alpha-theta the addicted brain drug abuse produces long-term changes in the reward circuitry of the...
TRANSCRIPT
Alpha-theta
The Addicted BrainDrug abuse produces long-term
changes in the reward circuitry of the brain
Electrical stimulation of brains (ESB)
• Electrical stimulation of brains of rats - James Olds in 1950s; – Jacobsen and Torkildsen replicated
work in humans;– some epileptics stimulated themselves
into convulsions
•
INTRA-CRANIAL SELF-STIMULATION
• Rodent wireheads– 0.0005 amperes for less than a second whenever rat pushed
lever– Rates of up to 10,000 bar-presses an hour recorded – Medial forebrain bundle passing through lateral hypothalamus
and ventral tegmentum– An animal will self-stimulate for more than 24 hrs continuously
without rest, and will cross electrified grid to gain access to lever – Other brain centers are aversive, such as periaqueductal grey
matter (PAG)
– Ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons manufacture dopamine and they are under continuous inhibition by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system, an important component of the ”final common pathway" of reward, implicated in addiction, mood, and learning.
Lifetime Rates by Gender
Disorder Males Females TOTAL (%)
Anxiety disorder
19 31 25
Unipolar Depression
13 21 17
Mania 2 2 2
Substance dependence
35 18 27
Any disorder 49 47 48
Alpha-Theta Training
• Peniston & Kulkosky (1989)– Alpha activity deficits in alcoholics known since
1940s– Drinking produces rewarding slow waves (alpha)– Normal state has much more high beta– Teach alcoholics to produce alpha without drinking
Peniston Protocol
• Hand-warming primed EEG biofeedback techniques• Guided visual imagery during Alpha-Theta training,
especially addict behavior rejecting• O1 site used (Pz by W. Scott)• Goal is crossover state: high theta state associated with
reverie, disidentification with ego self
• Results:• Alcoholism & PTSD: very low relapse rate, <20% 9 years
out• Chemical addicts, ½ relapse rate 18 months out (Kaiser &
Scott, 1999)
MMPI (Minnesota MultiPhasic Inventory)
• Hypochondriasis (Hs) - neurotic concern over bodily functioning
• Depression (D) - symptomatic depression.
• Hysteria (Hy) - hysterical reactions to stress situations
• Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) - psychopathy, asocial, amoral
• Masculinity-Femininity (Mf) - originally developed to identify homosexual invert males, now those who reject traditional gender roles.
• Paranoia (Pa) - paranoid symptoms
• Psychasthenia (Pt) - excessive doubts, compulsions, obsessions, and unreasonable fears (OCD).
• Schizophrenia (Sc) - identify schizophrenia
Hypomania (Ma) - hypomanic disturbances
•Social Introversion (Si) - person's tendency to withdraw from social contacts and responsibilities.
MMPI – Derived Empirically
• Developers used every personality question they could find
1. Tested on various clinical groups (depressive, schizophrenics, etc.)
2. Large pool of questions
3. Kept only those questions that
discriminated between groups
MMPI (Minnesota MultiPhasic Inventory)
• Validity Scales:
• "Cannot Say" scale – 30+ omitted items invalidates test
• L Scale – Lie scale - not willing to admit even minor shortcomings.
• F Scale - detect atypical ways of responding to test items.
• K Scale – detect subtle attempts at denying psychopathology or, conversely, at exaggerating psychopathology; overall defensiveness
Substance Abuse Study OutcomeWilliam Scott, Thomas Brod, MD, Stephen Siderof Ph.D.,
David Kaiser, Ph.D., Meredith Sagan, MD. (2002)
• Crack, Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Heroin• All participants in 12-step inpatient program• Control group n=61
• Experimental group n=60– 40-session EEG biofeedback added to 12 step program
• Compared abstinence rates, psychometric measures– UCLA HSPC approved the study design
• 12 month post study (those who completed):
– 36 of 47 experimental subjects were abstinent– 12 of 27 control subjects were abstinent
– Experimental subjects stayed in treatment significantly longer (p< 0.005) compared to the control group
This confirmed and extended earlier studies
Royal Conservatory of MusicImprovement in Musical Performance
• Dr. John Gruzelier, Ph.D, Tobias Egner, Ph.D. Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Behavior, Imperial College, London, 2003, Neuroreport.
– Subjects: top music students – Goal: could training show measurable improvement in
performance
15 minute musical performance assessed prior and subsequent to training.
Performances were video-recorded, randomized and rated by expert musicians external to the Royal College of Music.
Six groups created – each with different training:
1) Alexander Technique 2) Mental skills 3) Beta NF
2) 4) SMR NF 5) Alpha-Theta NF 6) Exercise