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    AN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

    ASSESSMENT OF FEDERAL HOUSING

    ESTATE, MALALI, KADUNA

    BY

    SHEHU, MUHAMMAD MANSUR

    2003/17972VB

    A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE

    DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF

    TECHNOLOGY, MINNA.

    IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

    FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

    (B.TECH) IN BUILDING.

    NOVEMBER, 2008

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    DECLARATION

    I, SHEHU, MUHAMMAD MANSUR with matriculation number 2003/17972VB a

    student of the Building department, School of Environmental Technology, Federal

    University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria, do hereby declare that this

    thesis is an original research work carried out by me under the supervision of Mr.

    William P. Akanmu. This research work has not been presented either wholly or in

    part for my degree, diploma or certificate elsewhere. All references previously

    published and unpublished materials are acknowledged.

    ............................... ..............................

    Shehu, Muhammad Mansur Date

    (2003/17972VB)

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    DEDICATION

    ................To Almighty Allah, the Living, the Everlasting (Ya Hayyum, Ya

    Qayyum) and to my beloved Late parents Alhaji Sani Usman Shehu and Hajiya

    Rahmatu Ummah Abbah El-ansari.

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    CERTIFICATION

    This is to certify that this project An Environmental Sustainability Assessment of

    Federal Housing Estate, Malali, Kaduna was carried out by SHEHU,

    MUHAMMAD MANSUR, a student of the Building department, School of

    Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State,

    Nigeria.

    ............................... ..............................

    Mr William P. Akanmu. Date

    Project Supervisor

    ............................... ..............................

    Mr A. E. Agbo Date

    Project Coordinator

    ............................... ..............................

    Mr. I. A. Jimoh Date

    Head of Department

    ............................... ..............................

    External Examiner Date

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    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    For Him (Almighty Allah) who has seen me through this phase of my life, I give

    thanks to Him, glorify His oneness and kindness. I commend the Prophet Muhammed

    (P.B.U.H) for guiding me through his Sunnah and Hadiths throughout my sojourn and

    writing of this research.

    My profound gratitude and appreciation goes to my supervisor Mr William P.

    Akanmu, for not only his professional contribution to the success of this research but

    for also the advice and guidance. Your reward is with the Almighty God, He that

    rewards beyond measures.

    My sincere appreciation goes to all my lecturers, all secretaries, clerks and technical

    staff. For impacting the academic knowledge I have in me and for making me a

    Graduate Builder.

    No words can express my unending gratitude to my late parents Alhaji Sani Usman

    Shehu & Hajiya Rahmatu Ummah Abbah Elansari, may their gentle souls rest in

    perfect peace, for their care, support, advice, encouragement and unconditional love

    during their stay on this earth. To my Brothers and sisters Adamu, Auwal, Bilkisu,

    Aminah, Abdulmumeen, Rahmatu, Usman, Abdullahi, Ibraheem and Faizah without

    you, there is no me, thank you for always being there for me, and helping me up

    whenever I am down. To my best friend Rukaiyat O. Abioye, thanks for believing in

    me, giving me a shoulder to lean on, and a listening ear to complain to, for your love,

    understanding and encouragement, may you be favoured on this earth and in the

    hereafter by Almighty Allah (Amin).

    Jazakumulla khairan goes to my uncles, aunts and cousins, noticeably; Hajiya Hafsat

    H. Aminu, Alhaji Sambo Sabo Abbah, Hajiya Fatimah A. Tijjani, Engr. Abdullahi

    Mohammed and Suleiman Muhammad.

    Profound gratitude and appreciation goes to my guardian and mentor, Arc. Abdulkadir

    Mohammed, mnia, mni, for his persistence and belief in me.

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    Hanafi, Babafemi, Akin, Obajuxxl, Emuejevoke, Victor and Donald, I appreciate your

    contributions to my endeavours and always giving me a helping hand, a resounding

    Thank you.

    Kudos to Jamilu Jiddere, Mustapha Adamu, Abubakar Karofi and Abubakar Ibrahim

    Jamo, you all played significant roles in my life, thanks. To all my colleagues and

    good friends of 2007/2008 Building graduating class, thanks.

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    TABLE OF CONTENT

    Title Page i

    Certification ii

    Declaration iii

    Dedication iv

    Acknowledgement v-vi

    Table of content vii- x

    List of tables xi

    List of figures xii

    Abstract xiii

    Chapter One

    Introduction

    1.0 Background to the Study 1

    1.1 Need for the Study 4

    1.3 Research Question/Problem 5

    1.4 Aim 5

    1.5 Objectives 6

    1.6 Hypothesis 6

    1.7 Scope of the Study 7

    1.8 Methodology 7

    1.9 Definition of Terms 8

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    Chapter Two

    Literature Review

    2.1.1 Sustainability 16

    2.2 Sustainable Design 16

    2.3 Principles of Sustainable Design 18

    2.3.1 Sustainable Architecture 20

    2.3.2 Building Placement 21

    2.3.3 Heating, Ventilation and Cooling System Efficiency 21

    2.3.4 Alternative Energy Production and Building Design 23

    2.3.5 Waste Management 24

    2.3.6 Re-Using Structures and Materials 24

    2.3.7 Social Sustainability in Design 24

    2.3.8 Green Building Materials 25

    Chapter Three

    Research Methodology

    3.1 Introduction 28

    3.2 Area of the Study 28

    3.3 Historical Background of Malali Housing Estate 29

    3.4 Malali Housing Estate Structures/Buildings 29

    3.5 Design of the Study 30

    3.6 Research Population 31

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    3.7 Data and Method of Data Collection 31

    3.7.1 LEED Points How they are Awarded 32

    3.7.1.1 LEED for Existing Buildings (LEED EB) 32

    3.7.1.2 LEED for Neighbourhood Development (LEED ND) 33

    3.8 Instrument for Data Analysis 33

    3.8.1 Regression Analysis 33

    3.8.2 The Coefficient of Determinant 35

    3.8.3 Decision Rule 35

    3.8.4 Analysis of variance 35

    3.8.5 Inferential Statistical Analysis 36

    3.8.6 Descriptive Statistical Analysis 36

    Chapter Four

    Data Presentation, Analysis and Discussion

    4.1 Introduction 37

    4.2 Data Presentation 38

    4.3 Data Analysis 50

    4.4 Descriptive Analysis of Data 55

    4.4.1 Summary of Descriptive Analysis 58

    4.5 Inferential Analysis of Data 59

    4.6 Discussion of Result 65

    4.7 Summary of findings 65

    4.8 Summary of Chapter four 66

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    Chapter Five

    Conclusion and Recommendation

    5.1 Introduction 67

    5.2 General Summary 67

    5.3 Conclusion 68

    5.4 Recommendation 69

    5.5 Implementation of the Study 71

    5.5 Suggested Areas for further Research 72

    5.6 Expected Contribution to Knowledge 72

    References 73

    Appendix

    LIST OF TABLES

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    Table Title Page

    Table 4.1: LEED EB SUSTAINABLE SITES 37

    Table 4.2: LEED EB WATER EFFICIENCY 39

    Table 4.3: LEED EB ENERGY & ATMOSPHERE 39

    Table 4.4: LEED EB MATERIALS & RESOURCES 41

    Table 4.5: LEED EB INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUANTITY 43

    Table 4.6: LEED EB INNOVATION & DESIGN PROCESS 45

    Table 4.7: LEED ND SMART LOCATION & LINKAGES 46

    Table 4.8: LEED ND NEIGHBOURHOOD PATTERN & DESIGN 47

    Table 4.9: LEED ND GREEN CONSTRUCTION & TECH 48

    Table 4.10: LEED ND INNOVATION & DESIGN PROCESS 49

    Table 4.11: Housing Types 50

    Table 4.12: Summary of Data Collected from Three (3) bedrooms building type

    for LEED EB, Existing Buildings 51

    Table 4.13: Summary of Data Collected from Three (3) bedrooms building type

    for LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development 52

    Table 4.14: Summary of Data Collected from Two (2) bedrooms building type

    for LEED EB, Existing Buildings 52

    Table 4.15: Summary of Data Collected from Two (2) bedrooms building type

    for LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development 53

    Table 4.16: Summary of Data Collected from One (1) bedroom building type for

    LEED EB, Existing Buildings 53

    Table 4.17: Summary of Data Collected from One (1) bedroom building type for

    LEED ND, Neighbourhood Development 54

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    Table 4.18: Experiment No: 4.1 showing One (1) bedroom (LEED EB,

    Existing Building) 59

    Table 4.19: Experiment No: 4.2 showing One (1) bedroom (LEED ND,

    Neighbourhood Development) 60

    Table 4.20: Experiment No: 4.3 showing Two (2) bedrooms (LEED EB,

    Existing Building) 61

    Table 4.21: Experiment No: 4.4 showing Two (2) bedrooms (LEED ND,

    Neighbourhood Development) 62

    Table 4.22: Experiment No: 4.5 showing Three (3) bedrooms (LEED EB,

    Existing Building) 63

    Table 4.23: Experiment No: 4.6 showing Three (3) bedrooms (LEED ND,

    Neighbourhood Development) 64

    LIST OF FIGURES

    Figure Title Page

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    Figure 2.1: The Passivehaus 20

    Figure 4.1: Housing Types by Percentage 51

    Figure 4.2:LEED EB, Existing Building Rating for 3-BEDROOMS TYPE 55

    Figure 4.3:LEED ND, Existing Building Rating for 3-BEDROOMS TYPE 56

    Figure 4.4: LEED EB, Existing Building Rating for 2-BEDROOMS TYPE 56

    Figure 4.5:LEED ND, Existing Building Rating for -BEDROOMS TYPE 57

    Figure 4.6:LEED EB, Existing Building Rating for 1-BEDROOM TYPE 57

    Figure 4.7: LEED ND, Existing Building Rating for 1-BEDROOM TYPE 58

    ABSTRACT

    The green movement is more than an industry whim or fad; it is a movement that

    originated in, and grew from, a genuine necessity to avert a potential long-term

    disaster, while also-as luck and nature would have it-providing several important

    benefits, both human and economical. The green building movement has four

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    interested parties; the environment, the owner, the user and the contractor (FCWI,

    2008). This prompted the need for this study in which Federal Housing Estate, Malali,

    Kaduna State was used as a case study. A careful analysis of the planning, design,

    building materials used, services and infrastructure was carried out through the use of

    a rating system provided by Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

    which (the results) were subjected to statistical tests. This gave a clear picture of the

    performance of the buildings types and their green compatibility. It also brought into

    limelight the level of sustainability they have achieved considering their age and time

    of construction. Some evaluation factors like; Energy & Atmosphere, Materials &

    Resources, and Indoor Environmental Quality were identified as critical factors that

    affected their sustainability levels. But Smart Linkages & Locations, Neighbourhood

    Pattern & Design and Innovation & Design Process accounted for the positive scoring.

    Conclusions and several Recommendations were drawn to indicate areas of

    improvement.

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