alpharetta vemuri madhavan neg carrolton round1

7/21/2019 Alpharetta Vemuri Madhavan Neg Carrolton Round1

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1NC



1st Of “Government” is all three branches

Black’s Law 90 (Dictionary, p. 695)

“[Government ] In the United States, government consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial

branches in addition to administrative agencies. In a broader sense, includes te !ederal government and all its agencies and bureaus, state

and county governments, and city and to"nsip governments.#

Violation: The plan doesn’t speciy an actor within one o the

three branches

Standards:

1. Ground !e can’t "et access to speci#c a"ent based $.%s

and C.&sthat’s 'ey to ne" "round because we need to be

able to debate all possible ways that the plan could bei(ple(ented

). *ducationThey 'eep us ro( learnin" about how the +S,G

i(ple(ents policy in diferent waysthat’s 'ey to real

world policy (a'in" and predictability

-. i(its / They allow an in#nite nu(ber o afs that can use

any rando( actor to do the plan with the way their plan

te0t is written That e0plodes the ne" research burden

and 'ills clash within the debate

&reer Co(petin" nterpretations2easonability causes

ine3itable 4ud"e inter3ention



)nd Of The +nited States ederal "o3ern(ent should

- 2elease state(ents that it prohibited ederal a"encies

ro( see'in" e0ceptional access to co((ercial encryption

syste(s5 inor(ation technolo"y syste(s5 networ's5

and6or endpoint co((unications de3ices or the purpose

o collectin" si"nals intelli"ence about +.S. persons

without actually doin" so

- %nd apply enhanced nsider Threat pro"ra( and

Continuous *3aluation protections to e0ceptional access

to co((ercial encryption syste(s5 inor(ation

technolo"y syste(s5 networ's5 and6or endpoint

co((unication de3ices or the purposes o collectin"

intelli"ence about +.S persons

t resol3es their internal lin's

Van Clea3e, former U.S. counter-intel czar5 1- (Michelle Van leave,

served as the head of US counterintelligence under !resident "eorge #. $ush, no%a &rinci&al %ith the 'ac )em& *oundation, +#hat It aes In efense of the /S0,1#orld 02airs, /ovember3ecember 4567,htt&33%%%.%orlda2airsjournal.org3article3%hat-it-taes-defense-nsa8

*reedom must be %on ane% b9 ever9 generation.1 I %as reminded of the truth behind these %ords of m9 old boss,

'ac )em&, in considering the current debate over :d%ard Sno%den and the collection &rograms of the /ational

Securit9 0genc9. he %ars that have been fought in freedom;s defense<the dee& sacri=ces of lives and treasure b9generations of 0mericans, including those serving toda9<are one measure of that truth. $ut it does not sto& there.

It also means that 0merica;s democrac9 is a great ex&eriment in governance. >ur obligation as citizens is toconserve %hat is good and enduring %hile changing and im&roving %hat %e must. hose choices are notal%a9s eas9, es&eciall9 %hen the9 involve maing decisions about things that must b9 theirnature be secret in order to hel& ee& us free. ontrast this %ith the seemingl9 boundless instant

commentar9 about Sno%den, %ho used his access as a nondescri&t contractor at an /S0 facilit9 in ?a%aii to &ro&el

himself into the number one ne%s stor9 overnight. 0ll it too %ere a fe% %ell-&laced leas to the "uardian and the#ashington !ost and a @uic geta%a9 to hina, thumb drive in hand. :arl9 &olls sho%ed that sixt9 &ercent of &eo&le

in their t%enties believed that Sno%den;s disclosures %ere in the &ublic interest. !erha&s the9 have forgotten %h9

%e have these collection &rograms in the =rst &lace. ?ighest on the list of +lessons learned1 from the Se&tember

66th terrorist attac %as the need for a retooled intelligence enter&rise that could +connectthe dots1 and ee& us safe. he intelligence a&&aratus in &lace on Se&tember 65th %as not built for that

&ur&ose. he im&eratives of the old #ar %ere to deter conAict and maintain the &eaceB the overarching challenge,%hich US intelligence met so brilliantl9, %as to collect ever more re=ned insights about a no%n antagonist.

oda9, the collection targets are unno%n (%hat are the indicators of terrorist activities that %eshould be %atchingC8, and our &rinci&al objective is to tae action to defeat and dismantlethreats in order to ee& us safe. he urgent &ost-D366 intelligence directive became +o more, do

better, do it di2erentl9, and do it no%.1 In the %ae of the $oston Marathon bombing<a scant t%o months before

Sno%den;s =rst leas<the *$I %as accused of not doing enough to trac sus&ected terrorist s9m&athizers (even

though those sus&icions had come from the Eussian intelligence service formerl9 no%n as the )"$8. %o events,t%o contradictor9 reactions b9 the 0merican &ublic one demanding that the government tae action to identif9 and

defeat terrorist threats, the other %ar9 and untrusting of that same government. on;t intrude but ee& me safe.

?o% to s@uare such a circleC oda9, %hen a &ersonal video can +go viral1 in an instant, =ve hundred million &eo&le

have a follo%-me-right-this-second %itter account, and some t%o bill ion &eo&le have access to the Internet, the



digital records of US citizens are comingled %ith the rest of the %orld in a maze ofactivit9 that is a ount o intelli"ence inor(ation. I confess, %hen the Sno%den leas =rst

a&&eared m9 reaction %as, +>f course /S0 is ac@uiring metadata of US tele&hon9. ?aven;t these &eo&le been

&a9ing attentionC1 Eecall the &ublic debates in 455F %hen details about the earl9 errorist Surveillance !rogram

%ere leaed to the /e% Gor imes, or again the next 9ear %hen ongress extended the !atriot 0ct, including its&rovisions authorizing metadata collection (Section 46F8. Sim&l9 &ut, if 9ou %ant to no% %ho the terrorists are

taling to, 9ou;ve got to chec the &hone logs. ot-connecting 656. ?ere is ho% the la% %ors. he tele&hone

com&anies store vast databases of transactional information for bill ing, customer service, and other business&ur&oses. he government ma9 +@uer91 those business records onl9 %hen there is a +reasonable sus&icion, based

on s&eci=c and articulated facts,1 that s&eci=c foreign terrorist organizations are involved. (In &ractice, that

amounts to fe%er than three hundred @ueries a 9ear.8 In order to follo% u& on an9 leads<in other %ords, to get the

locations or names of individual subscribers in the United States<the *$I has to go bac to the court and get a%arrant. Is our &rivac9 being violated %hen com&uters churn through billions of strings of digital data looing for

signals of terrorist activit9C >r is that something that %e need the government to do to ee& us safeC onsiderthe related case of &otential cyber attac's against critical +S inrastructure

s9stems, such as telecommunications, trans&ortation, power "eneration and

distribution , baning, and so forth. !art of a national c9ber defense %ould need toinclude auto(ated access to those com&uter &ath%a9s to detect and warn ofanomalous activit9 in the split second needed to tae action . If these &rivatel9o%ned and o&erated net%ors (ust be (onitored to enable their protection, is

that an intrusion into their customers; autonom9, or an inherent dut9 of government to &rovide for the commondefenseC o m9 mind, far from being +Stasi-lie,1 as some overheated critics have charged, such automated

s9stems anal9zing digits (not &eo&le8 are non-intrusive &ublic safet9 res&onsibilities of the US government, subject

to careful internal checs as %ell as both judicial and congressional oversight to ensure the9 do not go be9ondthose clear boundaries. I =nd the loss of &rivac9 in toda9;s digital %orld ver9 troubling<but not because of the US

government. It;s the cooies that enable some #eb merchant to trac %hat I bu9 online and send me tailored ads to

bu9 more. It;s the manner in %hich the 0&&le cloud insists on scoo&ing u& all of m9 &ersonal calendar and contact

information<and I can;t o&t out if I %ant m9 cell &hone to %or. It;s the ever-vigilant, ever-read9 hinese microchi&in m9 la&to& com&uter, including the little extra that taes over the video camera and %atches the room. #here is

the &ublic outrage about all of thatC o call Sno%den a +%histleblo%er1 demeans the dignit9 of the term. 0s for the

&ublic;s right to no% about these collection activities, %e alread9 ne%. 0s for the decisions of our democrac9%hether these activities %ere right and &ro&er and necessar9, those decisions had been and continue to be made

b9 the executive, the ongress, and the courts acting in accordance %ith their constitutional res&onsibilities and the

authorities %e the &eo&le have entrusted to them. 0s for the %orth of the collection activities themselves, %esubse@uentl9 learned of their indis&ensable role in tracing or disru&ting more than a dozen terrorist o&erations in

the US and another fort9 abroad. $ut no% their %orth has been severel9 degraded. :venthough %hat /S0 does for a living is no%n to the %orld, some si"ni#cant part ofits success de&ends on a sim&le lac' o awareness, or the bad gu9s just lettin"

their "uard down, %hich is one reason %h9 the huge &ublicit9 given to thesecollection activities has been so harmful. 0cross the globe, al-Haeda net%ors andvirtuall9 ever9 other terrorist grou& have changed their communications &ractices inres&onse to Sno%den;s leas. o mae matters %orse, the more that so&histicatedadversaries understand about ho% /S0 %ors, the better the9 %ill be able to hide. Gou can;t connect invisible dots. *or m9 old business of US counterintelligence, theSno%den case is something of an unraveling nightmare. 0t this stage, there is no telling

%hether or not he acted alone, or %hat he com&romised. *our months isn;t much time on-site, 9et he used his

access to identif9 and do%nload highl9 classi=ed information that %ould be of &articular use to him. ?o% did hedecide %hat %as of value to snatchC #here did he =nd itC ?o% did he tae it %ithout getting caughtC ?e admitted

that he too the /S0 contractor job in March of this 9ear in order to gain access to this material, so his &re&arations

had been under %a9 for @uite a %hile. he dee&er @uestion is at %hat &oint along the %a9 he started to get outsidehel& and direction, and from %hom. 0t a minimum, the &ress leas %ere ver9 %ell scri&ted to &rovide cover for the

rest of the o&eration, %hich has received far less attention. Sno%den &assed documents allegedl9 sho%ing US and

U) surveillance of Eussian and urish re&resentatives at a "rou& of 45 meeting. ?e &assed ostensible records of

US signals intelligence o&erations in ?ong )ong and else%here, as %ell as $ritain;s signals intell igence arm, "?H.?e &assed information about to&-secret &lans to counter hinese c9ber-attac ca&abilities, and about joint

intelligence undertaings among #estern allies, including US and "erman coo&eration. hat;s just %hat has been

re&orted &ublicl9. hen of course there is %hatever else he stole. #hether or not there are audit trails for I



administrators lie Sno%den %e can onl9 guess. If not, there ma9 be no %a9 of bounding the&otential damage. 0nd since %e don;t no% %hat secrets ma9 have been lost, %e%on;t no% %hat or %ho ma9 no% be at ris. hat uncertaint9 alone is anintelligence bonanza for our adversaries. #hatever else Sno%den ma9 be, he has been a voice of

disinformation. *or exam&le, here;s an excer&t from his "uardian intervie% +0n9 anal9st at an9 time can target

an9one, an9 selector, an9%here. . . I sitting at m9 des certainl9 had the authorities to %ireta& an9one from 9ou or

9our accountant to a federal judge to even the &resident if I had a &ersonal e-mail.1 If that %ere true, it %ould be anoutrageous abuse of authorit9. $ut it is not true, not a %hit. /o% ma9be Sno%den is just delusional. >r ma9besomeone is coaching him a little, the better to inAame &ublic o&inion. $ut %ho %ould no%, %hen there is an

immediate rush to judgment to &ronounce the man a +hero1 or a +conscientious objector1 or +dee&l9 idealistic1 or

%hatever other bou@uets of virtue %ere thro%n his %a9. $9 such means, some of the #est;s best and brightest(looing less bright all the time8 become &art of the disinformation cam&aign directed against 0merica;s moral

standing in the %orld. hat cam&aign has a long histor9. %o inherent @ualities mae US intelligence uni@ue among

the %orld;s intelligence services. he =rst is its accountabilit9 and un&aralleled o&enness to &ublic scrutin9 and therigorous oversight of the &olitical &rocess. he fact that %e measure these things against civil liberties, and bring

them under the careful checs and balances of our onstitution, is the bedroc of their strength. :ven more

fundamentall9, US intelligence is &art of the great ex&eriment in governance that is our democratic re&ublic.$eginning %ith "eorge #ashington;s =rst State of the Union 0ddress, in %hich he re@uested a secret fund for

clandestine activities, intelligence has been an instrument to achieve the broad goals of the 0merican &eo&le and

the &olicies advanced b9 their dul9 elected re&resentatives. hat is %h9 an9 ru&ture bet%een &ubliccon=dence and the US intelligence enter&rise is so destructive. It is also %h90merica;s adversaries have long sought to &rovoe one. uring the old #ar, the )"$

ex&ended a great deal of energ9 and treasure in undermining the credibilit9 and e2ectiveness of US intelligence in

general and the I0 in &articular. Soviet disinformation cam&aigns included some breathtaing lies, dece&tions, andfantastic tales (e.g., forged documents, &lanted ne%s re&orts, and grotes@ue accusations that the I0 %as

res&onsible for traJcing in bab9 &arts, assassinating !resident )enned9, and inventing 0IS8. It too decades for

the I0 to recover from the hurch ommittee investigations of the 6DK5s<9ears that the Soviets used toadvantage in undermining &ro-#estern governments, su&&orting insurgencies, and im&lanting s&ies. 0nd here %e

go again. #hatever Sno%den ma9 have had in mind %hen he decided to brea his oath, the secrets he

disclosed have been used to discredit +S intelli"ence among the ver9 democratic&o&ulations that de&end most on the 0merican defense umbrella. 0cross :uro&e,there have been lawsuits to stop NS% operations. Eound t%o of Sno%den;s leas included

&ur&orted US collection activities directed against members of the :uro&ean Union, so the :U, the *rench,

the "ermans, and others lodged di&lomatic com&laints and sus&ended trade andother tals and loudl9 &roclaimed their indignation. (his is more than a little h9&ocritical, given

their o%n intelligence activities against one another<not to mention the value the9 derive from ours.8 o mae

matters %orse, a %hole series of damaging leas in recent 9ears, ranging from #iiLeas to

include some from the highest levels of the US government, have called into 7uestion %(erica’s

reliability as an intelli"ence partner . *or friendl9 intelligence services, trustingthe 0mericans to ee& secrets secret has become a far risier &ro&osition. In fact, ourstoc' as an intelli"ence partner has ne3er been lower , %hich is exceedingl9%orrisome in an era %hen %e rely so hea3ily on liaison ser3ices for essential

intelli"ence about terrorist targets . *or 0merican intelligence &ersonnel, doingtheir jobs has become that much more diJcult and that much more thanless. Gou can be sure

that the Eussians, the hinese, and others, no%ing about the demoralizing e2ects of the Sno%den

leas, are %oring overtime &ursuing ne% recruitment &ros&ects %ithin USintelligence rans. he9 no% from long ex&erience that lo% morale is a e9 factor in &ersuading 0mericans

to s&9 on their o%n countr9. oda9, there are more 2ussian intelli"ence &ersonneloperatin" in the +nited States than there %ere at the height of the old #ar, and the9are far from alone. $9 some counts, China is here in even greater numbers, and evenmore active against us through c9ber means. 0dd to that the Cubans, the ranians, and (ost

o the rest of the %orld;s governments<&lus some thirty#3e sus&ectedterrorist or"ani8ations<all here, taing advantage of the freedom of movement, access, and



anon9mit9 a2orded b9 0merican societ9. 0nd then there is the &henomenon of the hacer culture and virtualanarchists lie +0non9mous,1 %hich is hard at %or to set the conditions for %hat it calls a +global secrets

meltdo%n.1 heir ostensible &lan is to recruit individuals to in=ltrate governments to steal classi=ed information or

enable 0non9mous hacers to steal it. hen, %hen the message +do it no%1 goes out, the9 %ill simultaneousl9reveal all of the %orld;s secrets (but of course mostl9 concentrated in the #est because that;s %here the access is8.

It ma9 sound ridiculous until 9ou realize just ho% man9 disa2ected, c9nical 9outh lie Sno%den are dra%n to these

circles to =nd some sense of belonging and self-im&ortance. he United States has built a global

intelligence a&&aratus because it has global interests and global res&onsibilities. #ehave taen seriousl9 the duties of leader of the free %orld, as t%o %orld %ars, )orea, Vietnam, 0fghanistan, Ira@,

and freedom =ghters in man9 &arts of the %orld can attest. /one of these duties in the last sixt9 9ears

could have been met %ithout the exce&tional resources of /S0. Successivepresidents and Con"resses , entrusted %ith &reserving and defending ourfreedom, have judged these investments to be vital to our nation;s securit9. he9ha3e protected the core secrets that enable collection pro"ra(s to

succeed , as have those in US business and industry %ho have been integral totheir success. he un@uestioned @ualitative edge of US intelligence has been asessential to defending this countr9 and &reserving our freedom as have the forces%e have built to arm and e@ui& our militar9. $ut time has not stood still. hina is attacing

com&uter s9stems throughout the %orld, stealing information and im&lanting features to enable future control.

hina;s &rominence in I commercial marets means that the9 are in the su&&l9 chain, and their maret share isgro%ing as &art of a &ur&oseful, state-run &rogram for strategic &osition. 0 long roll call of s&ies from Eussia, hina,

uba, and other nations have targeted the essential secrets of US intelligence ca&abilities in order to be able todefeat them. 0nd no% the9 have the Sno%dens and the #iiLeaers of the %orld hel&ing them out.

nterconnected "lobal networ's o di"ital data have become the sin"le (ost

i(portant source of intelli"ence warnin" o threats, enablin" our deense

at home and the advancement of freedom abroad. o sa9 +hands of ,1 as someshortsighted &rivac9 advocates have been doing, %ill not &reserve our liberties, it%ill endan"er them. It should be &ossible for an enlightened citizenr9 to em&o%er government action in

that s&here %ithout forfeiting the ver9 rights that our government exists to secure. hat challenge is, at the ver9

least, a &art of the continuing ex&eriment that is our democrac9.

T& pre3ents lea's

9i"ha( 1 (Scott ?igham, #ashington re&orter for he #ashington !ost,

+Intelligence securit9 initiatives have chilling e2ect on federal %histleblo%ers, criticssa9,1 K-47-456, htt&s33%%%.%ashington&ost.com3%orld3national-securit93intelligence-securit9-initiatives-have-chilling-e2ect-on-federal-%histleblo%ers-critics-sa9345635K3473cDdfdKD-5ea5-66e-N76-bN5K4b6eK7NOstor9.html8'$ he Insider hreat !rogram and a continuous monitoring initiative under consideration in the intelligence communit9 %ere begun b9 the >bamaadministration after the leas of classi=ed information b9 former /S0 contractor :d%ard Sno%den and 0rm9 !vt. helsea Manning, and the /av9 Gardshootings b9 0aron 0lexis, %ho used his securit9 clearance to gain access to the base. he &rograms are designed to &revent leas of classi=ed

information b9 monitoring government com&uters and em&lo9ees; behavior. "rassle9 said the e&isode %ith the *$I illustrates ho% federal

agencies are setting u& internal securit9 &rograms %ithout giving carefulconsideration to %hether the9 could dissuade whistleblowers from coming for%ard. + he

nsider T hreat &rogram has the &otential for ta' in" the le"s out ro(

underneath all of the %histleblo%er &rotections %e have,1 "rassle9 said in a recent intervie%. "reg

)lein, the head of the *$I;s Insider hreat !rogram, and Mconough, the congressional a2airs agent, did not return calls seeing comment. 0n *$Is&oesman said the bureau does not &lan to register %histleblo%ers. ?e said there %as a misunderstanding about the nature of the brie=ng %ith sta2members for "rassle9, 'udiciar9 ommittee hairman !atric '. Leah9 (-Vt.8 and a la% enforcement oJcial %ho is assigned to the Senate &anel. hes&oesman noted that the *$I has a %histleblo%er training &rogram for em&lo9ees and a %histleblo%er &rotection oJce. +#e recognize the im&ortance of&rotecting the rights of %histleblo%ers,1 *$I s&oesman !aul $resson said. "rassle9 is &art of a gro%ing chorus of la%maers on a&itol ?ill and attorne9s

for %histleblo%ers %ho %arn that the nsider T hreat & rogram and the &otential intelligence communit9 initiative threatento undermine federal %orers; abilit9 to re&ort %rongdoing %ithout retaliation. ogether,

http://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/federal-agencies-embrace-new-technology-and-strategies-to-find-the-enemy-within/2014/03/07/22ce335e-9d87-11e3-9ba6-800d1192d08b_story.html









the &rograms cover millions of federal %orers and contractors at e3ery

"o3ern(ent a"ency. In *ebruar9, irector of /ational Intelligence 'ames E. la&&er 'r. testi=ed before the Senate 0rmed Services

ommittee that a s9stem %as being considered to continuousl9 monitor the behavior of em&lo9ees %ith securit9 clearances +on the job as %ell as o2 the job.1 0 senior intelligence oJcial said a continuous monitoring &rogram, mandated under the Intelligence 0uthorization 0ct and signed into la% b9!resident >bama on 'ul9 K, is being set u& and initiall9 %ill include federal em&lo9ees %ho hold to&-secret securit9 clearances. he oJcial said there are

no &lans to monitor em&lo9ees after hours %hile the9 are using non-government com&uter s9stems. +I thin it’s ti(e to put up the

caution li"ht here5; said Sen. Eon #9den (->re.8, a member of the Senate Intelligence ommittee. #hile #9den included a &rovision

in the most recent Intelligence 0uthorization 0ct that %ould &rohibit retaliation against %histleblo%ers, he said he remains concerned about the im&act of

the threat &rograms. + his reall9 has the &otential for abuse, and I thin it could ha3e a chillin"

efect on the public’s ri"ht to 'now and efecti3e o3ersi"ht o our

"o3ern(ent,1 #9den said. an Me9er, the head of the Intelligence ommunit9 #histleblo%ing P Source !rotection &rogram, created last 9ear

as &art of the >Jce of Intelligence ommunit9 Ins&ector "eneral, said he is %oring to ensure that em&lo9ees %ho %ant to re&ort %rongdoing can do soanon9mousl9 and %ithout re&risal. +he critical thing is to maintain con=dentialit9,1 Me9er said. ?e said he is &re&aring training materials for intelligenceoJcers and s&reading the %ord that em&lo9ees can come to him anon9mousl9 through third &arties. If an em&lo9ee has veri=able information about%rongdoing, a &residential directive taes e2ect, &roviding em&lo9ees %ith &rotection against retaliation. +#e are in the &rocess of maing a s9stematic,cultural change and getting ever9one on board,1 Me9er said. 0fter Manning;s disclosures to #iiLeas four 9ears ago, >bama signed :xecutive >rder67FNK, directing government agencies to assess ho% the9 handle classi=ed information. >n /ov. 4N, 4565, the >Jce of the /ational ounterintelligence:xecutive issued a memo to senior government agenc9 oJcials, advising them to identif9 insider threats. he memo suggested using &s9chiatrists andsociologists to assess changes in em&lo9ees; behavior. +#hat metrics do 9ou use to measure Qtrust%orthiness; %ithout alienating em&lo9eesC1 thecounterintelligence oJce ased the agenc9 chiefs. +o 9ou use a &s9chiatrist or sociologist to measure relative ha&&iness as a means to gaugetrust%orthinessC es&ondence and grum&iness as a means to gauge %aning trust%orthinessC1 +It %ill onl9 increase hostilit9 bet%een the government andreall9 serious federal em&lo9ees %ho are tr9ing to im&rove the s9stem,1 said L9nne $ernabei, a &artner at $ernabei P #achtel in #ashington %ho hasbeen re&resenting %histleblo%ers for nearl9 75 9ears. +urning the securit9 a&&aratus against its o%n &eo&le is not going to %or.1 #histleblo%er la%9ers

said the9 understand the need to &rotect classi=ed information but thin some of the ne% &rograms go too far. +here are legitimate

reasons for em&lo9ers to be on the looout for &eo&le %ho might be leaingclassi=ed information, but this will ob3iously ha3e a chillin" efect on

e(ployees who (i"ht want to blow the whistle,1 said 'ason Rucerman, %ho served as the senior legal

adviser to the U.S. >Jce of S&ecial ounsel, the federal agenc9 charged %ith &rotecting %histleblo%ers, and no% re&resents %histleblo%ers nation%ide.Michael "erman, a former undercover *$I agent and %histleblo%er, called the Insider hreat !rogram a +dangerous1 initiative.

http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/after-years-of-obscure-warnings-wyden-gets-sought-after-privacy-debate-in-wake-of-nsa-revelations/2013/07/28/267efd1a-f573-11e2-861b-70461cc1cd24_story.html


http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/10/07/executive-order-structural-reforms-improve-security-classified-networks-







-rd Of We’re winning the war on terrorism now -- Continued vigilance is keyZenko 4/8/15 – Zenko covers the U.S. national security debate and offers insight on developments in international security

and conflict prevention. “CIA irector! "e#re "inning the "ar on $error% &ut It "ill 'ever (nd)http!**blogs.cfr.org*+enko*,-/*-0*-1*cia2director23ere23inning2the23ar2on2terror2but2it23ill2never2end*

4ast night% irector of Central Intelligence 5ohn &rennan participated in a 6uestion2and2ans3er

session at 7arvard 8ennedy School#s Institute of 9olitics. $he first thirty2seven minutes consisted of an unusually probing

e:change bet3een &rennan and 7arvard professor ;raham Allison <full disclosure! ;raham is a former boss of mine=. >ost notably% bet3een ?!-@ and ,?!,/ in the video% Allison pressed &rennan repeatedly about 3hether the United States is 3inning the 3ar on terrorism and 3hy the number of al2aeda2affiliated groups has only increased since?*! “$here seem to be more of them than 3hen 3e startedB7o3 are 3e doing) &rennan replied! If I look across the board in terms of since ?* at terrorist organi+ations% and

if the United States in all of its various forms. In intelligence% military% homeland security% la3 enforcement%diplomacy. If 3e 3ere not as engaged against the terrorists% I think 3e 3ould be facing ahorrendous% horrendous environment. &ecause they 3ould have taken full advantage of theopportunities that they have had across the regionB "e have 3orked collectively as a government but also 3ith our international

partners very hard to try and root many of them out. >ight some of these actions be stimulants to others Doining their ranks Sure% that#s a possibility. I think% though it hastaken off of the battlefield a lot more terrorists% than it has put on. $his statement is impossible

to evaluate or measure because the U.S. government has consistently refused to state publicly

3hich terrorist organi+ations are deemed combatants% and can therefore be “taken out on the battlefield.) 7o3ever% relyingupon the State epartment#s annual Country Eeports on $errorism%the estimated strength of allal2aeda2affiliated groups has gro3n or stayed the same since 9resident Fbama came into office. Ff

course%non2al2aeda2affiliated groups have arisen since ?*% including the self2proclaimed Islamic State% 3hich the

Central Intelligence Agency estimated last September to contain up to G%/-- fighters% and &oko 7aram% 3hich has perhaps -%--- committed members.

7o3ever% the most interesting 6uestion posed to &rennan came at the very end from a 7arvard freshman 3ho identified himself as 5ulian! “"e#ve been fighting the 3ar on

terror since ,--. Is there an end in sight% or should 3e get used to this ne3 state of e:istence &rennan replied! It#s a long 3ar % unfortunately. &ut it#s beena 3ar that has been in e:istence for millennia % at the same timeHthe use of violence for political purposes against noncombatants by either

a state actor or a subnational group. $errorism has taken many forms over the years. "hat is more challenging no3 is%

again% the technology that is available to terrorists% the great devastation that can be created by even a

handful of folks% and also mass communication that Dust proliferates all of this activity and incitementand encouragement. So you have an environment no3 that#s very conducive to that type of propaganda and recruitment efforts% as 3ell as the ability to get

materials that are going to kill people. And so this is going to be something% I think% that we’re always going to have to be vigilant

about. $here is evil in the 3orld and some people Dust 3ant to kill for the sake of killingB$his is something that% 3hether it#s from this group right no3 or another group% I think

the ability to cause damage and violence and kill 3ill be 3ith us for many years to come. "e Dust have to not kill our 3ay out of this because that#s not going to address it. "e

need to stop those attacks that are in train but 3e also have to address some of those underlyingfactors and conditions. I#m not saying that poverty causes somebody to become a terrorist% or a lack of governance% but they certainly do allo3 these terrorist

organi+ations to gro3 and they take full advantage of those opportunities. $o summari+e% the war on terrorism is workingcom!ared to inaction or other !olicies. &ut% the American people should e"!ect it tocontinue for millennia% or as long as lethal technologies and mass communication remain available to evil people.

Curtailin" sur3eillance boosts terror ris's.

ewis <1

'ames 0ndre% Le%is is a senior fello% and director of the Strategic echnologies !rogram at the enterfor Strategic and International Studies in #ashington, .., %here he %rites on technolog9, securit9,and the international econom9. $efore joining SIS, he %ored at the US e&artments of State andommerce as a *oreign Service oJcer and as a member of the Senior :xecutive Service. ?isdi&lomatic ex&erience included negotiations on militar9 basing in 0sia, the ambodia &eace &rocess,and the =ve-&o%er tals on arms transfer restraint. Le%is received his !h.. from the Universit9 ofhicago. “Underestimating Risk in the Surveillance Debate” - :/:E *>E SE0:"I PI/:E/0I>/0L SUI:S - SE0:"I :?/>L>"I:S !E>"E0M ecember -htt&33csis.org3&ublication3underestimating-ris-surveillance-debate

http://forum.iop.harvard.edu/content/conversation-cia-director-john-brennan




http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/09/18/mission-improbable/

http://www.cnn.com/2014/09/11/world/meast/isis-syria-iraq/)



https://medium.com/war-is-boring/how-big-is-boko-haram-fac21c25807





http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/09/18/mission-improbable/





0mericans are reluctant to acce&t terrorism is &art of their dail9 lives, but attacshave been &lanned or attem&ted against 0merican targets (usuall9 airliners or urban areas8

al(ost e3ery year since D366. :uro&e faces even greater ris, given the thousands of :uro&ean Union citizens

%ho %ill return hardened and radicalized from =ghting in S9ria and Ira@. he threat of attac is eas9 to

exaggerate, but that does not mean it is nonexistent. 0ustralia;s then-attorne9 general said in 0ugust

4567 that communications surveillance had sto&&ed four +mass casualt9 events1 since 455N. he constant &lanning and &re&aration

for attac b9 terrorist grou&s is not a&&arent to the &ublic. he dilemma in assessing ris is that it isdiscontinuous. here can be long &eriods %ith no noticeable activit9, onl9 to havethe a&&arent calm ex&lode. he debate o3er how to reor( communications

sur3eillance has discounted this ris'. ommunications surveillance is anessential la% enforcement and intelligence tool. There is no replace(ent or it. Somesuggestions for alternative a&&roaches to surveillance, such as the idea that the /ational Securit9

0genc9 (/S08 onl9 trac no%n or sus&ected terrorists, reAect %ishful thining, as it is theunno%n terrorist %ho %ill inAict the greatest harm.

Nuclear terror is easible and li'ely / hi"h (oti3ation

Matthe% =unn 1>, !rofessor of !ractice at ?arvard Universit9Ts 'ohn *. )enned9

School of "overnment, /icolas Eoth, Eesearch 0ssociate at the !roject onManaging the 0tom in the $elfer enter for Science and International 02airs at?arvard )enned9 School, +Eeducing the riss of nuclear theft and terrorism,1 fromEoutledge ?andboo of /uclear !roliferation and !olic9 ed. 'ose&h *. !ilat and/athan :. $usch, F36F36F, &&. 6D-45

$ut %e no% live in an age that includes a fe% grou&s intent on inAicting large-scaledestruction to achieve more global objectives. In the 6DD5s, the ja&anese terror cult 0nniShinri9o =rst sought to bu9 nuclear %ea&ons in Eussia, then to mae them themselves, beforeturning to biological %ea&ons and the nerve gas the9 ultimatelv used in the o9o sub%a9s. Starting also

in the 6DD5F, al Haeda re&eatedl9 sought nuclear materials and the ex&ertise needed tomae them into a nuclear bomb. Ultimatel9, al Haeda &ut together a focused &rogram re&orting directl9 to 09man

al-Ra%ahiri (no% head of the grou&8, %hich &rogressed as far as carr9ing out crude but sensible conventional

ex&losive tests for the nuclear &rogram in the desert of 0fghanistan.Q he illing of >sama bin Laden and the man9other blo%s against al Haeda have surel9 reduced the ris that al Haeda could &ut together and carr9 through a

nuclear bomb &roject. $ut b9 ho% muchC he core organization of al Haeda has &roved resilientin the &ast. here is ever9 reason to believe 0l-Ra%ahiri re(ains ea"er to in?ict

destruction on a nuclear scale. Indeed, des&ite the large number of al Haeda leaders %hohave been illed or ca&tured, nearly all o the 'ey players in al @aeda’s

nuclear pro"ra( re(ain ali3e and at lar"e - including 0bdel 0ziz al-Masri, an

:g9&tian ex&losives ex&ert %ho %as al Haeda;s +nuclear :>. /o one no%s %hat ca&abilities a secret

cell of al Haeda ma9 have managed to retain or build. 0nd regional aJliates and other grou&s in the broader

violent Islamic extremist movement < &articularl9 some of the deadl9 !aistani terrorist grou&s < ma9someda9 develo& the ca&abilit9 and intent to follo% a similar &ath. /orth aucasus

terrorist grou&s sought radiological %ea&ons and threatened to sabotage nuclearreactors.here is signi=cant, though less conclusive, e3idence that they sou"ht nuclear

weapons as %ell < &articularl9 con=rmation from senior Eussian oJcials that t%o teams

%ere caught carr9ing out reconnaissance at Eussian nuclear %ea&on storage sites , %hose ver9

locations are a state secret. More fundamentall9, %ith at least t%o, and &robabl9 three, grou&s

having gone do%n this &ath in the &ast t%ent9-=ve 9ears, there is no reason to e0pect



they will be the last. he dan"er o nuclear terroris( will re(ain as long asnuclear %ea&ons, the materials needed to mae them, and terrorist grou&s bent on large-scale

destruction co-exist.

Terroris( causes e0tinctionhardline responses are 'ey

/athan Ayhr3old B1-, !hd in theoretical and mathematical &h9sics from

!rinceton, and founded Intellectual Ventures after retiring as chief strategist andchief technolog9 oJcer of Microsoft or&oration , 'ul9 4567, Stratgic errorism 0all to 0ction, he La%fare Eesearch !a&er Series /o.4,htt&33%%%.la%fareblog.com3%&-content3u&loads3456735K3Strategic-errorism-M9hrvold-K-7-4567.&df

Several &o%erful trends have aligned to &rofoundl9 change the %a9 that the %orld %ors. echnolog9 no% allo%s stateless grou&s to organize, recruit, and fund themselvesin an un&recedented fashion. hat , cou&led %ith the extreme diJcult9 of =nding and

&unishing a stateless grou&, means that stateless grou&s are &ositioned to be lead

&la9ers on the %orld stage. he9 ma9 act on their o%n, or the9 ma9 act as &roxies fornation-states that %ish to duc res&onsibilit9 . :ither %a9, stateless grou&s are forces to be

reconed %ith. 0t the same time, a di2erent set of tech nolog9 trends means that small numbersof &eo&le can obtain incredibl9 lethal &o%er . /o%, for the =rst time in human histor9, a smallgrou& can be as lethal as the largest su&er&o%er. Such a grou& could execute an attac that

could ill millions of &eo&le. It is technicall9 feasible for such a grou& to ill billions of &eo&le,

to end modern civilization<&erha&s even to drive the human race to extinction. >ur defense

establishment %as sha&ed over decades to address %hat %as, for a long time, the onl9 strategic threat ournation faced Soviet or hinese missiles. More recentl9, it has started retooling to address tactical terror attacs

lie those launched on the morning of D366, but the reform &rocess is incom&lete and inconsistent. 0 realdefense %ill re@uire rebuilding our (ilitary and intelli"ence capabilities from the

ground u&. Get, so far, strategic terrorism has received relativel9 little attention in

defense agencies, and the e2orts that have been launched to combat this existentialthreat seem fragmented. ?istor9 suggests %hat %ill ha&&en. he onl9 thing thatshaes 0merica out of com&lacenc9 is a direct threat from a determined adversar9that confronts us %ith our shortcomings b9 repeatedly attac'in" us or hectoringus or decades.

Stron" intel "atherin"’s 'ey to discourages initiation o =!

attac's.

&itten"er <1

US Ee&. Eobert !ittenger, chair of ongressional as *orce on errorism, +$i&artisan bill on /S0 datacollection &rotects both &rivac9 and national securit91 - #ashington :xaminer, W3D36,

htt&33%ashingtonexaminer.com3re&.-robert-&ittenger-bi&artisan-bill-on-nsa-data-collection-&rotects-both-&rivac9-and-national-securit93article34FDFWCcustomOclicXrssPutmOcam&aignX#eel9YStandardYStor9Y$oxPutmOsourceX%eel9standard.comPutmOmediumXreferral

his *ebruar9, I too that @uestion to a meeting of :uro&ean 0mbassadors at the >rganization for

Securit9 and oo&eration in :uro&e. uring the conference, I ased three @uestions 6. #hat is the current %orld%ide terrorist

threatC 4. #hat is 0merica;s role in addressing and mitigating this threatC 7. #hat role does intelligence data

http://www.lawfareblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Strategic-Terrorism-Myhrvold-7-3-2013.pdf


http://washingtonexaminer.com/rep.-robert-pittenger-bipartisan-bill-on-nsa-data-collection-protects-both-privacy-and-national-security/article/2549456?custom_click=rss&utm_campaign=Weekly+Standard+Story+Box&utm_source=weeklystandard.com&utm_medium=referral











th Of !ill pass but riders tan' the dealCordell 11D Z%riter for federal time +"overnment shutdo%n lurs in budgetnegotiations1

htt&33%%%.federaltimes.com3stor93government3management3budget3456F36635W3government-shutdo%n-could-still-lur-budget-negotiations3KF4NWWN43[

he $i&artisan $udget 0ct of 456F is lie a &a&er ma& for &reventing government shutdo%n. #hile it la9s out aclear route to %here 9ou %ant to go, itBs still depends on the user to "et there.

he legislation, %hich %as signed into la% on /ov. 4, &rovides the broad stroes of ho% to fund the government for

the next t%o 9ears, but ongress still has to decide exactl9 ho% it %ill a&&ro&riatefunding b9 ec. 66 or the government could still shut do%n. hat said, &assage of %hat can

be deemed a s&ending guide of sorts has le"islati3e watchers cautiously opti(istic. +It %ill

&rovide a small amount of stabilit9 and some &redictabilit9 for the government overall,1 said 0lan hvotin,

executive vice &resident and counsel of the !rofessional Services ouncil. EThere are still so(e

hurdles to o3erco(e between now and $ec. 11. #e;ll be %atching those closel9, but

having this agreement is far better than not having it.1 0mong those hurdles is a&&ro&riations, in %hich 64subcommittees %ill determine ho% the funding %ill be divided, the so-called to&-line numbers. If that &rocess

&roceeds %ithout rancor, then the subcommittees %ill craft 64 a&&ro&riations bills, %hich then go to ?ouse and

Senate committees and %ill liel9 be amended. $ut here;s %here the &otential for im&asse materializes. 0ll 64bills have to &ass both houses and be signed b9 the &resident to fund thegovernment. $ut the most recent budget im&asses have centered on %hat are called &olic9 riders, or s&eci=c

budget amendments %ithin the bills that could court vetoes from the #hite ?ouse. + his could be a seriesof landmines, not one mega-one,1 hvotin said. +hroughout the develo&ment of these =scal 456W

a&&ro&riations bills, the &resident has &ro&osed a veto of ever9 single one of them, &rimaril9 because of the to&-line

numbers and the failure to have this budget agreement. +$ut ever9 one of those statements of administration&olic9 have laid out administration objections to s&eci=c &rovisions in each of those bills,1 hvotin added. So if a

&olic9 rider seeing to defund !lanned !arenthood or the :nvironmental !rotection 0genc9, for exam&le, dra%s a

veto, the budget &rocess grinds to another halt. he last challenge %ill be &assing 64 a&&ro&riations bills through

t%o houses and on to the &resident b9 ec. 66, but hvotin said

ongress could alleviate the &rocessb9 &acaging several together in a so-called +minibus bill1 or all into one largeromnibus bill. If nothing else, the bod9 is accustomed to last-second budget agreements. +eadlines al%a9s

drive ever9bod9 exce&t the ongress craz9,1 he said. +$ut for the ongress, a =nal &roduct one minute before the

deadline is as good as a =nal &roduct one 9ear before the deadline. The deadlines beco(e a

si"ni#cant issue in orcin" e3ents, as %e sa% in the debt ceiling. +$ut the deadlines also add a

signi=cant challenge for the ongress of not asing too much. 0gain, !resident >bama has made it ver9 clear that

he %ould veto a&&ro&riations bills, one or more of them, that reach too far on these &olic9 issues.1 *or federal

em&lo9ees, the $i&artisan $udget 0ct embodies the name, a t%o-&art9 crafted bill that is missing a number of the

contentious &ratfalls that normall9 bog do%n budget negotiations, lie federal &a9 raise ca&s, 56(8 contributions

or other un&alatable o&tions for the %orforce. $ut that doesn’t (ean those won’t be tac'ed

on durin" appropriations . +:ver9 bill &ending in ongress is a &otential vehiclefor these &olic9 riders,1 hvotin said.

2yan’s &C 'ey,ields 111) Z %riter for a #ashington ne%s agenc9 +:\LUSIV: E:!U$LI0/S I/>/"E:SS !E:!0E: *>E !>SSI$L: ">V:E/M:/ S?U>#/ *I"?1htt&33%%%.breitbart.com3big-government3456F3663643exclusive-re&ublicans-in-congress-&re&ared-for-&ossible-government-shutdo%n-=ght3[

]also ans%ers +E9an su&&orts riders1

http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/11/12/exclusive-republicans-in-congress-prepared-for-possible-government-shutdown-fight/






Ee&ublicans in ongress sa9 the9 %on;t bac do%n from a =ght over the budget and

%ill mae sure conservative &olicies are &ut in &lace, des&ite %arnings from emocrats that the9 %ill reject the bill

and shut do%n the government. he 4-9ear budget deal signed b9 >bama last %ee ensures that the government

%on;t shut do%n until mid-ecember, but ongress still has to assign the mone9 to federal agencies and &rograms

b9 ecember 66th. he next ste&, and liel9 =ght, %ill be over ho% to im&lement the budget deal. emocratsare %arning that if Ee&ublicans decide to attach conservative &olic9 &rovisions such

as defunding !lanned !arenthood, the :nvironmental !rotection 0genc9, or>bamacare, the9 %ill reject the bill and shut do%n the government. $ut some Ee&ublicans

sa9 the9 are not %orried about having a confrontation %ith emocrats over attaching a&&ro&riations that are in line%ith conservatives &rinci&les. he9 sa9 the9;re read9 to =ght. +:ngland didn;t just hand the United States our

freedomB it had to be fought for1 Ee&. Louie "ohmert (E-\8DW^ told $reitbart /e%s. +he Qbig government; control

freas in #ashington are not going to just give 0mericans their freedom either.1 ?e added that, +It %ill re@uire a

dedicated =ght and %ill, lie%ise, be %orth the =ght.1 Ee&. 'im 'ordan (E->?8D^ told $reitbart /e%s that this isongress; time to sho% the 0merican &eo&le %hose side the9;re on. +*ighting for conservative &olicies in an9

a&&ro&riations bills %ill sho% that Ee&ublicans are =nall9 starting to listen to ordinar9 0mericans %ho feel that this

to%n has forgotten them1 said 'ordan. +he 0merican &eo&le are sic and tired of ongress s&ending more each9ear on lobb9ists; &riorities, %hile icing the can do%n the road on actual reforms1 'ordan added. +#e need to

articulate a conservative vision that sho%s %e understand %hat;s %rong in 0merica and have a &lan to solve those

&roblems.1 Sen. huc Schumer (-/G8 has %arned Ee&ublicans that a bill %ith conservative &olic9 &rovisions,

%hich he calls +&oison &ill riders,1 %ill not be &assed b9 emocrats and %ill lead to a government

shutdo%n. +/o%, the &ath for%ard to avoid a shutdo%n is ver9 sim&le,1 %arned Schumer on uesda9 after aSenate emocrat !olic9 luncheon. +#e don;t have time to do individual bills, %e should &assan omnibus bill that steers clear of &oison &ill riders.1 +So rather than &la9ing %ith =re and

attem&ting to insert &oison &ill riders that %ill bog do%n individual a&&ro&riations bills, Ee&ublicans shouldmove @uicl9 to com&lete negotiations on an omnibus bill that si&s the riders andfull9 funds our national and economic securit9.1 he situation %ill be a test for Ee&. !aul E9an (E-

#I8FN^ %ho just re&laced Ee&. 'ohn $oehner (E->?874^ as S&eaer of the ?ouse. 2yan can either ris'

a #"ht with $e(ocrats and put to"ether a spendin" bill that satis#es the

3arious conser3ati3e actions 5 or play nice with $e(ocrats and ris' a #"ht

with 2epublicans . E9an has so far said that he is o&en to the idea of attaching a &olic9 &rovision that

stri&s funding for !lanned !arenthood, something that emocrats have re&eatedl9 %arned against. *ormer ?ouseS&eaer 'ohn $oehner refused to =ght for defunding !lanned !arenthood, so man9 Ee&ublicans %ill be looing to

see %hether E9an is %illing to =ght for a cause im&ortant to man9 conservatives. %lthou"h 2yan sayshe’s open to puttin" up a #"ht or conser3ati3e principles5 he appears to

be lowerin" e0pectations. +I thin %e need to be ver9 clear about %hat it is %ecan and cannot achieve and not set ex&ectations that %e no% %e can;t reach,given the constraints of the onstitution,1 he said on //;s State of the Union.

Oba(a is a"ainst restrictin" bac'door access

=ennet5 1> (or9 $ennet, 734436F, +Silicon Valle9 s&ars %ith >bama over Qbacdoor; surveillance1, he ?ill,

htt&33thehill.com3&olic93c9bersecurit9347WF64-silicon-valle9-s&ars-%ith-obama-over-bacdoor-surveillance833'mone9

Silicon Valle9 and a bi&artisan grou& of la%maers are lining u& against the >bamaadministration, criticizing %hat the9 see as a lac of su&&ort for total online &rivac9.

he stead9 rise of so&histicated &rivac9 techni@ues such as encr9&tion andanon9mit9 soft%are has &ut the government in a diJcult &osition < tr9ing to su&&ort the right

to &rivac9 %hile =guring out ho% to &revent &eo&le from evading la% enforcement. +he technologies are evolvingin %a9s that &otentiall9 mae this tricier,1 !resident >bama said during a 'anuar9 ne%s conference %ith

$ritish !rime Minister avid ameron. he conundrum has led to a heated debate in #ashington Should la% enforcement have guaranteed access to dataC +I thin there;s a little bit of a tugof %ar ha&&ening in the government,1 said 'a9 )a&lan, co-founder of the securit9 =rm S9nac and a former

/ational Securit9 0genc9 (/S08 c9ber anal9st. he >bama administration < from oJcials %ith *$I and the /ational

http://thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/236512-silicon-valley-spars-with-obama-over-backdoor-surveillance)//Jmoney

http://thehill.com/policy/cybersecurity/236512-silicon-valley-spars-with-obama-over-backdoor-surveillance)//Jmoney



Securit9 0genc9 (/S08 to the &resident himself < has come out in favor of some form of guaranteedaccess %hile still endorsing strong encr9&tion. +If %e get into a situation in %hich thetech nologies do not allo% us at all to trac somebod9 that %eTre con=dent is aterrorist,1 >bama said, +thatTs a &roblem .1 #hat sha&e that access taes, ho%ever, is unclear. +he

dialogue that %eTre engaged in is designed to mae sure that all of us feel con=dent that if there is an actual threat out there, ourla% enforcement and our intelligence oJcers can identif9 that threat and trac that threat at the same time that our governmentsare not going around &hishing into %hatever text 9ou might be sending on 9our smart&hone,1 >bama said. +0nd I thin thatTs

something that can be achieved.1 !rivac9 ha%s on a&itol ?ill aren;t bu9ing it. +I don;t thin much of

that,1 Ee&. 'oe $arton (E-exas8, co-founder of the ongressional $i&artisan !rivac9 aucus, told he ?ill. +#e have a huge homelandsecurit9 a&&aratus %ith almost unlimited authorit9 to < %ith some sort of a reasonable sus&icion < chec almost an9 t9&e ofcommunication, %hether it;s voice, Internet, tele&honic, electronic, 9ou name it.1 +hose %ere &ositions that did not receive rave

revie%s here in Silicon Valle9,1 said Ee&. Roe Lofgren (-alif.8, %hose district includes &arts of tech-heav9 San 'ose. Man9believe the administration;s stance is inherentl9 at odds %ith robust digital&rotection . +In order to full9 im&lement %hat heTs suggesting, 9ou %ould need one of

t%o things,1 Lofgren said. >ne %ould be installing so-called +bacdoors1 in encr9&tion < an access&oint no%n onl9 to la% enforcement agencies. Securit9 ex&erts =nd this conce&t abhorrent, since c9ber

croos or foreign intelligence agencies %ould liel9 ex&loit it. +here;s no safe %a9 to do that,1 )a&lan said. +It;s just an im&ossibletas. 'ust a bad idea all together.1 he second %ould be to have a third-&art9 com&an9 hold all user data, %ith some sort ofagreement to disclose information to the government, Lofgren said. +I thin actuall9 the trend line is in a di2erent direction, %hich is

encr9&tion that is not accessible to the com&anies that &rovide it, either,1 she added.

+S econo(y sustainin" "lobal "rowth / shutdown now ris's

collapse

9all F / ) / 1> / !resident of the Societ9 of 0merican $iz :ditors P#riters - chief economics corres&ondent for Mclatch9

Z)evin ". ?all, risis, %hat crisisC U.S. econom9 steams along,htt&33%%%.sacbee.com3ne%s3article74FF6KFN.html[

0 funn9 thing ha&&ened %hile the %orld =nancial marets shuddered in &anic this %ee. 0 range ofindicators about the U.S. econom9, the %orld;s largest, sho%ed a recover9 that;s

continuing to gain steam. :ven as stocs %hi&sa%ed, data on housing, consumer con=dence,

the labor maret and economic gro%th all sho%ed the econom9 Aexing its gro%ing muscle. he

latest data came hursda9 %hen the $ureau of :conomic 0nal9sis said the U.S. econom9 gre% b9 a blazing

7.K &ercent from 0&ril through 'une, not the 4.7 &ercent re&orted last month. $usinesses built their

inventories at an unusuall9 high &ace and hel&ed &o%er along the U.S. econom9, the bureau said. 0lso, the

Labor e&artment re&orted hursda9 that =rst-time claims for unem&lo9ment bene=ts fell W,555, to

4K6,555, for the %ee that ended on 0ug. 44. hat exceeded the forecasts of mainstream economists and suggests

that 0ugust hiring, to be re&orted b9 the government on Se&t. , is liel9 to remain at its health9 &ace.

hose t%o develo&ments follo% data &oints earlier in the %ee that sho%ed consumer con=dencesna&&ed bac in 0ugust to its highest reading in seven months. 0nd sales of ne% homes rose b9 F. &ercent in

'ul9, the ommerce e&artment re&orted, good ne%s on to& of last %ee;s reading of resale of existing homes,

%hich hit its highest &oint in more than eight 9ears. #ith that &ositive vie% of the U.S. econom9, some economists

%onder %h9 =nancial marets loo &ast U.S. strengths and get %ored u& over an economic slo%do%n in hina and

some &roblems in its insular stoc maret that is o2 limits to most foreign investors. +he economic &icturein the United States, :uro&e and 'a&an doesn;t loo all that bad,1 said Scott 0nderson, chief

economist for $an of the #est in San *rancisco. + he global econom9 might be able to %eatherthis if hina could get its act together and sto& acting lie the9;re &anicing over there.1 hina

intervened again its in =nancial marets hursda9, @uietl9 bu9ing u& stocs and hel&ing to &ush its stoc indexesinto &ositive territor9 after a %ee of turmoil. hat follo%ed a stee& run-u& of U.S. stocs #ednesda9 that continued

into earl9 trading hursda9, %hen the o% 'ones industrial average o&ened u& shar&l9. :conomists do

@uestion if the strong second-@uarter gro%th rate of 7.K &ercent can be continued, after a slo% =rst

@uarter of anemic 5.W &ercent gro%th. #oring against the hot gro%th is a strong build in inventories from 0&ril to



'une that is liel9 to be %ored o2 from 'ul9 through Se&tember. Eather than order more goods, com&anies ma9 be%oring o2 %hat the9;ve ordered. +#ith inventories continuing to build unsustainabl9, the correction %ill

undoubtedl9 im&act gro%th in the third @uarter, and &erha&s the fourth,1 %arned /ariman $ehravesh, chief

economist for forecasters I?S "lobal Insight. Still, hursda9;s jobless claims numbers %ere im&ortant because the9suggest the =nancial turmoil %asn;t having an immediate e2ect on the job maret. If hina;s stumbles continue,

ho%ever, it could s&ell trouble for alifornia;s econom9, one of the %orld;s largest all b9 itself. +he alifornia

econom9 is doing great,1 said 0nderson, &ointing to strong 'ul9 em&lo9ment data and +no real sign that I can tellthat alifornia is getting im&acted.1 $ut alifornia sea&orts, along %ith those u& the coast in #ashington, are the

&assage &oint for most goods coming from and going to hina. hinese tourists Aoc to the U.S. !aci=c oast, and

distrusting their o%n econom9, hinese citizens have been aggressive real estate investors in man9 U.S. cities.!rotracted =nancial %oes in hina could dent not just U.S. trade but tourism and direct foreign investment on the

U.S. #est oast. 0nd if hina continues to roil global =nance, it could dr9 u& funds for venture ca&italists in

alifornia;s Silicon Valle9 that fund tech and innovation start-u&s. +hat could certainl9 im&act areas lie the Valle9

that have been red hot in recent 9ears,1 said 0nderson, %ho closel9 follo%s the alifornia econom9. 0nother

gro%th @uestion is %hether the *ederal Eeserve begins hiing its benchmar interest rate,

bum&ing u& borro%ing costs across the econom9. he *ed hasn;t raised its rate in almost a decade, and it %asex&ected to so in mid-Se&tember before hina;s %oes s&illed into global =nancial marets. he &resident of the

inAuential *ederal Eeserve $an of /e% Gor, $ill udle9, on #ednesda9 described as +less com&elling1 the

argument for a rate hie next month. $ut he cautioned that it +could become more com&elling1 in Se&tember if

=nancial marets calm and incoming data remains strong. &olitics poses a threat, too. he =scal9ear ends Se&t. 75 %ith the &ossibilit9 of a &artial government shutdo%n. ongress still must rene%

high%a9 funding and raise the debt ceiling. he >bama administration;s &rojected to run out of extraordinar9measures to fund government around mid-/ovember. + 0t this time in the global econom9, it is

essential that %e continue to do ever9thing %e can to maintain %(erica’s do(estic

econo(ic (o(entu( including avoiding a return to =scal brinsmanshi&,1 'ason

*urman, head of the #hite ?ouse ouncil of :conomic 0dvisers, said in a statement on the gro%thnumbers.

*cono(ic wars "o nuclear and "lobal.

He(p 1I<irector of Eegional Strategic !rograms at he /ixon enter, served in

the #hite ?ouse under Eonald Eeagan, s&ecial assistant to the &resident fornational securit9 a2airs and senior director for /ear :ast and South 0sian a2airs onthe /ational Securit9 ouncil Sta2, *ormer irector, Middle :ast 0rms ontrol

!roject at the arnegie :ndo%ment for International !eace Z"eo2re9 )em&, 4565,The East Moves West: India !hina and "sia#s $ro%ing &resence in the Middle East ,&. 477-[

he second scenario, called Ma9hem and haos, is the o&&osite of the =rst scenarioB ever9thing that can go %rong

does go %rong. he %orld economic situation %eaens rather than strengthens, and India,hina, and 'a&an su2er a major reduction in their gro%th rates, further %eaening theglobal econom9. 0s a result, energ9 demand falls and the &rice of fossil fuels &lummets,leading to a =nancial crisis for the energ9-&roducing states, %hich are forced to cutbac dramaticall9 on ex&ansion &rograms and social %elfare. hat in turn leads to&olitical unrest and nurtures di2erent radical grou&s, including, but not limited to, Islamicextremists. he internal stabilit9 of some countries is challenged, and there are more+failed states.1 Most serious is the colla&se of the democratic government in !aistanand its taeover b9 Muslim extremists , %ho then tae &ossession of a large numberof nuclear %ea&ons. he danger of %ar bet%een India and !aistan increasessigni=cantl9. Iran, al%a9s %orried about an extremist !aistan, ex&ands and %ea&onizes its nuclear&rogram. hat further enhances nuclear &roliferation in the Middle :ast, %ith Saudi0rabia, ure9, and :g9&t joining Israel and Iran as nuclear states. Under these

circumstances, the &otential for nuclear terrorism increases, and the &ossibilit9 of anuclear terrorist attac in either the #estern %orld or in the oil-&roducing states



ma9 lead to a further devastating colla&se of the %orld economic maret, %ith atsunami-lie im&act on stabilit9. In this scenario, major disru&tions can be ex&ected,%ith dire conse@uences for t%o-thirds of the &lanet;s &o&ulation.



%nony(ity

Snowden re3elations is creatin" a co((ercial (ar'et or

encryption and other security technolo"ies$octorow 1 (or9-echnolog9 columnist for the "uardian and o-:ditor of

$oing $oing, a technolog9 blog, +#hat ha&&ens %ith digital rights management inthe real %orldC1 he "uardian, 43F36,htt&33%%%.theguardian.com3technolog93blog34563feb35F3digital-rights-management8

he revelations of the /S0 %histleblo%er :d%ard Sno%den have changed the globalconversation about &rivac9 and securit9. 0ccording to a !e% stud9 from last autumn, most

0merican Internet users are no% attem&ting to tae measures to mae their com&utersmore secure and ee& their &rivate information more &rivate . ItTs hard to overstateho% remarable this is (I devoted an entire column to it in ecember8. *or the entire histor9 of

the technolog9 industr9, there %as no a&&reciable consumer demand for securit9and &rivac9. here %as no reason to believe that s&ending mone9 maing a &roduct more secure %ould

translate into enough ne% users to &a9 for the extra engineering %or it entailed. #ith the shift inconsciousness redounding from the Sno%den =les , %e have , for the =rst time ever, t he&otential for commercial success based on claims of securit9. hatTs good ne%sindeed because com&uter securit9 is never a matter of individual action. It doesnTtmatter ho% carefull9 9ou handle 9our email if the &eo&le 9ou corres&ond %ith areslo&&9 %ith their co&ies of 9our messages. ItTs a bit lie &ublic health itTs im&ortant to maesure 9ou have clean drining %ater, but if 9our neighbours donTt &a9 attention to their %ater

and all get cholera, 9our o%n %ater su&&l9Ts &urit9 %onTt ee& 9ou safe.

Sur3eillance Ereor(; tric's the public into belie3in" that theirco((unications are now pri3atedestroys consu(er (ar'et or

pri3acy and encryption technolo"y

Greenwald 1 ("lenn-'ournalist and onstitutional La%9er, the =rst &erson

Sno%den contacted in the 4567, +>/"E:SS IS IEE:L:V0/ >/ M0SSSUEV:ILL0/:. ?:E:;S #?0 M0:ES I/S:0,1 he Interce&t, 6636D36,htt&s33=rstloo.org3theinterce&t345636636D3irrelevance-u-s-congress-sto&&ing-nsas-mass-surveillance38

0ll of that illustrates %hat is, to me, the most im&ortant &oint from all of this the last &lace one shouldloo to im&ose limits on the &o%ers of the U.S. government is . . . the U.S.

government. "overnments don;t %al around tr9ing to =gure out ho% to limit their o%n &o%er, and that;s&articularl9 true of em&ires. he entire s9stem in .. is designed at its core to &revent realreform. his ongress is not going to enact an9thing resembling fundamental limitson the /S0;s &o%ers of mass surveillance. :ven if it someho% did, this #hite ?ouse %ouldnever sign it. :ven if all that miraculousl9 ha&&ened, the fact that the U.S. intelligencecommunit9 and /ational Securit9 State o&erates %ith no limits and no oversight means the9;d

easil9 co-o&t the entire reform &rocess. hat;s %hat ha&&ened after the eavesdro&&ing scandals of

the mid-6DK5s led to the establishment of congressional intelligence committees and a s&ecial *IS0 +oversight1

court<the committees %ere instantl9 ca&tured b9 &utting in charge su&reme servants of the intelligence



communit9 lie Senators ianne *einstein and hambliss, and ongressmen Mie Eogers and +utch1Eu&&ersberger, %hile the court @uicl9 became a rubber stam& %ith subservient judges %ho o&erate in total

secrec9. :ver sinc e the Sno%den re&orting began and &ublic o&inion (in both the U.S. and globall9 8

began radicall9 changing, the #hite ?ouse;s strateg9 has been obvious . It;s vintage>bama :nact something that is called +reform1<so that he can give a &rett9 s&eechtelling the %orld that he heard and res&onded to their concerns<but that in

actualit9 changes almost nothing , thus strengthening the ver9 s9stem he can &retendhe +changed.1 hat;s the same tactic as Silicon Valle9, %hich also su&&orted this bill $eable to &oint to something called +reform1 so the9 can tric hundreds of millions of current and future users around the %orld into believing that their communications areno% safe if the9 use *aceboo, "oogle, S9&e and the rest. In &rett9 much ever9 intervie% I;ve done over the

last 9ear, I;ve been ased %h9 there haven;t been signi=cant changes from all thedisclosures. I vehementl9 disagree %ith the &remise of the @uestion, %hich e@uates+U.S. legislative changes1 %ith +meaningful changes.1 $ut it has been clear from thestart that U.S. legislation is not going to im&ose meaningful limitations on the /S0;s&o%ers of mass surveillance , at least not fundamentall9. hose limitations are going to come from<are

no% coming from <ver9 di2erent &laces

*ncryption and other deensi3e strate"ies are necessary toco(bat cyberattac's current inrastructure is all ofense no

deense

$octorow J6)I (or9-o-:ditor of $oing $oing, a technolog9 blog, citing $ruce

Schneider-acclaimed securit9 ex&ert, +Schneier hina and Eussia &robabl9 did getthe Sno%den leas < b9 hacing the /S0,1 $oing $oing, W34536F,htt&33boingboing.net3456F35W3453schneier-china-and-russia-&ro.html8

Schneier argues that hina and Eussia;s s&9 agencies are full of info%ar ninjas%ho;ve been hacing a%a9 at the /S0;s re&ositories for 9ears , and that there isliel9 a stead9 Ao% of secrets that are ex=ltrated b9 the agencies. ?e sa9s that he

thins successful hac-attacs against the /S0 are much more liel9 than hineseand Eussian s&oos coming u& %ith some ind of magic cr9&to-cracing abilit9(es&eciall9 as Sno%den didn;t even bring the docs %ith him to Eussia8. here is a lotof evidence for this belief. #e no% from other to&-secret /S0 documents that asfar bac as 455N, the agenc9 ;s ailored 0ccess >&erations grou& has extraordinar9ca&abilities to hac into and +ex=ltrate1 data from s&eci=c com&uters , even if thosecom&uters are highl9 secured and not connected to the Internet. hese /S0ca&abilities are not uni@ue, and it;s reasonable to assume both that other countrieshad similar ca&abilities in 455N and that ever9one has im&roved their attactechni@ues in the seven 9ears since then . Last %ee, %e learned that Israel hadsuccessfull9 haced a %ide variet9 of net%ors, including that of a major com&uter

antivirus com&an9. #e also learned that hina successfull9 haced US government&ersonnel databases. 0nd earlier this 9ear, Eussia successfull9 haced the #hite?ouse;s net%or. hese sorts of stories are no% routine. #hich brings me to thesecond &otential source of these documents to foreign intelligence agencies the USand U) governments themselves. I believe that both hina and Eussia had access toall the =les that Sno%den too %ell before Sno%den too them because the9;ve&enetrated the /S0 net%ors %here those =les reside. 0fter all, the /S0 has been a&rime target for decades. hose government hacing exam&les above %ere against



unclassi=ed net%ors, but the nation-state techni@ues %e;re seeing %or againstclassi=ed and unconnected net%ors as %ell. In general, it;s far easier to attac anet%or than it is to defend the same net%or . his isn;t a statement about%ill&o%er or budgetB it;s ho% com&uter and net%or securit9 %or toda9. 0 former/S0 de&ut9 director recentl9 said that if %e %ere to score c9ber the %a9 %e score

soccer, the tall9 %ould be W4FW t%ent9 minutes into the game. In other %ords,it;s all o2ense and no defense .

% cyberattac' would tri""er (ilitary retaliation and escalate

to nuclear war

Eobert Tilord 1), "raduate US 0rm9 0irborne School, *t. $enning, "eorgia,

+9ber attacers could shut do%n the electric grid for the entire east coast1 4564,htt&33%%%.examiner.com3article3c9ber-attacers-could-easil9-shut-do%n-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa ]]]%e don;t agree %ith the ableist language

o mae matters %orse a cyber attac' that can tae out a civilian &o%er grid, for exam&le could

also cripple KdestroyL the +.S. (ilitary. he senator notes that is that the same &o%er grids

that su&&l9 cities and to%ns, stores and gas stations, cell to%ers and heart monitors also &o%er

+e3ery (ilitary base in our countr9.1 +0lthough bases %ould be &re&ared to %eather ashort &o%er outage %ith bacu& diesel generators, %ithin hours, not da9s, fuel su&&lies %ould runout1, he said. #hich means (ilitary c ommand and c ontrol centers could "o dar' . Eadars9stems that detect air threats to our countr9 %ould shut o%n com&letel9. +ommunication

bet%een commanders and their troo&s %ould also go silent. 0nd man9 %ea&ons s9stems%ould be left %ithout either fuel or electric &o%er1, said Senator "rassle9. +So in a ew

short hours or da9s, the mightiest militar9 in the %orld %ould be left scrambling tomaintain base functions1, he said. #e contacted the !entagon and oJcials con=rmedthe threat of a c9ber attac is something 3ery real. o& national securit9 oJcials<

including the hairman of the 'oint hiefs, the irector of the /ational Securit9 0genc9, the Secretar9 of efense, and the I0

irector< have said, +&reventing a c9ber attac and im&roving the nation;s electric grids is among themost urgent &riorities of our countr91 (source ongressional Eecord8. So ho% serious is the !entagon taing all thisC

:nough to start, or end a %ar over it, for sure. 0 c9ber attac toda9 against the US could ver9 %ell beseen as an E%ct o !ar; and could be met %ith a +full scale1 US militar9res&onse. hat could include the use of Enuclear weapons;5 if authorized b9 the !resident.

&rioriti8e stoppin" ?ashpoints o war o3er structural 3iolence /

stats pro3e this is a better approach to stop in4ustice

'oshua Goldstein, Int;l Eel !rof _ 0merican U, )II1, #ar and "ender, &. 64

*irst, &eace activists face a dilemma in thining about causes of %ar and %oring for &eace.Man9 &eace scholars and activists su&&ort the a&&roach, +if 9ou %ant &eace, %or for

justice.1 hen, if one believes that sexism contributes to %ar one can %or for gender justices&eci=call9 (&erha&s among others8 in order to &ursue &eace. his a&&roach brings strategicallies to the &eace movement (%omen, labor, minorities8, but rests on the assum&tion thatinjustices cause %ar. he evidence in this boo suggests that causalit9 runs at least asstrongl9 the other %a9 . !ar is not a product o capitalis(5 i(perialis(5 "ender5innate a""ression5 or any other sin"le cause5 although all of these inAuence %ars;outbreas and outcomes. Eather, %ar has in &art fueled and sustained these and otherinjustices .D So,1if 9ou %ant &eace, %or for &eace.1 Indeed, if 9ou %ant justice (gender andothers8, %or for &eace . ausalit9 does not run just u&%ard through the levels of anal9sis,

http://www.examiner.com/article/cyber-attackers-could-easily-shut-down-the-electric-grid-for-the-entire-east-coa






from t9&es of individuals, societies, and governments u& to %ar. It runs do%n%ard too. :nloesuggests that changes in attitudes to%ards %ar and the 45

militar9 ma9 be the most im&ortant %a9 to +reverse %omen;s o&&ression.1 hedilemma is that &eace %or focused on justice brings to the &eace movementenerg9, allies, and moral grounding, 9et, in light of this boo;s evidence, the

em&hasis on injustice as the main cause of %ar seems to be em&iricall9 inade@uate .

+tilitarianis( is the only (oral ra(ewor' and alternati3es are

contradictory

Nye5 FJ ('ose&h S. 6DNWB !hd !olitical Science ?arvard. Universit9B Served as

0ssistant Secretar9 of efense for International Securit9 02airsB +/uclear :thics1 &g.6N-6D8

he signi=cance and the limits of the t%o broad traditions can be ca&tured b9 contem&lating a h9&othetical case.7

Imagine that 9ou are visiting a entral 0merican countr9 and 9ou ha&&en u&on a village s@uare %here anarm9 ca&tain is about to order his men to shoot t%o &easants lined u& against a%all . #hen 9ou as the reason, 9ou are told someone in this village shot at the ca&tainTs men last night. #hen

9ou object to the illing of &ossibl9 innocent &eo&le, 9ou are told that civil %ars do not &ermit moral niceties. 'ust to&rove the &oint that %e all have dirt9 hands in such situations, the ca&tain hands 9ou a riAe and tells 9ou thatif 9ou %ill shoot one &easant, he %ill free the other. >ther%ise both die. ?e %arns 9ou not to tr9

an9 trics because his men have their guns trained on 9ou. #ill 9ou shoot one &erson %ith theconse@uences of saving one, or %ill 9ou allo% both to die but &reserve 9our moralintegrit9 b9 refusing to &la9 his dirt9 gameC he &oint of the stor9 is to sho% the valueand limits of both traditions. Integrit9 is clearl9 an im&ortant value, and man9 of us%ould refuse to shoot. $ut at %hat &oint does the &rinci&le of not taing an innocentlife colla&se before the conse@uentialist burdenC #ould it matter if there %ere t%ent9 or 6,555

&easants to be savedC #hat if illing or torturing one innocent &erson could save a cit9 of65 million &ersons from a terroristsT nuclear deviceC 0t some &oint does not integrit9 become

the ultimate egoism of fastidious self-righteousness in %hich the &urit9 of the self is more im&ortant than the lives

of countless othersC Is it not better to follo% a conse@uentialist a&&roach, admit remorseor regret over the immoral means, but justif9 the action b9 the conse@uencesC o

absolutist a&&roaches to integrit9 become self-contradictor9 in a %orld of nuclear %ea&onsC o %hat is right

though the %orld should &erish %as a diJcult &rinci&le even %hen )ant ex&ounded it in the eighteenth centur9,

and there is some evidence that he did not mean it to be taen literall9 even then. /o% that it ma9 beliterall9 &ossible in the nuclear age, it seems more than ever to be self-contradictor9.7F 0bsolutist ethics bear a heavier burden of &roof in the nuclear agethan ever before.

&ri3acy needs to be considered in a utilitarian ra(ewor' to be

properly e3aluatedMwei"h it a"ainst our i(pacts

Solo3e )Maniel Solove is an 0ssociate !rofessor at "eorge #ashingtonUniversit9 La% School and holds a '.. from Gale La% School, he is one of the %orld;sleading ex&ert in information &rivac9 la% and is %ell no%n for his academic %oron &rivac9 and for &o&ular boos on ho% &rivac9 relates %ith informationtechnolog9, he has %ritten D boos and more than F5 la% revie% articles, 4554(+once&tualizing !rivac9,1 0vailable online athtt&33&a&ers.ssrn.com3sol73&a&ers.cfmCabstractOidX767657, accessed on K36K36F8

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=313103

http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=313103



hus far, attem&ts to locate a common denominator for conce&tualizing &rivac9 have beenunsatisf9ing . once&tions that attem&t to locate the core or essence of &rivac9 %indu& being too broad or too narro%. I am not arguing that %e must al%a9s avoid referring to &rivac9 in the

abstractB sometimes it is easiest and most eJcient to do so. Eather, such abstract reference to &rivac9often fails to be useful %hen %e need to conce&tualize &rivac9 to solve legal and

&olic9 &roblems . herefore, it ma9 be %orth%hile to begin conce&tualizing &rivac9 in a di2erent %a9. 0

bottom-u& contextualized a&&roach to%ard conce&tualizing &rivac9 %ill &rove @uite fruitful in toda9;s %orld ofra&idl9 changing technolog9. >f course, in advocating a contextual anal9sis of &rivac9, the issue remains 0t %hat

level of generalit9 should the contexts be de=nedC his is a diJcult @uestion, and I doubt there is a uniform level of

generalit9 that is &referable. his 0rticle does not recommend that contexts be de=ned so narro%l9 as to &ertain toonl9 a fe% circumstances. It is often useful to de=ne contexts of some breadth, so long as the generalization is not

overl9 reductive or distorting. 0ll generalization is an im&erfection. *ocusing on &articularcontexts and &ractices is a %a9 of carving u& ex&erience into digestible &arts. hehuman mind sim&l9 cannot examine ex&erience in its chaotic totalit9 it must bite o2&ieces to anal9ze. he %a9 %e conce&tualize &rivac9 in each context &rofoundl9inAuences ho% %e sha&e legal solutions to &articular &roblems . #e can evaluate the results of

our conce&tions b9 looing to ho% %ell the9 %or in solving the &roblems. 0lthough I criti@ue attem&ts to locate anoverarching conce&tion of &rivac9, I am certainl9 not arguing against endeavors to conce&tualize &rivac9.

once&tualizing &rivac9 in &articular contexts is an essential ste& in gra&&ling %ith legal and &olic9 &roblems. hus,

the issue of ho% %e conce&tualize &rivac9 is of &aramount im&ortance for the Information 0ge, for %e are beset%ith a number of com&lex &rivac9 &roblems, causing great disru&tion to numerous im&ortant &ractices of high

social value. #ith the method of &hiloso&hical in@uir9 I am recommending, %e can better understand, and thus

more e2ectivel9 gra&&le %ith, these emerging &roblems.

Collecti3e Security outwei"hs personal security. &ersonal

security is not irrele3ant / but collecti3e security entails the

personal interest o (any people5 each o who( (atter. Our

opponent 3iolently i"nores the means o collecti3e security to

"et to the end o narrower interests.

9i((a <

)enneth - 0ssociate !rofessor of !hiloso&h9, Seattle !aci=c Universit9. he author holds ' and !hand %as formerl9 a Lecturer at the Universit9 of #ashington in e&artment of !hiloso&h9, theInformation School, and the La% School. +!rivac9 vs. Securit9 #h9 !rivac9 is /ot an 0bsolute Value orEight1. San iego La% Eevie%, Vol. , &. NFD, 455K. 0vailable at SSE/htt&33ssrn.com3abstractXDDFN

0s it turns out, the conce&t of securit9 is ambiguous as bet%een t%o inter&retations. M9 interest in &ersonal securit9 extends no

further than m9 having an interest in m9 o%n securit9. 0ccordingl9, m9 interest in &ersonal securit9 is concerned

%ith (y bein" &rotected from violent acts of assault and theft, but is indi2erent %ith res&ect to other &eo&le being

&rotected from such acts. M9 interest in collective securit9 is an interest I have in the continuingexistence of the social grou& I inhabit as &roviding an environment in %hich I and other &eo&le are free from the

threats of violence and theft, and hence, %hich &rovides necessar9, though not suJcient, &rere@uisites for the &ossibilit9 of leadinga meaningful human life. M9 interest in +national securit9,1 of course, is an interest in collective securit9<in &articular, an interest inthe continuing existence of the national grou& to %hich I belong. here is, of course, an obvious relation bet%een the t%o if I live ina societ9 that lacs collective securit9, then it is highl9 &robable that I %ill also lac &ersonal securit9. If &eo&le ever9%here are

rioting, then m9 individual, or &ersonal, %ell-being is threatened<to some extent<even if I am sitting at home %ith all the doorsbolted shut. If I feel I have to sit in a +safe room1 to esca&e the direct threat to m9 securit9, then I am no longer leading ameaningful, Aourishing life. *or all &ractical &ur&oses, m9 life is organized around defending m9self from attacs on m9 life<surel9



not a desirable state of a2airs for an9 &racticall9 rational being. It might be that some &ersons are sosel=sh that the9 care about collective securit9 onl9 insofar as it im&acts their o%nsecurit9, but I %ould be sur&rised<at the ris of overestimating the ca&acit9 for human em&ath9<if this%ere generall9 true. here is no doubt that there are man9 &eo&le %ith &athological &s9chological conditions %ho care

onl9 about their o%n interests and %ould hence care about collective securit9 onl9 because it bears on their &ersonal securit9B forthese &eo&le, the interests of other &eo&le count for nothing. $ut most &eo&le %ho share a communal life %ith us in societ9 formsocial bonds<bonds that extend to &eo&le %e have never met in virtue of their being a member of the same tribe or communit9.0lthough the em&athetic bonds extended to those solel9 in virtue of tribe membershi& %ill be considerabl9 %eaer than thoseextended in virtue of the develo&ment of mutuall9 satisf9ing &ersonal relationshi&s, the9 are signi=cant bonds. Most of us %ho

%atched the Aood%aters rise on &eo&le clinging for life on their roofs in /e% >rleans in the aftermath of ?urricane )atrina cared

ver9 dee&l9 about %hat %as ha&&ening to them. #e care, of course, about our o%n securit9, but %e alsocare a great deal about the securit9 of our communit9<and not just because it bears on our safet9

and securit9. I believe that moralit9 &rotects some of these interests in collective and &ersonal securit9 to such an extent that the9rise to the level of a right. /evertheless, it is not at all clear ho% to dra% the line bet%een those interests not covered b9 a right to

securit9 and those interests covered b9 a right to securit9<and I cannot attem&t to do so here. he &oint I %ant tomae here is that I am &erfectl9 comfortable assuming our moral interests in &rivac9 rise to the levelof a right that a legitimate state is obligated to &rotect as a &recondition of its legitimac9, and that, as I %ill sho% from a

number of vantage &oints, the sa(e is true o the ri"ht to security. In addition, I %ill &rovide a

number of arguments<some of them grounded in indi3idual (orality and some grounded in major

a&&roaches to theorizing about the conditions a state must satisf9 to be morall9 legitimate<that the ri"ht to

security tru(ps the ri"ht to pri3acy when the two co(e into con?ict.



Global nternet ,reedo(The !on" e3idence is co(pletely uncredibleNot only is it ro(

a political blo" but their author is actually a senior researcher

or 9u(an 2i"hts !atch which is an or"ani8ation that

speciali8es in 9+A%N 2G9TS SS+*S NOT C=*2S*C+2T

Collapse o authoritarian re"i(es is ine3itable

$ia(ond 16) ZLarr9 iamond, Senior fello% at the ?oover Institution and the *reeman S&ogli Institute

for International Studies, 'anuar9 4, 456, +0re %orries about health of democrac9 overblo%nC Eebuttals1,

htt&33demdigest.net3blog3%orries-health-democrac9-overblo%n-rebuttals3[

0s *reedom ?ouse demonstrates in its latest annual surve9, freedom in the %orld declined in 4567 for the eighth

consecutive 9ear. Get this net assessment encom&asses some shar&l9 divergent trends,and it obscures some underl9ing elements of ho&e and resilience, %rites Larr9 iamond, a

senior fello% at the ?oover Institution and at the *reeman S&ogli Institute for International Studies, %here he directs

the enter on emocrac9, evelo&ment, and the Eule of La% (EL8. #hile democrac9 has founderedrecentl9 in some big, strategic states<lie $angladesh and :g9&t (and no% &otentiall9 Uraine8<most of therecent erosions in freedom have come in states that %ere alread9 authoritarian, such

as Eussia, 0zerbaijan, )azahstan, Venezuela, Sri Lana, Uganda and "ambia, he contends in a debate for he

:conomist. 0mid these disheartening retreats, it is &ossible to miss the @uiet &ersistence orrene%al of democrac9 in &laces lie "hana and "eorgia, or the &otent electoral &ushbacagainst autocratic ambitions in 0rgentina, notes iamond, a founding co-editor of the 'ournal of

emocrac9 and a senior consultant to the International *orum for emocratic Studies of the /ational :ndo%ment

for emocrac9. /earl9 5^ of the %orld;s Muslims live in four big democracies Indonesia, !aistan, ure9 and

India. 0nd the &redominantl9 Muslim &o&ulations of Mali and Senegal together roughl9 match the 4Fm or so in

Saudi 0rabia. hen there is the 0rab %orld. It is not onl9 &remature but su&er=cial as %ell to%rite o2 0rab ho&es for freedom. unisia has just turned a major constitutional corner and, as he

:conomist recentl9 noted, +emocratic institutions a&&ear to have a good chance of taingroot.1 0 major reason is that unlie its Muslim $rotherhood counter&art in :g9&t, the &rinci&al Islamist &art9 in

unisia, /ahda, ultimatel9 o&ted for moderation and com&romise. ` es&ite their manifest&roblems of &olitical order, Lib9a, Gemen and even Ira@ have levels of &olitical&luralism that %ould have been unimaginable a decade ago. /or should %e &resumethat authoritarian rule is stable else%here in the Middle :ast. Sooner or later<and &robabl9

sooner in 'ordan and Morocco<deca9ing authoritarian regimes %ill need to commit to real&olitical reform or face ne% surges of &rotest from 9outhful and increasingl9 tech-savv9 &o&ulations %ho %ant better government and a better life. #e are still in themidst of a long arc of histor9 that %ill bend to%ards democrac9 in our time.

+S allies destroy ireedo( si"nal

Hanson 6534F312, /onresident *ello%, *oreign !olic9, $rooings

htt&33%%%.brooings.edu3research3re&orts3456436534F-edi&lomac9-hanson-internet-freedom

$noter callenge is dealing "it close partners and allies "o undermine internet !reedom. In 0ugust

4566, in the midst of the 0rab u&risings, the U) ex&erienced a di2erent connection technolog9 infused movement,the London Eiots. >n 0ugust 66, in the heat of the crisis, !rime Minister ameron told the ?ouse of ommons *reeAo% of information can be used for good. $ut it can also be used for ill. So %e are %oring %ith the &olice, theintelligence services and industr9 to loo at %hether it %ould be right to sto& &eo&le communicating via these%ebsites and services %hen %e no% the9 are &lotting violence, disorder and criminalit9. his &olic9 had far-reaching im&lications. 0s recentl9 as 'anuar9 4566, then !resident of :g9&t, ?osni Mubara, ordered the shut-do%nof :g9&t;s largest IS!s and the cell &hone net%or, a move the United States had heavil9 criticized. /o% the U) %ascontem&lating the same move and threatening to create a rationale for authoritarian governments ever9%here to



shut do%n communications net%ors %hen the9 threatened +violence, disorder and criminalit9.1 >ther allies li%e

$ustralia are also pursuing restrictive internet policies. 0s >&en/et re&orted it +0ustralia maintains some of

the most restrictive Internet &olicies of an9 #estern countr9`1 &en tese allies pursue policies so clearly at

odds "it te '.. internet !reedom agenda, several diJculties arise. It undermines te '.. position tat

an open and !ree internet is someting !ree societies naturally "ant. It also gives repressive autoritarian

governments an ecuse for their o%n monitoring and =ltering activities. o an extent, U.S. internet freedom &olic9

res&onds even-handedl9 to this challenge because the vast bul of its grants are for o&en source circumvention

tools that can be just as readil9 used b9 someone in London as $eijing, but so far , te +nited States as been

muc more discreet about criticising te restrictive policies o! allies tan autoritarian states.

Turn nternet reedo( is used to crush dissentSie"el 11 (Lee Siegel, a columnist and editor at large for he /e% Gor >bserver, is the author of +0gainst the Machine ?o% the #eb Is

Eesha&ing ulture and ommerce < and #h9 It Matters. +Qhe /et elusion; and the :g9&t risis1, *ebruar9 , 4566,htt&33artsbeat.blogs.n9times.com34566354353the-net-delusion-and-the-eg9&t-crisis8

*oro+ov ta%es te ideas o! "at e calls “cyberutopians# and so"s o" reality perverts tem

in one political situation a!ter anoter. In Iran, te regime used te internet to crus the internet

driven protests in 'une 455D. In -ussia, neo!ascists use te internet to organi+e pogroms. 0nd on and on.

Morozov has %ritten hundreds of &ages to mae the &oint that tecnology is amoral and cuts many di!!erent "ays . ust

as radio can bolster democracy or / as in -"anda / incite genocide, so te internet can elp

!oment a revolution but can also elp crus it. his seems obvious, 9et it has often been entirel9 lost as grand claims are made

for the internet;s &ositive, liberating @ualities. 0nd suddenl9 here are unisia and, even more dramaticall9, :g9&t, simultaneousl9 &roving and refuting

Morozov;s argument. In both cases, social net%oring allo%ed truths that had been %his&ered to be %idel9 broadcast and commented u&on. In

0unisia and 1gypt / and no" across te $rab "orld / 2aceboo% and 0"itter ave made people

!eel less alone in teir rage at te governments that stiAe their lives. here is nothing more &oliticall9 emboldening than to feel,

all at once, that %hat 9ou have ex&erienced as &ersonal bitterness is actuall9 an objective condition, a universal aiction in 9our societ9 that therefore

can be universall9 o&&osed. 3et at te same time, te 1gyptian government sut o!! te internet, %hich is an

e2ective %a9 of using the internet. 0nd according to one :g9&tian blogger, misin!ormation is being spread troug 2aceboo%

< as it %as in Iran < just as real information %as shared b9 anti-government &rotesters. 0is is te “ dark side of internet

freedom” tat *oro+ov is "arning against. It is te !reedom to "antonly crus te !orces o!!reedom . 0ll this should not sur&rise an9one. It seems that, just as %ith ever9 other t9&e of technolog9 of communication, te internet is

not a solution to uman con!lict but an ampli!ier !or all aspects o! a con!lict. $s you read about

progovernment agitators carging into cro"ds o! protesters on orsebac% and camel, you reali+e

tat noting as canged in our ne" internet age. he human situation is the same as it al%a9s %as, exce&t that it is the

same in a ne%er and more intense %a9. ecades from no%, %e %ill no doubt be celebrating a s&aning ne% technolog9 that &romises to liberate us fromthe internet. 0nd the argument joined b9 Morozov %ill occur once again.

&ri3ate co(panies will 3oluntarily selcensor / no(inal

internet reedo( is irrele3antAoro8o3 11 (:vgen9 Morozov, visting scholar at Stanford Universit9, Sch%artz *ello% at the /e% 0merica *oundation, 4566, +he /et

elusion,1 ch. N8

#hat is clear is that, contrar9 to the ex&ectations of man9 #estern &olic9maers, ,aceboo' is hardly ideal or pro(otin" de(ocracy its own lo"ic5 dri3en by

pro#ts or i"norance o the increasin"ly "lobal conte0t in which it operates5

is 5 at ti(es5 e0tre(ely antide(ocratic. #ere )afa to &en his novel he rial<in %hich the &rotagonist

is arrested and tried for reasons that are never ex&lained to him<toda9, :l "hazzaliTs case could certainl9 serve as ins&iration.

hat much of digital activism is mediated b9 commercial intermediaries %ho o&erate on

similar )afaes@ue &rinci&les is cause for concern, if onl9 because it introduces too much



unnecessar9 uncertaint9 into the activist chain, imagine that :l "hazzaliTs grou& %as &lanning a &ublic

&rotest on the ver9 da9 that its &age got deleted he &rotest could have easil9 been derailed. Until there is com&letecertaint9 that a *aceboo grou& %onTt be removed at the most unfortunatemoment, man9 dissident grou&s %ill sh9 a%a9 from maing it their &rimar9 channelof communication . In realit9, there is no reason %h9 *aceboo should even bother

%ith defending freedom of ex&ression in Morocco, %hich is not an a&&ealing maret to its advertisers,and even if it %ere, it %ould surel9 be much easier to mae mone9 there %ithout crossing

s%ords %ith the countr9Ts rulers. #e do not no% ho% heavil9 *aceboo &olices sensitive &olitical activit9 on its

site, but %e do no% of man9 cases similar to :l "hazzali s. In *ebruar9 4565, for exam&le, *aceboo %asheavil9 criticized b9 its critics in 0sia for removing the &ages of a grou& %ith N,4DN

members that had been formed to o&&ose the emocratic 0lliance for the $ettermentand !rogress of ?ong )ong, the &ro-establishment and &ro-$eijing &art9. 0ccording to the

grou&Ts administrator, the ban %as triggered b9 o&&onents Aagging the grou& as abusive on *aceboo. his %as not the =rst timethat *aceboo constrained the %or of such grou&s. In the run-u& to the >l9m&ic torch rela9 &assing through ?ong )ong in 455N, it

shut do%n several grou&s, %hile man9 &ro-ibetan activists had their accounts deactivated for &ersistent misuse of the site. ItTsnot just &olitics *aceboo is notoriousl9 zealous in &olicing other t9&es of content as%ell. In 'ul9 4565 it sent multi&le %arnings to an 0ustralian je%eler for &osting &hotos of her ex@uisite &orcelain doll, %hich

revealed the dollTs ni&&les. *acebooTs founders ma9 be 9oung, but the9 are a&&arentl9 &uritans. Man9 otherintermediaries are not exactl9 unbending defenders of &olitical ex&ression either . %itter has been accused of silencing online tribute to the 455N "aza #ar. 0&&le hasbeen bashed for blocing alai Lama-related i!hone a&&s from its 0&& Store for hina (an

a&&lication related to Eebi9a )adeer, the exiled leader of the Uighur minorit9, %as banned as %ell8. "oogle, %hich o%ns >rut, a

social net%or that is sur&risingl9 &o&ular in India, has been accused of being too zealous in removing&otentiall9 controversial content that ma9 be inter&reted as calling for religious and ethnic violence against both

?indus and Muslims. Moreover, a 455D stud9 found that Microsoft has been censoring %hat users in the

United 0rab :mirates, yria, 0lgeria, and 'ordan could =nd through its $ing search engine muchmore heavil9 than the governments of those countries.

+S Online "a(blin" ban 'ills internet reedo( si"nal

Kibbe !2"!1 (*att, 2reedom&or%s, 4oalition etter7 8o 2ederal an on Internet :ambling4)

&e, te undersigned individuals and organi+ations, are "riting to epress our deep concerns about te -estoration o!

$merica;s &ire $ct (<.-. =>?@), "ic "ould institute a de !acto ban on internet gaming in all 5? states. 0e

legislation is a broad overreac by te !ederal government over matters traditionally reserved !or te states. <.-.=>?@ "ill reverse current la" in many states and drastically increase te !ederal government;s regulatory po"er. $s

"e ave seen in te past, a ban "ill not stop online gambling. Aroibiting states !rom legali+ing and

regulating te practice only ensures tat it "ill be pused bac% into te sado"s "ere crime can !louris

"it little oversigt. In tis blac% mar%et, "ere virtually all sites are operated !rom abroad, consumers ave little

to no protection !rom predatory beavior.B Aeraps even more concerning is te !act tat tis bill allo"s te

!ederal government to ta%e a eavy and in regulating te Internet , opening te door !or increased Internet

regulation in te !uture. y banning a select !orm o! Internet commerce, te !ederal government is setting a

troubling precedent and providing !odder to tose "o "ould li%e to see increased Internet regulation inte !uture . &e !ear tat <.-. =>?@ "ill begin a dangerous process o! internet censorsip tat "ill

simultaneously be circumvented by calculated international in!ringers "ile constraining te actions o!

private individuals and companies in te 'nited tates.

alpharetta vemuri madhavan neg carrolton round1

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