allocutive pronouns in andalusia and their tendency toward

Dialectologia.Specialissue,V(2015),241-260.ISSN:2013-2247

241

Received3March2015.

Accepted28May2015.

ALLOCUTIVEPRONOUNSINANDALUSIAANDTHEIRTENDENCY

TOWARDSTANDARDISATION

VíctorLARABERMEJO

UniversidadAutónomadeMadrid

[email protected]

Abstract

Inthispaper,IwillpresentthesocialandlinguisticevolutionofaSpanishphenomenonthathas

notbeen researched indepth. Theusageof one singlepronoun to address a secondpersonplural is

attested in the southern Spanish region of Andalusia and it induces both 2nd person and 3rd person

agreements,differingfromthestandardpattern.However,thisphenomenonisstigmatisedandwedo

notcountwithanexhaustivestudyonitsactualareanorthesocialcharacteristicsofthespeakerswho

mayuse it. In this article, Iwill show the current geographic extensionof this feature, aswell as the

socialparameterswhichtheadoptionornotoftheprestigiousformdependson.

Keywords

standardisation,Andalusiadialect,allocutives

PRONOMBRESALOCUTIVOSENANDALUCÍAYSUTENDENCIAALANORMALIZACIÓN

Resumen

Enesteartículo,presentamoslaevoluciónsocialylingüísticadeunfenómenodelespañolqueno

hasidoinvestigadoenprofundidad.Elusodeunsolopronombreparalasegundapersonadelpluralse

manifiesta en la región meridional de Andalucía e induce concordancias de persona de segunda y

tercera, desobedeciendoel estándar. Sin embargo, este fenómenoestáestigmatizado yno contamos

con un estudio exhaustivo sobre la verdadera área y las características sociales de los hablantes que

©Universitat de Barcelona

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242

incurrenenestefenómeno.Esporelloqueaquípresentamossuextensióngeográficaactualasícomo

losparámetrossocialesdelosquedependelaadopcióndelaformaprestigiosaosurechazo.

Palabrasclave

estandarización,dialectoandaluz,alocutivos,concordancia

1.Outline

In this paper I will present the levelling of second person plural pronouns in

Andalusia(Spain)anditspersonagreementmismatches.Thelastinformationavailable

can be found in linguistic atlases from the first half of the 20th century, whose

methodologycouldhavetaintedintheinformant’sresponses.Inordertoresearchthe

evolutionofthisparticularityandtherealsocialfactorsthatinterveneintheselection

ofthepersonagreement,Iwillshowthedataobtainedthankstoanewandinnovative

methodologycarriedoutrecently.Iwillarguethattheeducationalbackground,aswell

as the geographic location and the size of the population of the municipalities

surveyed,arecrucialfortheselectionofthevernacularphenomenonorthestandard

pattern. Iwilldefend that there isa clear tendency toward standardisationand that

thisprocessisbeingledbymiddle-agedwomenfromurbanenvironments.

2.Introduction

Second person pronouns in Spanish distinguish perfectly the number of

addresseesandthedegreeofpoliteness.Therearefour:twosingular,twoplural.For

eachgrammaticalnumber,there isoneforformalityandanotheronefor informality

(seeTable1).

Singular PluralFormality Usted UstedesInformality Tú VosotrosTable1.Standardsecondpersonpronouns



243

All informal pronouns induce 2nd person inflections, whereas formal pronouns

mustagreein3rdperson(seeTable2).ThisisthestandardusageinpeninsularSpanish

orSpanishspokenintheIberianPeninsula(Spain,excepttheCanaryIslands).

Singular PluralFormality 3rdperson 3rdpersonInformality 2ndperson 2ndpersonTable2.Standardpersonagreementforsecondpersonpronouns

However, at one point in history, the western part of Andalusia, the most

southernregioninSpain,eliminatedthe2ndpersonpluralpronoun,vosotros,andhas

levelledinustedesany2ndpersonplural,regardlesstheformalityortheinformality.In

spiteofthisparticularity,Lara(2010)hasprovedthatustedescanagreebothin2ndand

3rd person plural with verbs, clitics or possessives (see Table 3). These agreement

mismatches between the stressed pronoun and the other syntactic elements

anchoring ustedes, have not been explained nor investigated in depth for the time

being.

Stressedpronoun Clitics,verbs,possessivesFormality Ustedes 2nd/3rdpersonInformality Ustedes 2nd/3rdpersonTable3.Andalusiasecondpersonpluralpronounssystem


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Map1.PhenomenoninsideSpain

Theliteratureaboutthisphenomenonisfoundinworksonhistoricgrammarsor

in monographs dealing with the Andalusian dialect (Mondéjar 1974; Lapesa 2000;

Cano 2004; Penny 2004; Ménendez Pidal 2005). These authors state that this

particularityiswitnessedinthedistrictsofCórdoba,Málaga,Cádiz,HuelvaandSeville

(seeMaps1and2).

Map2.PhenomenoninsideAndalusia

They also affirm that it is stigmatised and it has always been considered as

illiterateandrural.Furthermore,ustedesalwaysagreesin2ndpersonplural,unlessthe



245

verb is tensed in preterite perfect simple. In this case, the 3rd person is preferred.

Reflexiveparticlesagreein3rdperson,aswell.Allofthempointoutthatthepossessive

has changed into a prepositional phrase de ustedes, instead of the normative 3rd

personsuorthe2ndpersonvuestro(seeTable4).Finally,theynoticethattheadoption

of one specific person agreement is not based on the degree of politeness of the

communicativesituation.

Stressedpronoun

Verb Preteriteperfectsimple

Possessive Reflexive Object

Formality Ustedes 2nd 3rd 3rd / deustedes

3rd 2nd

Informality Ustedes 2nd 3rd 3rd / deustedes

3rd 2nd

Table4.AllocutivespersonagreementsinAndalusia

As formany other phenomena,whenever a linguistic change emerges, it does

notdosoinallthesyntacticcontextsitshould(Labov1995;Corbett2006).Voseo(the

useofmedievalpronounvós toaddressonepersonunderan informal context) first

arose in the stressed pronoun and its inflections spread little by little, first in the

imperative,theninthepresentindicative,laterinthepresentsubjunctiveandtheyare

not attested yet in clitics and possessives (Fontanella deWeinberg 1979; Abadía de

Quant 1992; Bertolotti&Coll 2003). In the case ofustedes, the 3rd personwas first

employed in the stressedpronounbut it hasnot forcedall syntactic elements tobe

inflectedin3rdpersonyet,asIwillshowhereinafter.Thirdperson,then,isexpectedto

extendgraduallyuntilitisestablishedinalltheustedessyntacticreferences.

2.1.Geolinguisticcorpus

Themostrecentinformationavailableonthisphenomenoncanbefoundinthe

LinguisticAtlasof the IberianPeninsula (ALPI, in theSpanishacronym),uploadedon

Heap(2003).ThisdialectatlaswasconceivedbyMenéndezPidalandcarriedoutbya

groupofresearchers,whotravelledthroughouttheIberianPeninsula,withtheaimof


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246

collecting the phonological, lexical and morphosyntactic phenomena of all the

Romancelanguagesinthepeninsula.Theirinterviewsweremadebetweenthe1920’s

and the 1950’s and these consisted of pre-established sentences and words that

informants had to repeat based on their vernacular variety. The lack of spontaneity

could have tainted in the informant’s response. However,we have to keep inmind

thattheydidnotcountwiththegadgetswedonowadaysandplentyoftheirlinguistic

findingshavebeenconfirmedlateron.

Within thesepre-established sentences, therewereelevenwith reference toa

secondpersonplural.Theseprovideddataaboutthestressedpronoun, thereflexive

particle, the accusative pronoun, as well as main verbs tensed in imperative and

presentindicative.Therewasalsoasentencewithanembeddedverb.Thankstothis

important work, some information on this phenomenon could be disseminated,

regarding three parameters: its geographic diffusion pattern, its grammatical

behaviouranditspragmaticincidence.

In termsof its geographicextension, theustedes phenomenonwasattested in

WestAndalusia,concretelyintheprovincesofCádiz,Seville,Huelva,Córdoba(except

the northern part) andMálaga (excepting the eastern part).Moreover, its diffusion

pattern followed the wave model, as postulated by Chambers & Trudgill (1980) or

Wolfram & Schilling-Estes (2003). This model states that a specific linguistic

phenomenonarises inaspecificgeographicpoint,calledfocusorepicentre, inwhich

allthefurtherinnovationsconcerningthephenomenonwillarisefirsttoo.

Figure1.Wavemodelpattern(Wolfram&Schilling-Estes2003:714)

In Figure1,R represents the rule changewithinan innovation. Thehypothesis

predictsthatinaninnovationinwhichthreechangeshavebeenproducedR1arisesin

a specific point where it will be diffused from toward its outlying area. When R1



247

extends to the periphery, R2will have appeared in the same pointwhere R1 arose

before. Inanulteriorevolution,R2will have reached theoutlyingareaof the focus,

whileR1willhaveshiftedovertoamoredistantarea,and,atthesametime,R3will

haveemergedinthefocus.

Additionally, this pattern presents three tendencies described in Chambers &

Trudgill(1980:167-168),andshownasfollows:

a)If,oftwolinguisticforms,oneisfoundinisolatedareasandtheotherinareas

moreaccessible,theformeristheolder.

b) If, of two linguistic forms,one is found inperipheral areas and theother in

centralareas,thentheformeristheolder.

c)If,oftwoforms,oneissuedoveralargerareathantheother,thenthatisthe

older.

Ifall this information isapplied to thephenomenonunder investigation,based

on the ALPI data drawn inMap 3, several conclusions can be remarked. Level 1 is

characterisedbychange1;level2bychanges1and2;level3,bychanges1,2and3,

and,finally,level4hasreachedfourchanges.Thisspatialdiffusiondemonstratesthat

this phenomenon arose in Cádiz and southern Seville, since it is the area that has

diffused all the changes occurring in it. Themore proximate to this area, themore

changesshared;thelessproximate,thefewerchangesshared,untilthephenomenon

fades.

Map3.Andalusiageographicdiffusionpattern(Lara2012:85)


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248

Intermsof itsgrammaticalbehaviour,thisphenomenonpredictstheextension

ofthe3rdpersonplural inallthesyntacticelementsanchoringustedes.Sinceustedes

induces3rdpersonpluralinflections,thesemustappeargradually,untilitissettledin

alltheelementswithreferencetoustedes.AccordingtoMap3,theextensionofthe

3rdpersonfollowsanimplicativehierarchyrepresentedin1.

1.Stressedpronoun>reflexive>accusative>embeddedverb

The continuummustbe read as follows: the adoptionof the thirdperson in a

specificpieceimpliesitsappearanceintheelementsontheleft.So,ifthethirdperson

isattestedintheaccusative,italsoarisesinthereflexiveand,ofcourse,inthestressed

pronoun.Thisextensiongoesrightwardsinthehierarchy.

Intermsofpragmatics, the informant’sgrammaticalagreementdidnotchange

based on the degree of politeness. Ustedes was used both for formality and

informality. The adoption of third person or the maintenance of second person

inflectionswasnotaffectedbythetypeofaddressees.

3.Corpusandmethodology

Secondpersonpluralpronounsarethe least likely toappear inaconversation.

Thesociolinguisticinterview,thus,isnotusefulforustocollectthiskindofdata,since

theinformantstendtospeakaboutthemselves,aboutotherpeople’slivesortheyare

sure to address one interviewer only, although there may be two people posing

questions.

Inordertocompensatetheshortcomingsariseninthepre-establishedsentences

andquestionnaires,aswellasthe lowprobabilityofappearanceof2ndpersonplural

inflectionsthroughothermorerecentmethods,Idesignedanothertypeofprompting.

Alltheinformantsanalysedcollaboratedintheactivitycreatedexpresslytoobtainas

many second person inflections as possible. This consisted of having the informants

dubaseriesofscenescompiledfromthepopularsitcomsFriendsandtheSpanishAquí

no hay quien viva (‘It is impossible to live here’). Both sitcoms usually show one

charactertalkingtomorethanonepersonatthesametime.Besides,theircharacters



249

have to speak to any kind of addressees, that is, elderly people, bosses, flatmates,

friends, neighbours, acquaintances, children, etc. It is, therefore, a great chance to

analyse possiblemismatches in the informants’ grammatical agreement, having also

into account the formality of the given situation. The informants had to dub the

character addressing the others, according to a previous synopsis I described. Each

scenepromptedtheemergenceofaspecificsyntacticelement(verb,reflexive,object

clitics,andsoon)thankstothesynopsis.Icompiledseveralscenesforeachsyntactic

piecetoappear,inordertoensurethequantitativepartofthecorpusanditsfurther

analysis. I did not condition the informants, since the description of the scene was

always carriedoutwith references to thirdpersons, sono secondpersonpluralwas

previouslymentionedatall.Allthefieldworkwascarriedoutalongtheyear2012.

4.Analysis

My corpus is hence constituted by 4,500 examples of second person plural

inflections, from around 250 informants. The occurrences were processed by the

computer programme SPSS and analysed statistically, based on the following social

factors:sex,age,educationallevelandgeographicarea.Below,Iwilldetailthenumber

ofpeople,dependingon the social factor analysed,who chooseU (ustedes), that is,

the vernacular alternative, or V (vosotros), that is, the standard. Furthermore, I will

pointouttherealstatisticalsignificanceofeachfactor(Pearson’schisquaredtest),in

ordertodefinethetruesocialinfluencesaffectingthisphenomenonandIwillapplya

logistic regression to the variables. Eventually, I will show three maps of the most

significant variables. Each map is drawn regarding the proportion of usage of the

vernacular particularity: a) less than a third of informants; b) around two thirds; c)

mostoftheinformants.

a)Sex

Informants in theALPIweremaleonly. I chose to findwhether therewas any

differencebetweensexes,sinceanumberofstudieshaveprovedthatwomenusually


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250

lead theprestigious linguistic change (Labov1966; Labov1978;Chambers&Trudgill

1980;Chambers1995;BlasArroyo2005).

In Figure 2, women are more inclined to employ the standard pattern, in

comparison with men, who prefer the vernacular particularity. However, this

advantage is quite slight and both genders are characterised by the same linguistic

behaviour.

U/V*Sex

Sex TotalMen Women

U/VU 65 67 132V 42 55 97

Total 107 122 229Table5.Sex

Figure2.Sex

Besides, thePearson’schisquaredtestappliedtovariablesexdidnotarriveat

the statistical significance,although it reached theedgeof it.On thewhole,women

seemtobeslightlyclosertotheprestige,suchasLabov(1966and1978)orHovarth

(1985)haveattested.

b)Age

Age has nearly always been key in the leadership or stigmatisation of a given

linguisticphenomenon.Although in theALPI, informantswereolder than fifty, Ialso



251

interviewedyoungerspeakers.Allmyinformantsaredividedinthreegroups,basedon

theirage:youngerthan30,from30to60,olderthan60.

U/V*Age Age Total

-30 30-60 60-

U/VU 55 48 29 132V 37 55 5 97

Total 92 103 34 229Table6.Age

Figure3.Age

Figure 3 shows thatmiddle-aged speakersmostly prefer the prestigious form,

whereasyoungeronesaremoreconservative.Ontheotherhand,elderlypeoplestill

use overwhelmingly the dialect systemof pronouns. The fact that younger speakers

are more vernacular than their parents can be due to the theory of the linguistic

market, stated by Bourdieu (1978) and attested in other phenomena, like in

Macaulay’s(1977)studyabouttheelisionof[t]aroundtheGlasgowareaandSeara’s

(2000)investigationonthe1stpluralpronouninnovationinPortuguese,agenteinthe

placeofthenormativenós.Thistheorypostulatesthatthepeoplewhoareperforming

anyjobhavetogetusedtoprestigiouspatterns,alsoinlanguage,inordertosucceed

intheircareers.Whereasyoungspeakersattendhighschooloruniversity,themajority


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ofthemiddle-agedspeakersalreadyworks,sotheyhavetoadoptthepatternssociety

expectsthemtohave.

Thechi squared test for thisvariable resulted inahighsignificant factor in the

selectionoftheprestigiousorthevernacularusage.

c)Educationalbackground

The educational background is narrowly related to the age since theolder the

informantsare,thelesslikelytohaveahigheducationallevel.Societyhaschangedin

Spaininthelastdecades.Elderlypeopledidnotusetogotoschool,whilemiddle-aged

peoplestartedtoreachuniversitylittlebylittle.Nowadays,schoolisobligatoryuntil16

yearsoldandahighproportioncontinuestostudyinuniversities.

U/V*Educationallevel Educationallevel Total

Low High

U/VU 116 16 132V 53 44 97

Total 169 60 229Table7.Educationallevel

Figure4.Educationallevel



253

In figure 4, speakers with a high educational level try to adopt the standard

usage of pronouns. They choose mostly the standard pattern and are clearly

differentiatedfromthepeoplewhohavenotreacheduniversity,regardlesstheirage.

Map4.Loweducationallevel

Map5.Higheducationallevel

Education has revealed as a key in the use of the prestigious forms, as Labov

(1978)orChambers’s(1997)studyonthecomplementizerqueintheMontréalFrench

havedemonstrated.Asforage,theresultofthechisquaredwashighlysignificant,and

therefore,educationisakeyfactortoemployustedesonlyortotellapartthedegree

ofpolitenessthroughdifferentpronouns(seeMaps4and5).


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254

d)Geographicarea

Theanalysisbasedonthegeographyofthephenomenonhasbeendouble.Ithas

been divided in two parameters: on the one hand, the province where this

phenomenonissaidtobeattestedandwasactuallyattestedbytheALPI;ontheother

hand,thezonesariseninthegeographicdiffusionpatterntakenfromALPIdata,that

is, zones from 1 up to 4 (see Map 3). I have interviewed in villages where this

phenomenon was not witnessed a century ago, in case it has spread (zone 0).

Moreover,Iaimedtofindthecurrentdiffusionpattern,incasethewavemodeldoes

notworkanylonger.

U/V*Province Province Total

Cádiz Córdoba Huelva Málaga Seville

U/VU 32 13 22 25 40 132

V 18 15 16 22 26 97

Total 50 28 38 47 66 229

Table8.Province

Figure5.Province



255

U/V*ZoneALPI ZONEALPI Total

0 1 2 3 4

U/VU 0 16 63 18 35 132V 8 19 33 22 15 97

Total 8 35 96 40 50 229Table9.ZoneALPI

Figure6.ZoneALPI

U/V*POP500.000 POP500.000 Total

-500000 500000

U/VU 124 8 132V 81 16 97

Total 205 24 229Table10.Population


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256

Figure7.Population

Ontheonehand,CádizandSevillearethedistrictswithahigherproportionof

maintainingthephenomenon.CórdobaandMálagabehavetheoppositeway,andthe

districtofHuelvaswingsbetweeneitherthestandardtendencyorthevernacularone

(see Figure 5). This phenomenon has not extended further than it had almost one

hundredyearsearlier. Indeed, ithasnotbeenwitnessedinsomevillageswhereALPI

collectedtheusageofthisparticularity.Inthatsense,thephenomenonhasdecreased

ingeographicalterms.ThisregressionhastakenplaceinnorthernCórdoba.

On theotherhand, there isa strongvariationalso ingeography.Nevertheless,

the conclusion is that the further away from the focus, the likelier to imitate the

standardusage.TheclosertotheALPIfocusorepicentre,thatis,Cádizandsouthern

Seville,thelikeliertokeepthevernacularemployment(seeFigure6andMap6).



257

Map6.ZoneALPI

Lastly,Ihaveanalysedstatisticallytheproportionofthisphenomenon,basedon

the population of the locality. Despite the high variation, there seems to be a clear

distinction between large cities, such as Seville andMálaga, and towns and villages

(seeFigure7).Theformertrytoadoptthestandardusage,whilethelatteraremore

conservativeandprefer tomaintain thevernacularphenomenon.Ofall thedivisions

basedonthepopulation,thechisquaredtestgaveahighsignificanceonlyinthecase

of thedifferentiationbetween largecities (more thanhalf amillion inhabitants)and

townsandvillages(lessthanhalfamillioninhabitants).However,inallfiguresrelated

to the population, the smaller the town was, the likelier it kept the vernacular

phenomenon.Thismayleadtotheconclusionofanewkindofspatialdiffusionofthe

standardusageindetrimentofthedialectparticularity:thegravitymodel.Thispattern

predictsthatagivenlinguisticphenomenonwillextenddependingonthepopulation

densityoftwopoints.Accordingtotheseauthors:

Changes are most likely to begin in large, heavily populated cities, which have

historically been cultural centres. From there, they radiate outward, but not in a

simplewavepattern.Rather,innovationsfirstreachmoderatelysizedcities,which

fall under the area of influence of some large, focal city, leaving nearby sparsely

populatedareasunaffected.Gradually,innovationsfilterdownfrommorepopulous

areastothoseoflesserpopulation,affectingruralareaslast,evenifsuchareasare


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258

quite close to the original focal area of the change. (Wolfram & Schilling-Estes,

2003:724)

e)Regressionanalysis

Themultivariate analysis carried outwith all the variables taken into account,

has resulted inahierarchical series, inwhich theeducational level is themainsocial

factor that influencesontheselectionbetweeneither thevernacularparticularityor

thestandardpattern.Afterthis,theALPIzoneiskeytochooseoneofthealternatives:

themoreproximatetothefocus,themorevernacular.Finally,thedistinctionbetween

towns bigger than half amillion inhabitants and the rest interferes in the tendency

towards the standard usage or the maintenance of the dialect phenomenon. The

biggertownsare,themoreinclinedtheyaretotheprestigepattern.Age,althoughit

hadasignificantrelevancewhenappliedthePearson’schisquaredtest,wasnarrowly

correlatedtoeducationalbackground.AselderlypeopledidnotattendschoolinSpain

somedecades ago, theybelong to the least literate groupof society: theywere the

more vernacular. The groupof peopleup to 60 years old is constitutedby speakers

thathaveornotattendeduniversity.Thehighertheireducationalbackgroundis,the

morestandardtheybehavelinguistically.

5.Conclusion

Nowadays,Andalusianspeakersarecharacterisedbyahighalternationbetween

thestandardandthevernacular,regardingthesecondpersonpluralpronounssystem.

There is a dramatic tendency toward the prestige and the standard usage, and this

behaviourisled,aboveall,bypeoplewithahigheducationalbackground,andwholive

inlargeurbanenvironments.Additionally,thisnewchangeseemstospreadfollowing

agravitymodel,unlikethewavediffusionpatternattestedlastcentury.Thestandard

pressureisfirstwitnessedinthepopulouscitiesofSevilleandMálaga.Therefore,the

smaller towns are, the likelier theymaintain the vernacular phenomenon. Although

womenhaveaslightinclinationtowardstandardisation,ithasnotresultedsignificant



259

in the statistical analysis. Middle-aged informants were the closest to the prestige

pattern. However, the logistic regression correlated the factor age to educational

background.Therefore,althoughelderlypeopleareoverwhelminglyvernacular, they

didnot attend school in their childhoods. Younger speakers tend to the standardor

not,dependingontheireducationallevel,regardlesstheirage.Astheyoungestgroup,

the one up to 30 years old, is formed by peoplewho have not reached the age to

attend university or they have not completed their studies, they have kept the

vernacular particularity in a higher proportion than middle-aged people, whose

educationalbackgroundisusuallyhigher.

Linguistically,inthedialectphenomenon,the3rdpersonpluralextendsacrossan

implicative continuum. The stressed pronoun is the onewhere it is attested before,

thenitpassestothereflexive,verbanditfinishesintheaccusativeanddativeclitics,in

thisorder.Finally,possessivesarethesyntacticpieceswiththeleastprobabilitytobe

inflected in 3rd person. This hierarchy responds to Blake’s grammatical relations, as

well as the distinction between concord and index postulated byWechsler& Zlatic.

Lastly, Corbett’s statements about syntactic and semantic agreement, aswell as the

positionofcontrollerversustargetwithinthesentencehavealsobeenrelevantinthe

spreadoftheinnovativegrammaticalagreement.

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allocutive pronouns in andalusia and their tendency toward

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