Ramarishna 7ission /e is &onsidered a ey fi$ure in the introdu&tion of edanta and Jo$a in2uro"e and !meri&a and is a#so &redited *ith raisin$ interfaith a*areness% brin$in$ /induism tothe status of a *or#d re#i$ion durin$ the end of the 1>th &entury:4; iveananda is &onsidered to be a maLor for&e in the reviva# of /induism in modern 3:;

@*ami iveananda *as born in an aristo&rati& =ayastha fami#y of a#&utta in 1863 /is "arentsinf#uen&ed the @*ami.s thinin$ – the father by his rationa# mind and the mother by her re#i$ioustem"erament From his &hi#dhood% he sho*ed inination to*ards s"iritua#ity and -odrea#iation hi#e sear&hin$ for a man *ho &ou#d dire&t#y demonstrate the rea#ity of -od% he&ame to Ramarishna and be&ame his dis&i"#e !s a $uru% Ramarishna tau$ht him AdvaitaVedanta and that a## re#i$ions are true% and servi&e to man *as the most effe&tive *orshi" of -od!fter the death of his -uru% iveananda be&ame a *anderin$ mon% tourin$ the


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other nationa# #eaders and "hi#oso"hers% #ie 7ahatma -andhi% 'a*ahar#a# Nehru% @ubhashandra 9ose% !urobindo -hosh% :@arve"a##i Radharishnan;;

Birth and hildhood

@*ami iveananda *as born in @him#a Pa##y% a#&utta at 6C33 am on 7onday% 1 'anuary1863% durin$ the eve of 7ara @anranti festiva#:10; and *as $iven the name Narendranath Iatta:11;

/is father ish*anath Iatta *as an attorney of a#&utta /i$h ourt /e *as &onsidered$enerous% and had a #ibera# and "ro$ressive out#oo in so&ia# and re#i$ious matters :1; /is mother 9huvanesh*ari Ievi *as "ious and had "ra&ti&ed austerities and "rayed to Viresh/ar +hiva of aranasi to $ive her a son @he re"orted#y had a dream in *hi&h @hiva rose from his meditationand said that he *ou#d be born as her son :10;

Narendranath.s thinin$ and "ersona#ity *ere inf#uen&ed by his "arentsEthe father by hisrationa# mind and the mother by her re#i$ious tem"erament:8;:13; From his mother he #earnt the "o*er of se#fA&ontro#:13; ne of the sayin$s of his mother Narendra Huoted often in his #ater years *as% BRemain "ure a## your #ifeK $uard your o*n honor and never trans$ress the honor of others 9e very tranHui#% but *hen ne&essary% harden your heartB:11; /e *as re"orted#y ade"t in

meditation and &ou#d re"orted#y enter the state of samadhi:13;

/e re"orted#y *ou#d see a #i$ht*hi#e fa##in$ as#ee" and he re"orted#y had a vision of 9uddha durin$ his meditation:14; Iurin$his &hi#dhood% he had a $reat fas&ination for *anderin$ as&eti&s and mons :13;

Narendranath had varied interests and a *ide ran$e of s&ho#arshi" in "hi#oso"hy% history% theso&ia# s&ien&es% arts% #iterature% and other subLe&ts:15; /e evin&ed mu&h interest in s&ri"tura# tets%Vedas% the @#anishads% 4hagavad 9ita% Ramayana% 1aha.harata and the %uranas /e *as a#so*e## versed in assi&a# musi&% both vo&a# and instrumenta# and is said to have under$one trainin$under t*o Dstads% 9eni -u"ta and !hamad =han :16; @in&e boyhood% he too an a&tive interest in "hysi&a# eer&ise% s"orts% and other or$aniationa# a&tivities:15; 2ven *hen he *as youn$% heHuestioned the va#idity of su"erstitious &ustoms and dis&rimination based on &aste:1+; and refused

to a&&e"t anythin$ *ithout rationa# "roof and "ra$mati& test

:8;

ollege and Brahmo Sama

Narendranath started his edu&ation at home% #ater he Loined the 7etro"o#itan


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*ith "rodi$ious memory:6;:+; !fter a dis&ussion *ith Narendranath% Ir 7ahendra#a# @arar re"orted#y said% B< &ou#d never have thou$ht that su&h a youn$ boy had read so mu&hcB :8;

Narendranath be&ame the member of a Freemason.s #od$e and the breaa*ay fa&tion from the9rahmo @amaL #ed by =eshab hunder @en another Freemason:1>; /is initia# be#iefs *ere sha"ed by 9rahmo &on&e"ts% *hi&h inude be#ief in a form#ess -od and de"re&ation of the *orshi" of ido#s:>; Not satisfied *ith his no*#ed$e of Phi#oso"hy% he *ondered if -od and re#i$ion &ou#d

be made a "art of one.s $ro*in$ e"erien&es and dee"#y interna#ied Narendra *ent aboutasin$ "rominent residents of &ontem"orary a#&utta *hether they had &ome Bfa&e to fa&e *ith-odB:30; but &ou#d not $et ans*ers *hi&h satisfied him:31;

/is first introdu&tion to Ramarishna o&&urred in a #iterature ass in -enera# !ssemb#y


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S$e' Ahme' 4han

Sir S$e' Ahme' 4han% =@8)% &ommon#y no*n as Sir S$e' (a#thou$h this is te&hni&a##y in&orre&tK he*ou#d have "ro"er#y been &a##ed B@ir !hmedB as @ayyid is itse#f a tit#e in this &ase)% *as an


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@ir @yed.s ear#y $rou" "hoto

@yed !hmed =han 9ahadur *as born in Ie#hi% then the &a"ita# of the 7u$ha# 2m"ire /isfami#y is said to have mi$rated from /erat (no* in !f$hanistan):4; in the time of em"eror !bar %a#thou$h by other a&&ounts his fami#y des&ended from !rabia 7any $enerations of his fami#yhad sin&e been hi$h#y &onne&ted *ith the 7u$ha# administration /is materna# $randfather =h*aLa Fariduddin served as /a0ir in the &ourt of !bar @hah


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( edit ) %cholarly *orks

he +ocial Reormer *as a "ioneerin$ "ub#i&ation initiated by @ir @yed to "romote #ibera# ideasin 7us#im so&iety

hi#e &ontinuin$ to *or as a Lurist% @ir @yed be$an fo&usin$ on *ritin$% from the a$e of 3 (in1840)% on various subLe&ts (from me&hani&s to edu&ationa# issues)% main#y in Drdu% *here he*rote% at #east% 6000 "a$es:>;:10; /is &areer as an author be$an *hen he "ub#ished a series of treatises in Drdu on re#i$ious subLe&ts in 184 /e "ub#ished the boo Athar-as-sanadid (9reat 1onuments) do&umentin$ antiHuities of Ie#hi datin$ from the medieva# era his *or earnedhim the re"utation of a &u#tured s&ho#ar % @ir @yed studied the &auses of the revo#t :citation needed ;


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2ast


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@ir @urendranath 9anerLee

Sir Suren'ranath (aner%ea (November 10% 1848 – !u$ust 6% 1>5) *as one of the ear#iest


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@urendranath *as one of the most im"ortant "ub#i& #eaders *ho "rotested the "artition of the9en$a# "rovin&e in 1>05 9anerLea *as in the forefront of the movement and or$anied "rotests% "etitions and etensive "ub#i& su""ort a&ross 9en$a# and 06 9anerLea *as an im"ortant fi$ure in the @*adeshimovement A advo&atin$ $oods manufa&tured in A *hi&h *ere resented and ridi&u#edas insuffi&ient and meanin$#ess by the vast maLority of the


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Womesh *han'ra (onner%ee (Ie&ember >% 1844 – 'u#y 1% 1>06) *as an


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(al Ganga'har Tila)

(al Ganga'har Tila) (7arathiC बळ ग गधर वटळक 9orn as =eshav -an$adhar i#a) 3 'u#y1856–1 !u$ust 1>0 (a$ed 64)% *as an


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(ournalism

i#a &oAfounded t*o ne*s"a"ers *ith -o"a# -anesh !$arar% ishnushastri hi"#unaar andother &o##ea$uesC =esari% *hi&h means B,ionB in @ansrit and *as a 7arathi ne*s"a"er% and .he7aratha.% an 2n$#ish ne*s"a"er in 1881 05% and for deni$ratin$ 6% and by 'anuary 18>+% it rea&hede"idemi& "ro"ortions ; i#a too u" the "eo"#e.s &ause by "ub#ishin$inf#ammatory arties in his "a"er 3esari% Huotin$ the /indu s&ri"ture% the 9ha$avad -ita% to saythat no b#ame &ou#d be atta&hed to anyone *ho i##ed an o""ressor *ithout any thou$ht of re*ard Fo##o*in$ this% on 'une% Rand and another 9ritish offi&er ,t !yerst *ere shot andi##ed by the ha"ear brothers and their other asso&iates i#a *as &har$ed *ith in&itement tomurder and senten&ed to 18 months. im"risonment hen he emer$ed from "rison% he *as

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesari_(newspaper)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891_Age_of_Consent_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_plague_epidemichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Light_Infantryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapekar_brothershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesari_(newspaper)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891_Age_of_Consent_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_plague_epidemichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Light_Infantryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavad_Gitahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapekar_brothers


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revered as a martyr and a nationa# hero and ado"ted a ne* s#o$an% B@*araL (@e#fARu#e) is my birth ri$ht and < *i## have itB

Fo##o*in$ the "artition of 9en$a# in 1>05% *hi&h *as a strate$y set out by ,ord uron to*eaen the nationa#ist movement% i#a en&oura$ed a boy&ott% re$arded as the @*adeshimovement:10;

i#a o""osed the moderate vie*s of -o"a# =rishna -oha#e% and *as su""orted by fe##o*14 hen or#d *ar < started in !u$ust% i#a%&ab#ed the =in$A2m"eror in 9ritain of his su""ort and turned his oratory to find ne* re&ruits for *ar efforts /e *e#&omed he 0> termin$ it as la mared in&rease of &onfiden&e bet*een the Ru#ers and the Ru#ed ̀ !&ts of vio#en&e a&tua##y retarded than hastened

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadeshi_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadeshi_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Palhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Raihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bal_Palhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak#cite_note-Asian_History_1988-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_High_Courthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sardar_Girha_2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadeshi_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadeshi_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Palhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Raihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bal_Palhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak#cite_note-Asian_History_1988-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_High_Court


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the "a&e of "o#iti&a# reforms% he fe#t /e *as ea$er for re&on&i#iation *ith on$ress and hadabandoned his demand for dire&t a&tion and sett#ed for a$itations lstri&t#y by &onstitutiona#means` A a #ine advo&ated his riva# -o"a# =rishna -oha#e sin&e be$innin$

"ll )ndia ome Rule +eague

,ater% i#a reAunited *ith his fe##o* nationa#ists and reALoined the 16 /e a#so he#"ed found the !## 16A18 *ith 'ose"h 9a"tista%!nnie 9esant and 7uhammad !#i 'innah !fter years of tryin$ to reunite the moderate andradi&a# fa&tions% he $ave u" and fo&used on the /ome Ru#e ,ea$ue% *hi&h sou$ht se#fAru#e i#a trave##ed from vi##a$e to vi##a$e tryin$ to &onLure u" su""ort from farmers and #o&a#s to Loin themovement to*ards se#fAru#e:11; i#a *as im"ressed by the Russian Revo#ution% and e"ressedhis admiration for ,enin:1;

i#a% *ho started his "o#iti&a# #ife as a 7aratha "rota$onist% durin$ his #ater "art of #ife "ro$ressed into a "rominent nationa#ist after his ose asso&iation *ith % 1>15)*as one of the foundin$ so&ia# and "o#iti&a# #eaders durin$ the


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overar&hin$ "rin&i"#esC avoidan&e of vio#en&e and reform *ithin eistin$ $overnmentinstitutions

'ndian ,ational Congress and .i/alry *ith Bal 0angadhar Tilak

-oha#e be&ame a member of the % as a "rot?$? of so&ia#reformer 7ahadev -ovind Ranade !#on$ *ith other &ontem"orary #eaders #ie 9a# -an$adhar

i#a % Iadabhai NaoroLi% 9i"in handra Pa#% ,a#a ,aL"at Rai and !nnie 9esant% -oha#e fou$htfor de&ades to obtain $reater "o#iti&a# re"resentation and "o*er over "ub#i& affairs for &ommon1A -oha#e and his fe##o*#ibera# reformers% *ishin$ to "ur$e *hat they sa* as su"erstitions and abuses from their native/induism% *ished throu$h the onsent 9i## to &urb &hi#d marria$e abuses hou$h the 9i## *asnot etreme% on#y raisin$ the a$e of &onsent from ten to t*e#ve% i#a too issue *ith itK he didnot obLe&t "er se to the idea of movin$ to*ards the e#imination of &hi#d marria$e% but rather tothe idea of 9ritish interferen&e *ith /indu tradition For i#a% su&h reform movements *ere notto be sou$ht after under im"eria# ru#e *hen they *ou#d be enfor&ed by the 9ritish% but rather after inde"enden&e *as a&hieved *hen 16 after -oha#e died

-eath

-oha#e &ontinued to be "o#iti&a##y a&tive throu$h the #ast years of his #ife his inudedetensive trave##in$ abroadC in addition to his 1>08 tri" to 2n$#and% he a#so visited @outh !fri&ain 1>1% *here his "rot?$? -andhi *as *orin$ to im"rove &onditions for the


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Iadabhai NaoroLi% 18>

6a'a.hai Naoro%i (4 @e"tember 185 – 30 'une 1>1+)% no*n as the B-rand #d 7an of


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@tatue of NaoroLi in 7umbai


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Annie (esant

Annie Woo' (esant ("ronoun&ed bˈ sntK #a"ham% ,ondon &tober 1 % 184+ – @e"tember 0% 1>33 in !dyar %


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/er father died *hen she *as five years o#d% #eavin$ the fami#y a#most "enni#ess /er mother su""orted the fami#y by runnin$ a boardin$ house for boys at /arro* /o*ever% she *as unab#eto su""ort !nnie and "ersuaded her friend 2##en 7arryat to &are for her 7arryat made sure that!nnie had a $ood edu&ation @he *as $iven a stron$ sense of duty to so&iety and an eHua##ystron$ sense of *hat inde"endent *omen &ou#d a&hieve !s a youn$ *oman% she *as a#so ab#e totrave# *ide#y in 2uro"e here she a&Huired a taste for atho#i& &o#our and &eremony that never #eft her

@t 7ar$aret.s &hur&h% @ibsey% *here Fran 9esant *as vi&ar% 18+1–1>1+

-rave of Fran 9esant at @ibsey% *here he remained vi&ar unti# his death


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re"air the marria$e


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9esant and 9rad#au$h be&ame househo#d names in 18++ *hen they "ub#ished a boo by the!meri&an birthA&ontro# &am"ai$ner har#es =no*#ton


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13 November he "o#i&e tried to sto" the assemb#y Fi$htin$ broe out% and troo"s *ere &a##ed7any *ere hurt% one man died% and hundreds *ere arrested !nnie offered herse#f for arrest% butthe "o#i&e refused to tae the bait

he events &reated a $reat sensation% and be&ame no*n as 9#oody @unday !nnie *as *ide#y b#amed A or &redited A for it @he thre* herse#f into or$anisin$ #e$a# aid for the Lai#ed *orers andsu""ort for their fami#ies 9rad#au$h fina##y broe *ith her be&ause he fe#t she shou#d have ased

his advi&e before $oin$ ahead *ith the meetin$

@o&ia#ists sa* the trade unions as the first rea# si$ns of *orin$ "eo"#e.s abi#ity to or$anise andfi$ht for themse#ves Dnti# no*% trade unions had been for si##ed *orers A men *ith a &raft thatmi$ht tae years to a&Huire and *hi&h $ave them at #east a #itt#e se&urity he @o&ia#ists *antedto brin$ both unsi##ed men and *omen into unions to fi$ht for better "ay and &onditions

/er most notab#e vi&tory in this "eriod *as "erha"s her invo#vement in the ,ondon mat&h$ir#sstrie of 1888 !nnie *as dra*n into this first rea##y im"ortant batt#e of the BNe* DnionismB by/erbert 9urro*s% a youn$ so&ia#ist *ith *hom she *as for a time in #ove /e had made &onta&t*ith *orers at 9ryant and 7ay.s mat&h fa&tory in 9o*% ,ondon% *ho *ere main#y youn$

*omen hey *ere very "oor#y "aid hey *ere a#so "rey to horrendous industria# i##nesses% #iethe boneArottin$ Phossy La*% *hi&h *as &aused by the &hemi&a#s used in mat&h manufa&ture@ome of the mat&h *orers ased for he#" from 9urro*s and !nnie in settin$ u" a union

!nnie met the *omen and set u" a &ommittee% *hi&h #ed the *omen into a strie for better "ayand &onditions he a&tion *on enormous "ub#i& su""ort !nnie #ed demonstrations by Bmat&hA$ir#sB hey *ere &heered in the streets% and "rominent &hur&hmen *rote in their su""ort


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Neither she nor anyone e#se seemed to thin the t*o movements &om"#ete#y in&om"atib#e at thetime

@oon after Loinin$ the 7arists% !nnie stood for e#e&tion to the ,ondon @&hoo# 9oard 9e&ause*omen *ere not ab#e to tae "art in "ar#iamentary "o#iti&s% it is often thou$ht that they did nothave the vote unti# 1>18


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@he immediate#y *anted to be admitted to this or$anisationB% no*n no* as he – 30 'anuary 1>48) *as the "reAeminent "o#iti&a# and s"iritua# #eader of


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7ohandas =aram&hand -andhi:; *as born in Porbandar % a &oasta# to*n in "resentAday -uLarat% /is father% =aram&hand -andhi (18A1885)% *ho be#on$ed to the/indu 7odh &ommunity% *as the di/an (Prime 7inister) of the e"onymous Porbander state% asma## "rin&e#y state in the =athia*ar !$en&y of 9ritish


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Ra.in'ranath Tagore ( রবনথ ঠক র )p:q;:q; (+ 7ay 1861 – + !u$ust 1>41)%:q; sobriHuetGuru'e+%:q; *as a 9en$a#i "o#ymath !s a "oet% nove#ist% musi&ian% and "#ay*ri$ht% he resha"ed9en$a#i #iterature and musi& in the #ate 1>th and ear#y 0th &enturies !s author of 9itanjali andits B"rofound#y sensitive% fresh and beautifu# verseB% he *on the 1>13 Nobe# Prie in ,iterature:;

! Pira#i 9rahmin :4;:5;:6; from a#&utta% a$ore *rote "oems at a$e ei$ht :+; !t a$e siteen% he "ub#ished his first substantia# "oetry under the "seudonym 4hanushingho (B@un ,ionB):8;:>; and

*rote his first short stories and dramas in 18++ a$ore denoun&ed the 9ritish RaL and su""ortedinde"enden&e /is efforts endure in his vast &anon and in the institution he founded% isvaA9harati Dniversity

a$ore modernised 9en$a#i art by s"urnin$ ri$id assi&a# forms /is nove#s% stories% son$s%dan&eAdramas% and essays s"oe to "o#iti&a# and "ersona# to"i&s 9itanjali (+ong Oerings)%9ora ( Fair-Faced )% and 9hare-4aire (The Home and the ,orld ) are his bestAno*n *ors% andhis verse% short stories% and nove#s *ere a&aimed for their #yri&ism% &o##oHuia#ism% natura#ism%and &ontem"#ation a$ore "enned the anthems of 9an$#adesh and 1–18>5C a$ore.s +adhana "eriod% after one of a$ore`sma$ainesE*ere his most fe&und:11; Iurin$ this "eriod% more than ha#f the stories of the threeA

vo#ume and ei$htyAfourAstory 9al#aguchchha *ere *ritten:1+;

ith irony and $ravity% theyde"i&ted a *ide ran$e of 9en$a#i #ifesty#es% "arti&u#ar#y vi##a$e #ife:3;

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cnote_.CE.B1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cnote_.CE.B2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cnote_.CE.B2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cnote_.CE.B3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cnote_.CE.B4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cnote_.CE.B4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanjalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirali_Brahminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirali_Brahminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Kripalani_1971_2.E2.80.933-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Kripalani_1980_6.2C8-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Thompson_1926_12-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Thompson_1926_27.E2.80.9328-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visva-Bharati_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visva-Bharati_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Home_and_the_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Shonar_Banglahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Gana_Manahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religio_Medicihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolanushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolanushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Thompson_1926_31-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Dutta_1995_373-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Scott_2009_10-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Scott_2009_10-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Dutta_1995_109-111-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Dutta_1995_109-111-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Thompson_1926_20-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Chakravarty_1961_45-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Dutta_1995_109-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cnote_.CE.B1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cnote_.CE.B2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cnote_.CE.B3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cnote_.CE.B4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitanjalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirali_Brahminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Kripalani_1971_2.E2.80.933-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Kripalani_1980_6.2C8-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Thompson_1926_12-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Thompson_1926_27.E2.80.9328-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visva-Bharati_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visva-Bharati_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Home_and_the_Worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Shonar_Banglahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jana_Gana_Manahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religio_Medicihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriolanushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Thompson_1926_31-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Dutta_1995_373-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Scott_2009_10-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Dutta_1995_109-111-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Thompson_1926_20-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Chakravarty_1961_45-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#cite_note-Dutta_1995_109-22


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Lala La%"at Rai

Lala La%"at Rai (1865A1>8% PunLabiC मममममममम ममम%DrduC wx zzK /indiC लल लजपत रय ) *as an


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/e had an o""ortunity to *at&h the #abour movement in the D@! and 2n$#and *here he *asreHuired to "ro#on$ his stay for "o#iti&a# reasons)

1>)% the NonAoo"eration 7ovement (1>1> A 1>)% and the B@imon $o ba&B demonstrationsa$ainst the @imon ommission (1>8)) /e *as re"eated#y arrested/e disa$reed% ho*ever% *ith

7ohandas -andhi.s sus"ension of the movement due to the hauri haura in&ident(/e formedthe *ongress Inde#endence %arty% *hi&h *as "arti&u#ar#y "roA/indu in voi&e and "o#i&y)@@

/e *as not on#y a $ood orator but a#so a "ro#ifi& and versati#e *riter /is Lourna# Arya 9a0ette&on&entrated main#y on subLe&ts re#ated to the !rya @amaL 4ande 1ataram and %eo#le%&ontained his ins"irin$ s"ee&hes to end o""ression by the forei$n ru#ers /e founded the @ervantsof the Peo"#e @o&iety% *hi&h *ored for the freedom movement as *e## as for so&ia# reform inthe &ountry /e a#so *rote an autobio$ra"hy in 2n$#ish tit#ed The +tory o 1y Lie

( edit ) %ion Coission &rotests

8% ,aL"at Rai #ed a "ro&ession *ith Pandit 7adan 7ohan 7a#aviya to demonstrate a$ainstthe @imon ommission Iurin$ this "ro&ession% Rai be&ame the tar$et of a #athi &har$e (a formof &ro*d &ontro# in *hi&h the "o#i&e use heavy staves or #athis. in /indi) #ed by 9ritish "o#i&e/e *as severe#y inLured in the &har$e Neverthe#ess% at a meetin$ he#d the same evenin$% hes"oe *ith $reat vi$our /is *ords at this meetin$% 6Every .lo/ aimed at me is a nail in thecoin o 4ritish im#erialism6 % have be&ome histori& hou$h he re&overed from the fever and "ain *ithin three days% his hea#th had re&eived a "ermanent setba& and on November 1+% 1>8%he died of his inLuries /is death #ed to $reat disturban&es in the &ountry and it ins"ired nationa#stru$$#e for freedom

( edit ) Author

(,aL"at Rai`s Lourney to the Dnited @tates durin$ or#d ar


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1ayos 61other India6 % "ub#ished in 1>8) ( 1other India *as a "o#emi&a# a&&ount of


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Ja&aharlal Nehru

Ja&aharlal Nehru (/indiC जहरलल ह % "ronoun&ed :d&'aː!r #a # neˈ ː ˈ ː!ru ;ː K 14 November 188>–+ 7ay 1>64 ) *as an


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4han A.'ul Ghaffar 4han

4han A.'ul Ghaffar 4han (18>0 A 0 'anuary 1>88) (PashtoDrduC STU T{| }~X STU% /indiC ! "#द ल $%&र ! ) *as a Pashtun "o#iti&a# and s"iritua# #eader no*n for his nonAvio#ento""osition to 9ritish Ru#e in


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unusua# arran$ement sin&e it *as dis&oura$ed by the #o&a# mu##ahs !t s&hoo# the youn$ -haffar did *e## in his studies and *as ins"ired by his mentor Reverend i$ram to see the im"ortan&e of edu&ation in servi&e to the &ommunity


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"oetess /er father *as the founder of the Niam o##e$e% and a#so the first member of the – February % 1>44)% affe&tionate#y &a##ed 4a% *as the *ifeof 7ohandas =aram&hand -andhi% marryin$ him in an arran$ed &hi#d marria$e in 1883

"arly li!e and background

=asturba -andhi *as born in -uLarat into a aishnav fami#y @he had 4 &hi#dren

Political career

=asturba -andhi Loined her husband in "o#iti&a# "rotests @he trave#ed to @outh !fri&a in 18>+ to be *ith her husband From 1>04 to 1>14% she *as a&tive in the Phoeni @ett#ement near IurbanIurin$ the 1>13 "rotest a$ainst *orin$ &onditions for


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arrested and senten&ed to three months in a hard #abor "rison ,ater% in


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(7 R7 Am.e')ar

(himrao Ram%i Am.e')ar (7arathiC ड' (मर रमज ) ब डकर ) (14 !"ri# 18>1 E 6 Ie&ember 1>56)% a#so no*n as 4a.asahe.% *as an


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they fa&ed resistan&e o*in$ to their &aste !#thou$h ab#e to attend s&hoo#% !mbedar and other Dntou&hab#e &hi#dren *ere se$re$ated and $iven no attention or assistan&e by the tea&hers hey*ere not a##o*ed to sit inside the ass 2ven if they needed to drin *ater somebody from ahi$her &aste *ou#d have to "our that *ater from a hei$ht as they *ere not a##o*ed to tou&h either the *ater or the vesse# that &ontained it his tas *as usua##y "erformed for the youn$!mbedar by the s&hoo# "eon% and if he &ou#d not be found !mbedar *ent *ithout *ater :;

RamLi @a"a# retired in 18>4 and the fami#y moved to @atara t*o years #ater @hort#y after their

move% !mbedar.s mother died he &hi#dren *ere &ared for by their "aterna# aunt% and #ived indiffi&u#t &ir&umstan&es n#y three sons E 9a#aram% !nandrao and 9himrao E and t*odau$hters E 7anLu#a and u#asa E of the !mbedars *ou#d $o on to survive them f his brothers and sisters% on#y !mbedar su&&eeded in "assin$ his eaminations and $raduatin$ to ahi$her s&hoo# /is native vi##a$e name *as B!mbavadeB in Ratna$iri Iistri&t so he &han$ed hisname from B@a"a#B to B!mbedarB *ith the re&ommendation and faith of 7ahadev !mbedar%his tea&her *ho be#ieved in him

RamLi @a"a# remarried in 18>8% and the fami#y moved to 7umbai (then 9ombay)% *here!mbedar be&ame the first untou&hab#e student at the -overnment /i$h @&hoo# near 2#"hinstone Road !#thou$h e&e##in$ in his studies% !mbedar *as in&reasin$#y disturbed by

the se$re$ation and dis&rimination that he fa&ed 0+% he "assed his matri&u#ationeamination and entered the Dniversity of 9ombay% be&omin$ one of the first "ersons of untou&hab#e ori$in to enter a &o##e$e in


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/e *as a""ointed to the 9ombay Presiden&y ommittee to *or *ith the a##A2uro"ean @imonommission in 1>5 his &ommission had s"ared $reat "rotests a&ross 18%*as a $reat inf#uen&e on him


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40 he *as &hosen by -andhi to be the first


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!ad &ommitted himse#f to -andhi.s idea#s% inudin$ "romotin$ +/adeshi ( Indigenous) "rodu&ts and the &ause of +/araj (+el-rule) for 40 to 1>45% durin$ *hi&h the Buit India rebe##ion *as #aun&hed and !ad *asim"risoned *ith the entire on$ress #eadershi" for three years !ad be&ame the most "rominent7us#im o""onent of the demand for a se"arate 7us#im state of Paistan and served in theinterim nationa# $overnment !midst &ommuna# turmoi# fo##o*in$ the "artition of


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Nana -atil

Nana -atil (dIe& 6% 1>+6) % "o"u#ar#y no*n as 3rantisinha ( #it .revo#utionary #ion.) *as an+6

British .a &eriod

=rantisinh Nana Pati# *as im"risoned severa# times durin$ the stru$$#e *ith the 9ritish RaL Fora "eriod of 44 months he *as under$round durin$ the ._uit 4 43 to 7ay 1>46) in 150 vi##a$es

Connections *ith %atyashodhak %aa

Nana "ati# had #on$ &onne&tions *ith the @atyashodha @amaL


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'n Parliaent

=rantisinh Nana Pati# *as e#e&ted to the ,o @abha in 1>5+ from north @atara &onstituen&y onthe ti&et of ommunist Party of


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him and his *or ! year #ater he announ&ed that /erbert @"en&er + after a bitter e"erien&e *ith the 9ritish a$ent *hi&h shoo his faithin 9ritish Ru#e

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Dayananda_Saraswatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_Samajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandvihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhujhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Dayananda_Saraswatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_Samajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balliol_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratlamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junagadhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Dayananda_Saraswatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_Samajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_movementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandvihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhujhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Dayananda_Saraswatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arya_Samajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balliol_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williamshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratlamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswatihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junagadh


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,ationalis

=rishna arma *as very mu&h im"ressed *ith ,omanya i#a and su""orted him durin$ the!$e of onsent bi## &ontroversy of 18>0 /o*ever% he reLe&ted the "etitionin$% "rayin$% "rotestin$% &oo"eratin$ and &o##aboratin$ "o#i&y of the on$ress Party% *hi&h he &onsideredundi$nified and shamefu# +% fo##o*in$ the atro&ities inf#i&ted by the 9ritish -overnmentdurin$ the "#a$ue &risis in Poona% he su""orted the assassination of the ommissioner of P#a$ue

by the ha"ear brothers but he soon de&ided to fi$ht for


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(hi)hai%i Rustom *ama

7adame 9hiaiLi ama

6ate of .irth; 4 @e"tember 1861

-lae of .irth; 9ombay% 9ritish


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n 3 !u$ust 1885% she married Rustom ama% a *ea#thy% "roA9ritish #a*yer *ith a desire toenter "o#iti&s


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@ons of 2$y"t% *here are the dau$hters of 2$y"t here are your mothers and sisters Jour*ives and dau$htersB ama.s stan&e *ith res"e&t to the vote for *omen *as ho*ever se&ondaryto her "osition on 15% the Fren&h $overnment de"orted Rana and his *ho#e fami#y to thearibbean is#and of 7artiniHue% and ama *as sent to i&hy% *here she *as interned 1+ and "ermitted to return to 9ordeau "rovided thatshe re"ort *ee#y to the #o&a# "o#i&e Fo##o*in$ the *ar% ama returned to her home at 5% Ruede Ponthieu in Paris

ama remained in ei#e in 2uro"e unti# 1>35% *hen% $rave#y i## and "ara#ysed by a stroe thatshe had suffered ear#ier that year% she "etitioned the 9ritish $overnment throu$h @ir o*asLi'ehan$ir to be a##o*ed to return home ritin$ from Paris on 4 'une 1>35% she a&&eded to thereHuirement that she renoun&e sedetionist a&tivities !&&om"anied by 'ehan$ir% she arrived in9ombay in November 1>35 and died nine months #ater% a$ed +4% at Parsi -enera# /os"ita# on 13!u$ust 1>36:5;

+egacy

9ihaiLi ama beHueathed most of her "ersona# assets to the !vabai Petit r"hana$e for $ir#s%

*hi&h estab#ished a trust in her name Rs 54%000 (1>36C •3>%300K €15+%00) to her fami#y.s firetem"#e% the FramLi Nusser*anLee Pate# !$iary at 7a$aon% in @outh 9ombay:6;

@evera# 0+ @tutt$art address% the f#a$ she raised there *as smu$$#ed into 9ritish


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06%9havra% 'habua Iistri&t% 7adhya Pradesh – February +% 1>31% !##ahabad% Dttar Pradesh) is one

of the most im"ortant 1> 1% *hen 7ahatma -andhi #aun&hed the NonAoo"eration movement% he a&tive#y "arti&i"ated in the "rotest movement /e *as arrested and re&eived his first "unishment at thea$e of fifteen for this a&t of &ivi# disobedien&e hen the ma$istrate ased him his name% he saidB!adB (meanin$ free) For this% he *as senten&ed to fifteen #ashes ith ea&h stroe of the *hi"%youn$ handrasehar shouted B9harat 7ata =i 'aiB:B/ai# he 7other#andcB; From that "oint

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhabua_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhabua_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garam_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badarkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unnao_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanumanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanumanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Cooperation_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chandrasekhar_tiwari.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhabua_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence_movementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhavrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhabua_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garam_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahminhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badarkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unnao_Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanumanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanumanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Cooperation_movement


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on*ards% handrashehar assumed the tit#e of !ad and &ame to be no*n as handrashehar!ad

!fter sus"ension of the nonA&oo"eration movement% !ad *as attra&ted by more a$$ressive andvio#ent revo#utionary idea#s /e &ommitted himse#f to &om"#ete inde"enden&e by any meanso*ards this end% he formed the /industan @o&ia#ist Re"ub#i&an !sso&iation and *as mentor torevo#utionaries su&h as 9ha$at @in$h% @uhdev% 9atuesh*ar Iutt% and RaL$uru /@R!.s $oa#

*as fu## 0 and too an a&tive "art in it 9ut #ie many% !ad *asdisi##usioned *ith -andhi.s sus"ension of the stru$$#e in 1> due to the hauri haura massa&re of "o#i&emen !#thou$h -andhi *as a""a##ed by the bruta# vio#en&e% !ad did not

fee# that vio#en&e *as una&&e"tab#e in su&h a stru$$#e% es"e&ia##y in vie* of the 'a##ian*a#a 9a$h7assa&re of 1>1>% *hen a 9ritish !rmy unit i##ed hundreds of unarmed &ivi#ians and *oundedthousands in !mritsar he 'a##ian*a#a 9a$h 7assa&re dee"#y inf#uen&ed youn$ !ad and his&ontem"oraries

/e on&e aimed that as his name *as B!ad%B he *ou#d never be taen a#ive by "o#i&e hat is*hy he i##ed himse#f to*ards the end of a shootout *ith the "o#i&e !ad a#so be#ieved that


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9rahma&hari /e started tea&hin$ ids of the nearby vi##a$e Ihimar"ura% and a#so mana$ed toestab#ish $ood ra""ort *ith the #o&a# residents he vi##a$e Ihimar"ura is no* named after himand is no*n as !ad"ura

+% *ith the $oa# of &om"#ete 31 9an*ari s"otted !ad and @uhdev at !#fred Par dis&ussin$ some "#ans andre"orted their "resen&e to the "o#i&e ithin a fe* minutes "o#i&emen surrounded the *ho#e "ar Iurin$ the initia# en&ounter% !ad suffered a bu##et *ound in his thi$h% main$ it diffi&u#tfor him to es&a"e 9ut he made it "ossib#e for @uhdev to es&a"e by "rovidin$ him &overin$ fire!fter @uhdev es&a"ed% !ad mana$ed to ee" the "o#i&e at bay for a #on$ time Fina##y% *ithon#y one bu##et #eft in his "isto# and bein$ &om"#ete#y surrounded and outnumbered%handrashehar !ad shot himse#f% ee"in$ his "#ed$e to never be &a"tured a#ive


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(hagat Singh

(hagat Singh (@e"tember +% 1>0+:;

– 7ar&h 3% 1>31) *as an


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9ha$at @in$h *as attra&ted to anar&hism and &ommunism 9oth &ommunism and *esternanar&hism had inf#uen&e on him /e read the tea&hin$s of =ar# 7ar% Friedri&h 2n$e#s% #adimir,enin% ,eon rotsy and 7ihai# 9aunin:+;:8; 9ha$at @in$h did not be#ieve in -andhian "hi#oso"hy and vie*ed that -andhian "o#iti&s *i## re"#a&e one set of e"#oiters by another:>; @in$h *as an atheist and "romoted the &on&e"t of atheism by *ritin$ a "am"h#et tit#ed ,hy I aman Atheist :citation needed ;

9ha$at @in$h *as a#so an admirer of the *ritin$s of 8% 9ha$at @in$h seria##y "ub#ished severa# arties on anar&hism inPunLabi "eriodi&a# 3irti /e e"ressed &on&ern over misunderstandin$ of the &on&e"t ofanar&hism amon$ the "ub#i& @in$h tried to eradi&ate the mis&on&e"tion amon$ "eo"#e aboutanar&hism /e *rote% Bhe "eo"#e are s&ared of the *ord anar&hism he *ord anar&hism has been abused so mu&h that even in


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$rou"s% initia##y united in fi$htin$ a$ainst the 9ritish% &ou#d be at ea&h others. throats be&ause oftheir re#i$ious differen&es !t this "oint% @in$h dro""ed his re#i$ious be#iefs% sin&e he be#ievedre#i$ion hindered the revo#utionaries. stru$$#e for inde"enden&e% and be$an studyin$ the *ors of 9aunin% ,enin% rotsy E a## atheist revo#utionaries /e a#so too an interest in Nira#amba@*ami.s:3; boo *ommon +ense% *hi&h advo&ated a form of Bmysti& atheismB:33;

hi#e in a &ondemned &e## in 1>31% he *rote a "am"h#et entit#ed ,hy I am an Atheist in *hi&h

he dis&usses and advo&ates the "hi#oso"hy of atheism his "am"h#et *as a resu#t of some&riti&ism by fe##o* revo#utionaries on his fai#ure to a&no*#ed$e re#i$ion and -od *hi#e in a&ondemned &e##% the a&&usation of vanity *as a#so dea#t *ith in this "am"h#et /e su""orted hiso*n be#iefs and aimed that he used to be a firm be#iever in he !#mi$hty% but &ou#d not brin$himse#f to be#ieve the myths and be#iefs that others he#d ose to their hearts


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/e a#so had immense "otentia# in terms of memory and had #earnt various s&ri"tures by heart /e*as a#so a shar" and a&&urate shooter and *as re$arded as the $unman of /@R!

/e *as the means of entertainment in the /@R! meetin$s due to his &om"etition *ith 9ha$at@in$h /e a#*ays *anted to be one ste" ahead than 9ha$at @in$h in every &ase% *hi&h often #edto &omi& situations

RaL$uru *as hidin$ in Na$"ur /e met Ir = 9 /ed$e*ar and *as hidin$ in one of the R@@*orer.s house 9ut after some days he *ent to Pune and #ater *as arrested there /e *as afreedom fi$hter *ho sa&rifi&ed his #ife for the inde"enden&e of 8 in order to tae reven$e for the death of veteran#eader ,a#a ,aL"at Rai due to e&essive "o#i&e beatin$

!## three *ere han$ed in ,ahore entra# 'ai# on 7ar&h 3% 1>31 in the evenin$ at +33 "ma$ainst a## norms of han$in$ he dead bodies *ere se&ret#y taen a*ay by breain$ the ba&*a##s of the Lai# and *ere se&eret#y burnt on the bans of River @at#uL at /ussaini*a#a about 50mi#es a*ay from ,ahore he bodies *ere &ut into "ie&es to mae the buria# Hui&

@uhdev *as an a&tive member of the /industan @o&ia#ist Re"ub#i&an !sso&iation% bein$ one ofits most senior #eaders /e is no*n to have started study &ires at Nationa# o##e$e% (,ahore) inorder to de#ve into


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/o*ever% /ansraL ohra A the man *ho $ave the in&hin$ testimony that resu#ted in the han$in$of the trio% aimed that @uhdev had himse#f turned an a""rover

Neverthe#ess% this re#ative#y base#ess &ontention does not detra&t from the tremendous &oura$e% "atriotism and se#fAsa&rifi&e that @uhdev ha"ar embodifies% as is evident in the re&ent namin$of a s&hoo# after him% in his native ,udhiana (&ity in PunLab)

Sur$a Sen

@urya @en

Sur$a Sen (18>4A 'anuary 1% 1>34) a#so no*n as 7asterda @urya @en *as a "rominent9en$a#i 16 by one of his tea&hers *hi#e he *asa student of


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/is maLor su&&ess in the antiA9ritish revo#utionary vio#en&e *as the hitta$on$ !rmoury Raidon !"ri# 18% 1>30 @ubseHuent to the raid% he mar&hed to the 'a#a#abad hi##s a#on$ *ith his fe##o*revo#utionaries !fter the batt#e *ith the 9ritish troo"s on !"ri# % he es&a"ed from there

@urya @en% bein$ &onstant#y fo##o*ed u" by the "o#i&e% had to hide at the house of @abitri Ievi% a*ido*% near Patiya ! "o#i&e and mi#itary for&e under a"tain ameron surrounded the house on13 'une 1>3 ameron *as shot dead *hi#e as&endin$ the stair&ase and @urya @en a#on$ *ith

Priti#ata addedar and =a#"ana Iutta es&a"ed to safety

@urya @en *as a#*ays in hidin$% movin$ from one "#a&e to another @ometimes he used to tae a Lob as a *ormanK sometimes he *ou#d tae a Lob as a farmer% or mi#man% or "riest%house*orer or even as a "ious 7us#im his is ho* he used to avoid bein$ &a"tured

Su.has *han'ra (ose

Su.has *han'ra (ose C +u.has *hGndrG 4osK born 'anuary 3% 18>+K "resumed to have died !u$ust 18% 1>45 a#thou$h this is dis"uted)% "o"u#ar#y no*n as Neta%i (#itera##y BRes"e&ted,eaderB)% *as a #e$end in the


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Nationa# !rmy% formed from


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Rash (ehari (ose

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

'um" toC navi$ation% sear&hRash (ehari (ose

Fi#e "hoto of Rash 9ehari 9ose

-lae of .irth;@uba#daha vi##a$e% 9urd*an Iist% est9en$a#%


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"erson *ho had masterminded and ee&uted the most outstandin$ revo#utionary a&tion ,ord/ardin$e in his 1y Indian ears has des&ribed the *ho#e in&ident in an interestin$ *ay Iurin$the f#ood re#ief *or in 9en$a#% in 1>13% he &ame in &onta&t *ith 'atin 7uherLee in *hom heBdis&overed a rea# #eader of men%B *ho Badded a ne* im"u#seB to Rash 9ehari.s fai#in$ ea# :; hus%durin$ or#d ar 5+A1>6 ena#i on$ress Party

?r' Lo) Sa.ha 1>6A1>6+ hittoor @*atantra Party

@th Lo) Sa.ha 1>6+A1>+0 @riau#am @*atantra Party

th Lo) Sa.ha 1>80A1>84 -untur on$ress (84A1>8> -untur on$ress (8>A1>>1 -untur on$ress (


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Ran$a Loined the freedom movement ins"ired by -andhi.s arion &a## in 1>30 /e #ed the ryot a$itation in 1>33 hree years #ater% he #aun&hed the =isan on$ress "arty /e he#d histori&dis&ussions *ith -andhiLi on the demand for a rythu-coolie state /e *rote a boo% 4a#u 4lesses re$ardin$ his dis&ussions *ith -andhi

Ran$a *as one of the founders of the 46% the

48% the ommon*ea#th Par#iamentaryonferen&e (tta*a) in 1>5% the 54 and the !sianon$ress for or#d -overnment (oyo) in 1>55

/e Huit the on$ress Party and founded the 9harat =rishiar ,o Party and the @*atantra Party%a#on$ *ith RaLaLi *ho *as a tren&hant &riti& of the &oo"erative farmin$ idea Ran$a be&ame thefounderA"resident of the @*atantra Party and he#d that "ost for a de&ade 6% the "arty *on 5 seats and emer$ed as a stron$ ""osition /e reLoined theon$ress (+

Ran$a served the 30 to 1>>1

Honours• !$ri&u#tura# Dniversity of !ndhra Pradesh is named in his honour and memory as

!&harya N - Ran$a !$ri&u#tura# Dniversity:;

• /is name found a "#a&e in the -uinness 9oo of or#d Re&ords as a Par#iamentarian*ith fifty years of servi&e:citation needed ;

• he N- Ran$a Farmer !*ard for Iiversified !$ri&u#ture *as instituted by the > to 11 'une 1>50)% affe&tionate#y no*n as SaneGuru%i (-uruLi means Bea&herB) to his students and fo##o*ers *as a famous 7arathi author%tea&her% so&ia# a&tivist% and freedom fi$hter from 7aharashtra% > to @adashivrao @ane and Jashodhabai @ane in Pa#$adh to*n% in Ratna$iri distri&t of the =onan re$ion of rura# 7aharashtra /e *as their se&ond sonand third &hi#d @adashivrao *as a broer (&a##ed hot in 7arathi) *ho eva#uated and &o##e&ted

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Agricultural_Producershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Franciscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatantra_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatantra_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajajihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatantra_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharya_N._G._Ranga_Agricultural_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharya_N._G._Ranga_Agricultural_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._G._Ranga#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Agricultural_Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Agricultural_Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._G._Ranga#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Vibhushanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgadhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgadhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgadhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratnagiri_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Agricultural_Producershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Labour_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Franciscohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yorkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatantra_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajajihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatantra_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acharya_N._G._Ranga_Agricultural_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._G._Ranga#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Recordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Agricultural_Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Agricultural_Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._G._Ranga#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Vibhushanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgadhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratnagiri_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra


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vi##a$e &ro"s on beha#f of the $overnment and $ot to ee" 5 of those &o##e&tions as his sharehe fami#y *as re#ative#y *e## off durin$ @ane.s ear#y &hi#dhood but their finan&ia# &onditionra"id#y deteriorated% #eadin$ to their house bein$ &onfis&ated by $overnment authorities

"ducation

@ane &om"#eted his "rimary edu&ation in Pa#$adh !fter his "rimary edu&ation% he *as sent to

Pune to #ive *ith his materna# une for further edu&ation /o*ever% he did not #ie his stay inPune and returned to Pa#$adh to stay at a missionary s&hoo# in Ia"o#i% about 6 mi#es fromPa#$adh hi#e at Ia"o#i% he *as Hui&#y re&o$nied as an inte##i$ent student *ith $ood&ommand over 7arathi and @ansrit #an$ua$es /e *as a#so interested in "oetry hi#e he *asin s&hoo# at Ia"o#i% the finan&ia# &ondition at home deteriorated ra"id#y and he &ou#d not affordto &ontinue his edu&ation ,ie his e#der brother% he &onsidered tain$ u" a Lob to he#" *ith thefami#y finan&es /o*ever% on the re&ommendation of one of his friends% and *ith su""ort fromhis "arents% he enro##ed at the !undh


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/e has about +3 boos to his &redit /is famous *ors in 7arathi #iterature inude +hyamchi Aai (@hyam.s mother)%


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Shri"at Amrit 6ange

all writers and poets

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