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AN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

ASSESSMENT OF FEDERAL HOUSING

ESTATE, MALALI, KADUNA

BY

SHEHU, MUHAMMAD MANSUR

2003/17972VB

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF

TECHNOLOGY, MINNA.

IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

(B.TECH) IN BUILDING.

NOVEMBER, 2008

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DECLARATION

I, SHEHU, MUHAMMAD MANSUR with matriculation number 2003/17972VB a

student of the Building department, School of Environmental Technology, Federal

University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria, do hereby declare that this

thesis is an original research work carried out by me under the supervision of Mr.

William P. Akanmu. This research work has not been presented either wholly or in

part for my degree, diploma or certificate elsewhere. All references previously

published and unpublished materials are acknowledged.

............................... ..............................

Shehu, Muhammad Mansur Date

(2003/17972VB)

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DEDICATION

................To Almighty Allah, the Living, the Everlasting (Ya Hayyum, Ya

Qayyum) and to my beloved Late parents Alhaji Sani Usman Shehu and Hajiya

Rahmatu Ummah Abbah El-ansari.

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CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this project An Environmental Sustainability Assessment of

Federal Housing Estate, Malali, Kaduna was carried out by SHEHU,

MUHAMMAD MANSUR, a student of the Building department, School of

Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State,

Nigeria.

............................... ..............................

Mr William P. Akanmu. Date

Project Supervisor

............................... ..............................

Mr A. E. Agbo Date

Project Coordinator

............................... ..............................

Mr. I. A. Jimoh Date

Head of Department

............................... ..............................

External Examiner Date

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

For Him (Almighty Allah) who has seen me through this phase of my life, I give

thanks to Him, glorify His oneness and kindness. I commend the Prophet Muhammed

(P.B.U.H) for guiding me through his Sunnah and Hadiths throughout my sojourn and

writing of this research.

My profound gratitude and appreciation goes to my supervisor Mr William P.

Akanmu, for not only his professional contribution to the success of this research but

for also the advice and guidance. Your reward is with the Almighty God, He that

rewards beyond measures.

My sincere appreciation goes to all my lecturers, all secretaries, clerks and technical

staff. For impacting the academic knowledge I have in me and for making me a

Graduate Builder.

No words can express my unending gratitude to my late parents Alhaji Sani Usman

Shehu & Hajiya Rahmatu Ummah Abbah Elansari, may their gentle souls rest in

perfect peace, for their care, support, advice, encouragement and unconditional love

during their stay on this earth. To my Brothers and sisters Adamu, Auwal, Bilkisu,

Aminah, Abdulmumeen, Rahmatu, Usman, Abdullahi, Ibraheem and Faizah without

you, there is no me, thank you for always being there for me, and helping me up

whenever I am down. To my best friend Rukaiyat O. Abioye, thanks for believing in

me, giving me a shoulder to lean on, and a listening ear to complain to, for your love,

understanding and encouragement, may you be favoured on this earth and in the

hereafter by Almighty Allah (Amin).

Jazakumulla khairan goes to my uncles, aunts and cousins, noticeably; Hajiya Hafsat

H. Aminu, Alhaji Sambo Sabo Abbah, Hajiya Fatimah A. Tijjani, Engr. Abdullahi

Mohammed and Suleiman Muhammad.

Profound gratitude and appreciation goes to my guardian and mentor, Arc. Abdulkadir

Mohammed, mnia, mni, for his persistence and belief in me.

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Hanafi, Babafemi, Akin, Obajuxxl, Emuejevoke, Victor and Donald, I appreciate your

contributions to my endeavours and always giving me a helping hand, a resounding

Thank you.

Kudos to Jamilu Jiddere, Mustapha Adamu, Abubakar Karofi and Abubakar Ibrahim

Jamo, you all played significant roles in my life, thanks. To all my colleagues and

good friends of 2007/2008 Building graduating class, thanks.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page i

Certification ii

Declaration iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v-vi

Table of content vii- x

List of tables xi

List of figures xii

Abstract xiii

Chapter One

Introduction

1.0 Background to the Study 1

1.1 Need for the Study 4

1.3 Research Question/Problem 5

1.4 Aim 5

1.5 Objectives 6

1.6 Hypothesis 6

1.7 Scope of the Study 7

1.8 Methodology 7

1.9 Definition of Terms 8

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Chapter Two

Literature Review

2.1.1 Sustainability 16

2.2 Sustainable Design 16

2.3 Principles of Sustainable Design 18

2.3.1 Sustainable Architecture 20

2.3.2 Building Placement 21

2.3.3 Heating, Ventilation and Cooling System Efficiency 21

2.3.4 Alternative Energy Production and Building Design 23

2.3.5 Waste Management 24

2.3.6 Re-Using Structures and Materials 24

2.3.7 Social Sustainability in Design 24

2.3.8 Green Building Materials 25

Chapter Three

Research Methodology

3.1 Introduction 28

3.2 Area of the Study 28

3.3 Historical Background of Malali Housing Estate 29

3.4 Malali Housing Estate Structures/Buildings 29

3.5 Design of the Study 30

3.6 Research Population 31

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3.7 Data and Method of Data Collection 31

3.7.1 LEED Points How they are Awarded 32

3.7.1.1 LEED for Existing Buildings (LEED EB) 32

3.7.1.2 LEED for Neighbourhood Development (LEED ND) 33

3.8 Instrument for Data Analysis 33

3.8.1 Regression Analysis 33

3.8.2 The Coefficient of Determinant 35

3.8.3 Decision Rule 35

3.8.4 Analysis of variance 35

3.8.5 Inferential Statistical Analysis 36

3.8.6 Descriptive Statistical Analysis 36

Chapter Four

Data Presentation, Analysis and Discussion

4.1 Introduction 37

4.2 Data Presentation 38

4.3 Data Analysis 50

4.4 Descriptive Analysis of Data 55

4.4.1 Summary of Descriptive Analysis 58

4.5 Inferential Analysis of Data 59

4.6 Discussion of Result 65

4.7 Summary of findings 65

4.8 Summary of Chapter four 66

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Chapter Five

Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Introduction 67

5.2 General Summary 67

5.3 Conclusion 68

5.4 Recommendation 69

5.5 Implementation of the Study 71

5.5 Suggested Areas for further Research 72

5.6 Expected Contribution to Knowledge 72

References 73

Appendix

LIST OF TABLES

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Table Title Page

Table 4.1: LEED EB SUSTAINABLE SITES 37

Table 4.2: LEED EB WATER EFFICIENCY 39

Table 4.3: LEED EB ENERGY & ATMOSPHERE 39

Table 4.4: LEED EB MATERIALS & RESOURCES 41

Table 4.5: LEED EB INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUANTITY 43

Table 4.6: LEED EB INNOVATION & DESIGN PROCESS 45

Table 4.7: LEED ND SMART LOCATION & LINKAGES 46

Table 4.8: LEED ND NEIGHBOURHOOD PATTERN & DESIGN 47

Table 4.9: LEED ND GREEN CONSTRUCTION & TECH 48

Table 4.10: LEED ND INNOVATION & DESIGN PROCESS 49

Table 4.11: Housing Types 50

Table 4.12: Summary of Data Collected from Three (3) bedrooms building type

for LEED EB, Existing Buildings 51

Table 4.13: Summary of Data Collected from Three (3) bedrooms building type

for LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development 52

Table 4.14: Summary of Data Collected from Two (2) bedrooms building type

for LEED EB, Existing Buildings 52

Table 4.15: Summary of Data Collected from Two (2) bedrooms building type

for LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development 53

Table 4.16: Summary of Data Collected from One (1) bedroom building type for

LEED EB, Existing Buildings 53

Table 4.17: Summary of Data Collected from One (1) bedroom building type for

LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development 54

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Table 4.18: Experiment No: 4.1 showing One (1) bedroom (LEED EB,

Existing Building) 59

Table 4.19: Experiment No: 4.2 showing One (1) bedroom (LEED ND,

Neighbourhood Development) 60

Table 4.20: Experiment No: 4.3 showing Two (2) bedrooms (LEED EB,


Table 4.21: Experiment No: 4.4 showing Two (2) bedrooms (LEED ND,


Table 4.22: Experiment No: 4.5 showing Three (3) bedrooms (LEED EB,


Table 4.23: Experiment No: 4.6 showing Three (3) bedrooms (LEED ND,


LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title Page

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Figure 2.1: The Passivehaus 20

Figure 4.1: Housing Types by Percentage 51

Figure 4.2:LEED EB, Existing Building Rating for 3-BEDROOMS TYPE 55

Figure 4.3:LEED ND, Existing Building Rating for 3-BEDROOMS TYPE 56

Figure 4.4: LEED EB, Existing Building Rating for 2-BEDROOMS TYPE 56

Figure 4.5:LEED ND, Existing Building Rating for -BEDROOMS TYPE 57

Figure 4.6:LEED EB, Existing Building Rating for 1-BEDROOM TYPE 57

Figure 4.7: LEED ND, Existing Building Rating for 1-BEDROOM TYPE 58

ABSTRACT

The green movement is more than an industry whim or fad; it is a movement that

originated in, and grew from, a genuine necessity to avert a potential long-term

disaster, while also-as luck and nature would have it-providing several important

benefits, both human and economical. The green building movement has four

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interested parties; the environment, the owner, the user and the contractor (FCWI,

2008). This prompted the need for this study in which Federal Housing Estate, Malali,

Kaduna State was used as a case study. A careful analysis of the planning, design,

building materials used, services and infrastructure was carried out through the use of

a rating system provided by Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

which (the results) were subjected to statistical tests. This gave a clear picture of the

performance of the buildings types and their green compatibility. It also brought into

limelight the level of sustainability they have achieved considering their age and time

of construction. Some evaluation factors like; Energy & Atmosphere, Materials &

Resources, and Indoor Environmental Quality were identified as critical factors that

affected their sustainability levels. But Smart Linkages & Locations, Neighbourhood

Pattern & Design and Innovation & Design Process accounted for the positive scoring.

Conclusions and several Recommendations were drawn to indicate areas of

improvement.

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