alterations in the central nervous system
DESCRIPTION
ALTERATIONS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Exemplar Cerebrovascular Accident(CVA) Introduction to CVA / Stroke Prevention. Stroke (Brain Attack). Definition -Blood flow interrupted to an area of the brain -Ischemia to the part of the brain -Bleeding into brain tissue - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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ALTERATIONS IN THE ALTERATIONS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMSYSTEM
ExemplarCerebrovascular Accident(CVA)Introduction to CVA / StrokePrevention
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Stroke (Brain Attack)Stroke (Brain Attack)Definition
-Blood flow interrupted to an area of the brain
-Ischemia to the part of the brain
-Bleeding into brain tissue-The brain doesn’t store
oxygen/ glucose and needs a constant flow of blood
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Cerebrovascular AccidentCerebrovascular Accident Approximately 800,000 in USA annually (425,000=F; 370,000=M) *
Third most common cause of death #1 leading cause of disability
Physical, cognitive, emotional, & financial impact
*http://www.stroke.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=9015&news_iv_ctrl=1222
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Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Temporary focal loss of neurologic function
Caused by ischemia of one of the vascular areas of the brain
Most resolve within 3 hours
Difference of TIA vs. CVA is infarction*
*Easton,JD, Saver,JL, Albers, GW, et al. Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack.Stroke. 2009; 40(6)2276-2293.
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Faculty animations from chtr 47 TIA
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Types of StrokesTypes of StrokesIschemic stroke (87%)
-Thrombotic stroke: atherosclerosis of blood vessel wall -Embolic stroke: dislodged clot from other area of body
Hemorrhagic stroke (13%)Bleeding into brain tissue r/t
ruptured aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation
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Faculty animation a fib cht 47
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Cerebrovascular Accident: Cerebrovascular Accident: IschemicIschemic
Thrombotic Thrombotic Lumen of the blood vessels narrows
(atherosclerosis) - becomes occluded -infarction occurs
Associated with HTN and Diabetes Mellitus
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Cerebrovascular Accident: Cerebrovascular Accident: IschemicIschemic
Embolic Stroke Embolic StrokeEmbolus lodges in/ occludes a cerebral artery
Infarction & cerebral edema developEmboli R/T : atrial fibrillation
-MI -valvular prostheses
Severe symptoms occur rapidly– no collateral circulation
Any age groupRecurrence common if underlying cause
not treated
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Cerebrovascular AccidentCerebrovascular AccidentEmbolic StrokeEmbolic Stroke
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Cerebrovascular Accident Cerebrovascular Accident Hemorrhagic Hemorrhagic
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Intracranial bleeding-Increases with age and
more common in women
Intracerebral Hemorrhage - rupture within the brain
tissueAneurysm
-abnormal blood vessel wall which ruptures
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Cerebrovascular AccidentCerebrovascular AccidentHemorrhage Stroke Hemorrhage Stroke Intracerebral HemorrhageIntracerebral Hemorrhage
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Cerebrovascular AccidentCerebrovascular AccidentPopulations at RiskPopulations at Risk
Age – Occurrence doubles each decade >55 years
Gender – Almost equal for men & women
Race – African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, Asian Americans -- higher incidence
Heredity – family history, prior transient ischemic attack, or prior stroke increases risk
http://www.stroke.org/site/PageServer?pagename=RISK
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Pediatric StrokesPediatric StrokesPopulations at Risk
M>F; African American>White, Asian
Medical Hx -sickle cell disease -heart disease (congenital or acquired)
Signs & Symptoms -infant may have one sided seizure -older child has weakness/numbness
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Video on Pediatric StrokeVideo on Pediatric Strokehttp://abcnews.go.com/Health/
video/year-stroke-survivor-10139867
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Cerebrovascular AccidentCerebrovascular AccidentRisk FactorsRisk Factors
Controllable Risks with Medical Treatment & Lifestyle Changes:
High blood pressure DiabetesCigarette smoking TIA (Aspirin)High blood cholesterol ObesityHeart Disease Atrial fibrillation
Oral contraceptive use Physical inactivity
Sickle cell disease Asymptomatic carotid Hypercoagulability stenosis
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PreventionPreventionMaintain healthy lifestyle
-exercise -don’t smoke/alcohol in moderation
Diet -low sodium, low cholesterol
Control underlying medical problems -hypertension -diabetes mellitus -atrial fibrillation