Slide 1

Altered States of Consciousness Slide 2 Sleep and Dreams In 1959, New York disc jockey Peter Tripp stayed awake for 200 hours to raise money for charity. In 1959, New York disc jockey Peter Tripp stayed awake for 200 hours to raise money for charity. After about 50 hours, he started having mild hallucinations, seeing cobwebs in his shoes when there were none there and thinking that specs of dirt on the ground were actually bugs. After about 50 hours, he started having mild hallucinations, seeing cobwebs in his shoes when there were none there and thinking that specs of dirt on the ground were actually bugs. Slide 3 Sleep and Dreams After 100 hours had gone by, he became delirious and saw a doctors tweed suit as a tangled mess of furry worms. After 100 hours had gone by, he became delirious and saw a doctors tweed suit as a tangled mess of furry worms. Here, Peter Tripp is shown yawning at 48 hours. 2 hours prior to the onset of hallucinations. Here, Peter Tripp is shown yawning at 48 hours. 2 hours prior to the onset of hallucinations. Slide 4 Sleep and Dreams At roughly 120 hours, he needed to be given stimulants in order to keep him awake. At roughly 120 hours, he needed to be given stimulants in order to keep him awake. At 150 hours, Peter was disoriented, not knowing who or where he was, and he became paranoid he backed against a wall, letting no one pass behind him. At 150 hours, Peter was disoriented, not knowing who or where he was, and he became paranoid he backed against a wall, letting no one pass behind him. Slide 5 Sleep and Dreams Finally, by 200 hours, his hallucinations had taken a sinister turn. Finally, by 200 hours, his hallucinations had taken a sinister turn. Peter began to think that the doctor attempting to examine him was an undertaker coming to bury him. Peter began to think that the doctor attempting to examine him was an undertaker coming to bury him. He was put to sleep by medical examiners and slept for 13 hours straight. He was put to sleep by medical examiners and slept for 13 hours straight. Upon waking up, he asked for the morning paper as if nothing had happened. Upon waking up, he asked for the morning paper as if nothing had happened. Slide 6 Sleep and Dreams So, how important is sleep to humans? So, how important is sleep to humans? Sleep is VITAL to mental health! Sleep is VITAL to mental health! As Peter Tripp found out, if a person is deprived of sleep, he or she will begin to have psychological symptoms. As Peter Tripp found out, if a person is deprived of sleep, he or she will begin to have psychological symptoms. Most people think of sleep as a state of unconsciousness, punctuated by brief periods of dreaming. Most people think of sleep as a state of unconsciousness, punctuated by brief periods of dreaming. This is only partially correct. This is only partially correct. Sleep is a state of altered consciousness, characterized by certain patterns of brain activity and inactivity. Sleep is a state of altered consciousness, characterized by certain patterns of brain activity and inactivity. Slide 7 Sleep and Dreams What is consciousness? What is consciousness? Consciousness: Is a state of awareness, including a persons feelings, sensations, ideas, and perceptions. Consciousness: Is a state of awareness, including a persons feelings, sensations, ideas, and perceptions. When we discuss altered states of consciousness, we mean people can have different levels of awareness. When we discuss altered states of consciousness, we mean people can have different levels of awareness. Slide 8 Sleep and Dreams - There are many different levels of consciousness! - For example; - People who are fully aware with their attention focused on something are conscious of that something. - A person who is not completely aware is in a different level of consciousness an altered state of consciousness - Sleep IS an altered state of consciousness! Slide 9 Freuds Levels of Consciousness Sigmund Freud identified three levels of Consciousness. Sigmund Freud identified three levels of Consciousness. In his approach to consciousness, he claimed that preconscious ideas are not in your awareness now, but that you are able to recall them with some effort. In his approach to consciousness, he claimed that preconscious ideas are not in your awareness now, but that you are able to recall them with some effort. Unconscious ideas are hidden and unretrievable. Unconscious ideas are hidden and unretrievable. Slide 10 Slide 11 Why Do We Sleep We are not sure why people sleep. We are not sure why people sleep. Sleep is characterized by unresponsiveness to the environment and usually limited physical mobility. Sleep is characterized by unresponsiveness to the environment and usually limited physical mobility. There are many different theories as to why we sleep: There are many different theories as to why we sleep: Re-Charge? Re-Charge? Conserve Energy? Conserve Energy? Clear our minds of useless information? Clear our minds of useless information? To dream? To dream? Slide 12 The Stages of Sleep As you begin to fall asleep As you begin to fall asleep Your body temperature decreases. Your body temperature decreases. Your pulse rate slowly drops. Your pulse rate slowly drops. Your breathing becomes slow and even. Your breathing becomes slow and even. Gradually, your eyes close and your brain begins to record alpha waves on the EEG. Gradually, your eyes close and your brain begins to record alpha waves on the EEG. These waves are associated with the absence of concentrated thought and relaxation. These waves are associated with the absence of concentrated thought and relaxation. Slide 13 The Stages of Sleep Your body may slowly begin to twitch. Your body may slowly begin to twitch. Your eyes may begin to roll. Your eyes may begin to roll. Brief visual images may begin to flash across your mindAlthough your eyelids are shut! Brief visual images may begin to flash across your mindAlthough your eyelids are shut! All of this is happening as you enter Stage One sleep, the lightest level of sleep. All of this is happening as you enter Stage One sleep, the lightest level of sleep. Slide 14 The Stages of Sleep Early Stages Stage I Sleep Early Stages Stage I Sleep Your pulse slows a bit more and your muscles relax. Your pulse slows a bit more and your muscles relax. Your breathing becomes uneven and your brain waves grow irregular. Your breathing becomes uneven and your brain waves grow irregular. If you were awaken during this stage, you would report that you were just drifting off for a bit. If you were awaken during this stage, you would report that you were just drifting off for a bit. This phase lasts for up to 10 minutes. This phase lasts for up to 10 minutes. Slide 15 The Stages of Sleep Early Stages Stage II Sleep Early Stages Stage II Sleep Your eyes roll slowly from side to side. Your eyes roll slowly from side to side. Your brain waves quickly grow and fall from lows to highs and back again. Your brain waves quickly grow and fall from lows to highs and back again. Lasts roughly 30 minutes Lasts roughly 30 minutes Early Stages Stage III Sleep Early Stages Stage III Sleep Large amplitude waves begin to sweep through your brain every few seconds. Large amplitude waves begin to sweep through your brain every few seconds. Lasts roughly 10 minutes. Lasts roughly 10 minutes. Slide 16 The Stages of Sleep Later Stages Stage IV Sleep Later Stages Stage IV Sleep This stage is the deepest sleep of all. This stage is the deepest sleep of all. It is VERY difficult to wake a sleeper during this stage. It is VERY difficult to wake a sleeper during this stage. Large, regular waves move through your brain occurring more than 50% of the time. Large, regular waves move through your brain occurring more than 50% of the time. If you are awakened by a large noise or movement, you will most likely feel disoriented. If you are awakened by a large noise or movement, you will most likely feel disoriented. Talking, Sleep-Walking, and Bed Wetting, all which occur in this stage leave no trace on your memory. Talking, Sleep-Walking, and Bed Wetting, all which occur in this stage leave no trace on your memory. In Stage 4, something very odd also begins to happen In Stage 4, something very odd also begins to happen Slide 17 The Stages of Sleep Later Stages Stage IV Sleep Later Stages Stage IV Sleep Your eyes begin to move rapidly. Your eyes begin to move rapidly. You have entered a more rapid type of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement. You have entered a more rapid type of sleep characterized by rapid eye movement. This is called REM sleep. This is called REM sleep. Slide 18 The Stages of Sleep Later Stages REM Sleep Later Stages REM Sleep REM Sleep: A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, a high level of brain activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles, and dreaming. REM Sleep: A stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, a high level of brain activity, a deep relaxation of the muscles, and dreaming. During REM sleep: During REM sleep: Your Pulse rate and breathing become irregular, and the levels of adrenal and sexual hormones in your blood rise as if you were in the middle of an intensely emotional experience. Your Pulse rate and breathing become irregular, and the levels of adrenal and sexual hormones in your blood rise as if you were in the middle of an intensely emotional experience. Often your face or hand muscles twitchand the muscles in your arms and your legs actually become paralyzed. Often your face or hand muscles twitchand the muscles in your arms and your legs actually become paralyzed. Slide 19 The Stages of Sleep Later Stages REM Sleep Later Stages REM Sleep If you were to sharply wake up during this sleep, you could awake to find your body partially paralyzedOr you could be dripping in sweat and have no idea why. If you were to sharply wake up during this sleep, you could awake to find your body partially paralyzedOr you could be dripping in sweat and have no idea why. REM lasts for about 15-45 minutes. REM lasts for about 15-45 minutes. After this period of time is over, you slowly go backwards through stages 4 1 until you awake. After this period of time is over, you slowly go backwards through stages 4 1 until you awake. Slide 20 How Much Sleep Do We Need? Humans spend approximately one-third of their lives in sleep! Humans spend approximately one-third of their lives in sleep! The amount of sleep that you need to properly function varies greatly from person to person and time to time. The amount of sleep that you need to properly function varies greatly from person to person and time to time. Infants = 16, High School = 10, College = 8 Infants = 16, High School = 10, College = 8 Slide 21 How Much Sleep Do We Need? Have you ever noticed that there are certain times of the day when you feel more alert and certain times when you feel more tired? Have you ever noticed that there are certain times of the day when you feel more alert and certain times when you feel more tired? People seem to have an internal biological clock that regulates the sleep wakefulness cycle. People seem to have an internal biological clock that regulates the sleep wakefulness cycle. Blood pressure, heart rate, appetite,, secretion of hormones and digestive enzymes, sensory sharpness, and elimination processes all follow what is called your circadian rhythm. Blood pressure, heart rate, appetite,, secretion of hormones and digestive enzymes, sensory sharpness, and elimination processes all follow what is called your circadian rhythm. Slide 22 How Much Sleep Do We Need? SoWhat is the Circadian Rhythm? SoWhat is the Circadian Rhythm? Circadian Rhythm: The rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting approximately one day. Circadian Rhythm: The rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting approximately one day. Circadian Rhythms do not control our sleep cycles; the environment and 24 hour day control our sleep cycles. Circadian Rhythms do not control our sleep cycles; the environment and 24 hour day control our sleep cycles. For example: when you travel from New York to Moscow, your body is on a different time clock when you reach Moscow. You feel tired and disoriented. For example: when you travel from New York to Moscow, your body is on a different time clock when you reach Moscow. You feel tired and disoriented. Slide 23 Sleep Disorders Sometimes we may have problems falling asleep or have problems during sleep. Sometimes we may have problems falling asleep or have problems during sleep. These sleep disorders can interfere with your quality of life, personal health, and even endanger public safety. These sleep disorders can interfere with your quality of life, personal health, and even endanger public safety. Slide 24 Sleep Disorders Insomnia: The failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next day. Insomnia: The failure to get enough sleep at night in order to feel rested the next day. This is usually a prolonged period of time. This is usually a prolonged period of time. Insomnia can be caused by anxiety, depression, nervousness, alcohol, and drug use. Insomnia can be caused by anxiety, depression, nervousness, alcohol, and drug use. Slide 25 Sleep Disorders Sleep Apnea: A sleep disorder in which a person has trouble breathing while asleep. Sleep Apnea: A sleep disorder in which a person has trouble breathing while asleep. Can be characterized by hundreds of brief periods of snoring throughout the night. Can be characterized by hundreds of brief periods of snoring throughout the night. A blocking of the breathing passages actually causes the snoring; during this time the victim is in fact choking the flow of the air to the lungs stops. A blocking of the breathing passages actually causes the snoring; during this time the victim is in fact choking the flow of the air to the lungs stops. The episode ends when low levels of oxygen or high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood trigger breathing reflexes. The episode ends when low levels of oxygen or high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood trigger breathing reflexes. Slide 26 Sleep Disorders Narcolepsy: A condition characterized by suddenly falling asleep or feeling extremely sleepy during the day. Narcolepsy: A condition characterized by suddenly falling asleep or feeling extremely sleepy during the day. Other symptoms include; unusual sleep and dream patterns, such as dreamlike hallucinations or of temporary paralysis. Other symptoms include; unusual sleep and dream patterns, such as dreamlike hallucinations or of temporary paralysis. People with narcolepsy can have sleep attacks throughout the day. People with narcolepsy can have sleep attacks throughout the day. These sleep attacks are accompanied by brief periods of REM sleep. These sleep attacks are accompanied by brief periods of REM sleep. Slide 27 Sleep Disorders Nightmares and Night Terrors! Nightmares and Night Terrors! Nightmares: Unpleasant dreams Nightmares: Unpleasant dreams Occur during the sleep phase of REM. Occur during the sleep phase of REM. A nightmare can often frighten the sleeper, who will usually wake with a vivid movie like memory of the dream. A nightmare can often frighten the sleeper, who will usually wake with a vivid movie like memory of the dream. Slide 28 Nightmare Slide 29 Sleep Disorders Night Terrors: Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep, involving screaming, panic, or confusion. Night Terrors: Sleep disruptions that occur during Stage IV of sleep, involving screaming, panic, or confusion. A night terror may last anywhere from 5 to 20 minutes. A night terror may last anywhere from 5 to 20 minutes. They involve screaming, sweating, confusion, and a rapid heart rate. They involve screaming, sweating, confusion, and a rapid heart rate. The subject may suddenly awake from sleep or have a persistent fear that occurs at night. The subject may suddenly awake from sleep or have a persistent fear that occurs at night. Subjects usually have no memory of night terrors. Subjects usually have no memory of night terrors. Slide 30 Sleep Disorders Sleepwalking: Walking or carrying out daily behaviors while asleep. Sleepwalking: Walking or carrying out daily behaviors while asleep. During this disorder, you are partly but now fully awake. During this disorder, you are partly but now fully awake. You will have no memory of doing this. You will have no memory of doing this. Sleepwalking is commonly associated with children, although some adults retain this ability. Sleepwalking is commonly associated with children, although some adults retain this ability. This disorder has been linked to stress, fatigue, and the use of sedative medicines in adults. This disorder has been linked to stress, fatigue, and the use of sedative medicines in adults. Slide 31 Sleepwalking/talking Sleepwalking may be inherited. Sleepwalking may be inherited. It is usually harmless, however, it may become dangerous if sleepwalkers fall or otherwise injure themselves. It is usually harmless, however, it may become dangerous if sleepwalkers fall or otherwise injure themselves. Sleepwalkers movement is often clumsy and unstable. Sleepwalkers movement is often clumsy and unstable. Sleep talking is a common sleep disruption. Sleep talking is a common sleep disruption. Most people talk in their sleep much more often than they realize, only they do not remember it because it occurs during REM. Most people talk in their sleep much more often than they realize, only they do not remember it because it occurs during REM. Slide 32 Dreams Slide 33 Dreams We call the mental activity that takes place during sleep dreaming. We call the mental activity that takes place during sleep dreaming. Everybody dreams, although most people are able to recall only a few, if any, of their dreams. Everybody dreams, although most people are able to recall only a few, if any, of their dreams. Sleep researchers make a point of waking study participants at regular intervals in order to study their dreams. Sleep researchers make a point of waking study participants at regular intervals in order to study their dreams. Slide 34 Dreams Your first few dreams are usually composed of vague thoughts left over from the days activities. Your first few dreams are usually composed of vague thoughts left over from the days activities. Example; you may report that you were watching television in your dreams. Example; you may report that you were watching television in your dreams. As the night wears on, dreams become longer and more vivid and dramatic, especially dreams that take place during REM sleep. As the night wears on, dreams become longer and more vivid and dramatic, especially dreams that take place during REM sleep. Because the amounts of time spent in REM sleep increase during the night, the last dream is likely to be the longest, and the one people remember when they wake up. Because the amounts of time spent in REM sleep increase during the night, the last dream is likely to be the longest, and the one people remember when they wake up. However, most people can barely remember more than 15 minutes of a dream. However, most people can barely remember more than 15 minutes of a dream. Slide 35 The Content of Dreams ActuallyDreams are usually very boring and mundane. ActuallyDreams are usually very boring and mundane. The majority of dreams feature you sitting and watching whatever is going on around you. The majority of dreams feature you sitting and watching whatever is going on around you. Occasionally though, you dream about something in an active sense. In other words, you are an active participant in your dream. Occasionally though, you dream about something in an active sense. In other words, you are an active participant in your dream. These dreams are usually aggressive in nature and involve some form of strenuous recreational activity. These dreams are usually aggressive in nature and involve some form of strenuous recreational activity. Slide 36 Dream Interpretation Dream interpretations have been discovered dating back to 5000 BC. Dream interpretations have been discovered dating back to 5000 BC. Sigmund Freud believed that no matter how mundane, dreams contained clues to thoughts the dreamer is afraid to acknowledge while awake. Sigmund Freud believed that no matter how mundane, dreams contained clues to thoughts the dreamer is afraid to acknowledge while awake. Though many people are very skeptical about the idea of dreams portraying reality, Freuds theories of subconscious desires and hopes still maintain today. Though many people are very skeptical about the idea of dreams portraying reality, Freuds theories of subconscious desires and hopes still maintain today. Slide 37 Freuds Freud listed certain distorting operations Freud listed certain distorting operations Condensation one dream object stands for several associations and ideas; Condensation one dream object stands for several associations and ideas; "dreams are brief and mundane in comparison with the range and wealth of the dream-thoughts." "dreams are brief and mundane in comparison with the range and wealth of the dream-thoughts." Displacement a dream object's emotional significance is separated from its real object or content and attached to an entirely different one that does not raise the censor's suspicions. Displacement a dream object's emotional significance is separated from its real object or content and attached to an entirely different one that does not raise the censor's suspicions. Representation a thought is translated to visual images. Representation a thought is translated to visual images. Symbolism a symbol replaces an action, person, or idea. Symbolism a symbol replaces an action, person, or idea. Slide 38 Carl Jung Believed Freud's notion of dreams as representations of unfulfilled wishes to be simplistic and nave Believed Freud's notion of dreams as representations of unfulfilled wishes to be simplistic and nave Need to account for the dreamer Need to account for the dreamer Archetypes = Each represents an unconscious attitude that is largely hidden to the conscious mind Archetypes = Each represents an unconscious attitude that is largely hidden to the conscious mind 2 approaches to dream symbols 2 approaches to dream symbols 1) Causal Approach = the symbol is reduced to certain fundamental tendencies 2) Final Approach = will tell you additional things about the dreamer's attitudes Slide 39 Archetypes The Self, the regulating center of the psyche and facilitator of individuation The Self, the regulating center of the psyche and facilitator of individuationSelf individuationSelf individuation The Shadow, the opposite of the ego image, often containing qualities that the ego does not identify with but possesses nonetheless The Shadow, the opposite of the ego image, often containing qualities that the ego does not identify with but possesses nonethelessShadowegoShadowego The Anima, the feminine image in a man's psyche; or: The Anima, the feminine image in a man's psyche; or:Anima The Animus, the masculine image in a woman's psyche The Animus, the masculine image in a woman's psycheAnimus The Persona, how we present ourselves to the world, is The Persona, how we present ourselves to the world, isPersona subpersonality, the complex' and usually protects the Ego from negative images (acts like a mask) subpersonality, the complex' and usually protects the Ego from negative images (acts like a mask) Although archetypes can take on innumerable forms, there are a few particularly notable, recurring archetypal images: Although archetypes can take on innumerable forms, there are a few particularly notable, recurring archetypal images: Slide 40 More Archetypes The Child - innocence The Child - innocenceChild The Hero - bravery The Hero - braveryHero The Great Mother - caretaker The Great Mother - caretakerGreat MotherGreat Mother The Wise old man or Sage - wisdom The Wise old man or Sage - wisdomWise old manSageWise old manSage The Wise Old Woman/Man, The Wise Old Woman/Man,Wise Old Woman/ManWise Old Woman/Man The Trickster or Fox - deceipt The Trickster or Fox - deceiptTrickster The Devil or Satan - evil The Devil or Satan - evilDevilSatanDevilSatan The Scarecrow - fear The Scarecrow - fearScarecrow The Mentor - Guidance The Mentor - GuidanceMentor Slide 41 Can you Psychoanalyze this? Slide 42 How about this one? Slide 43 Try again Slide 44 And another Slide 45 Last one(s) Slide 46 Bonus Attempts!!! Slide 47 Hypnosis, Biofeedback, and Meditation Hypnosis, Biofeedback, and Meditation ? Slide 48 Hypnosis Victor Rausch entered a hypnotic trance by focusing on Chopins Lush Nocturne in E- Flat, as it was played in the movie the Eddy Duchin Story. Victor Rausch entered a hypnotic trance by focusing on Chopins Lush Nocturne in E- Flat, as it was played in the movie the Eddy Duchin Story. Rausch visualized scenes from the movie and wrapped his mind in appealing thoughts. Rausch visualized scenes from the movie and wrapped his mind in appealing thoughts. Rauschs blood pressure and pulse remained steady for 75 minutes. Rauschs blood pressure and pulse remained steady for 75 minutes. During this 75 minutes, Rausch was undergoing a gallbladder operation! During this 75 minutes, Rausch was undergoing a gallbladder operation! He had refused the anesthetic, and during the surgery, he swears he felt no pain Just a little tugging. He even talked and joked with the surgical team during the procedure. He had refused the anesthetic, and during the surgery, he swears he felt no pain Just a little tugging. He even talked and joked with the surgical team during the procedure. After the surgery, he stood up and walked down the hall, riding the elevator to his hospital room. After the surgery, he stood up and walked down the hall, riding the elevator to his hospital room. Slide 49 Hypnosis Surgery without anesthesia may sound like a trick, but such operations have been performed by hypnotizing the patient. Surgery without anesthesia may sound like a trick, but such operations have been performed by hypnotizing the patient. Although hypnosis still conjures up images of a circus magician saying, you are getting sleepy, very sleepy, researchers are learning more about this mind-body connection. Although hypnosis still conjures up images of a circus magician saying, you are getting sleepy, very sleepy, researchers are learning more about this mind-body connection. Doctors and therapists use hypnosis to help people quit smoking, lose weight, manage stress, overcome phobias, and diminish pain. Doctors and therapists use hypnosis to help people quit smoking, lose weight, manage stress, overcome phobias, and diminish pain. Slide 50 Hypnosis So what exactly is hypnosis? So what exactly is hypnosis? Hypnosis: A state of consciousness resulting from a narrowed focus of attention and characterized by heightened suggestibility. Hypnosis: A state of consciousness resulting from a narrowed focus of attention and characterized by heightened suggestibility. Hmmm, how does it work? Hmmm, how does it work? Well, at all times certain thoughts and sensations are filtered out of our awareness. Well, at all times certain thoughts and sensations are filtered out of our awareness. For Example; as you read this sentence, you were probably not aware of the position of your feet until I called attention to that. By mentioning the position of your feet, your attention has now shifted to your feet an area of the body that seconds before was outside of your consciousness For Example; as you read this sentence, you were probably not aware of the position of your feet until I called attention to that. By mentioning the position of your feet, your attention has now shifted to your feet an area of the body that seconds before was outside of your consciousness Hypnosis shifts our perceptions in the same way. Hypnosis shifts our perceptions in the same way. Slide 51 Hypnosis Hypnosis does not put a participant to sleep, as many people may believe. Hypnosis does not put a participant to sleep, as many people may believe. A hypnotic trance is quite different from sleep. A hypnotic trance is quite different from sleep. In fact, participants become highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli. In fact, participants become highly receptive and responsive to certain internal and external stimuli. In other words: In other words: They are able to focus their attention on one tiny aspect of reality and ignore all other inputs. They are able to focus their attention on one tiny aspect of reality and ignore all other inputs. Slide 52 Hypnosis How its done The hypnotist induces a trance by slowly persuading a participant to relax and to lose interest in external distractions. The hypnotist induces a trance by slowly persuading a participant to relax and to lose interest in external distractions. Whether this takes a few minutes or much longer depends on the purpose of the hypnosis, the method of induction, and the participants past experiences with hypnosis. Whether this takes a few minutes or much longer depends on the purpose of the hypnosis, the method of induction, and the participants past experiences with hypnosis. In an environment of trust, a participant with a rich imagination can become susceptible to hypnotic suggestions. In an environment of trust, a participant with a rich imagination can become susceptible to hypnotic suggestions. Slide 53 Hypnosis The participant is not under the hypnotists control but can be convinced to do things that he or she may not want to do. The participant is not under the hypnotists control but can be convinced to do things that he or she may not want to do. The person is simply cooperating with the hypnotist. The person is simply cooperating with the hypnotist. He or she is not acting outside of their control. He or she is not acting outside of their control. Slide 54 Theories of Hypnosis Psychologists do not agree about the nature of hypnosis. Psychologists do not agree about the nature of hypnosis. Some psychologists argue that hypnosis is in no way an altered state of consciousness, but simply suggestibility. Some psychologists argue that hypnosis is in no way an altered state of consciousness, but simply suggestibility. According to these psychologists, if people are just given instructions and told to try their hardest, they will be able to do anything that hypnotized people can do. According to these psychologists, if people are just given instructions and told to try their hardest, they will be able to do anything that hypnotized people can do. Others believe that there is a special hypnotic state that all people may be susceptible to. In other words, a separate, altered state of consciousness. Others believe that there is a special hypnotic state that all people may be susceptible to. In other words, a separate, altered state of consciousness. What do you think? What do you think? Slide 55 Uses of Hypnosis Hypnotists can suggest things for their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over. Hypnotists can suggest things for their participants to remember or forget when the trance is over. This is known as a Posthypnotic Suggestion! This is known as a Posthypnotic Suggestion! Posthypnotic Suggestion: A suggestion made during hypnosis that influences the participants behavior afterward. Posthypnotic Suggestion: A suggestion made during hypnosis that influences the participants behavior afterward. For example; a hypnotist can suppress memory by suggesting that after the person is awakened, she or he will be unable to hear the word psychology. When she or he comes out of the trance, the participant may report that some people around them are speaking strangely. The participant is not fully aware that that part of their consciousness has been blocked. For example; a hypnotist can suppress memory by suggesting that after the person is awakened, she or he will be unable to hear the word psychology. When she or he comes out of the trance, the participant may report that some people around them are speaking strangely. The participant is not fully aware that that part of their consciousness has been blocked. Slide 56 Biofeedback Biofeedback: The process of learning to control bodily states with the help of machines monitoring the states to be controlled. Biofeedback: The process of learning to control bodily states with the help of machines monitoring the states to be controlled. Biofeedback has been used to teach people to control a wide variety of physiological responses, including brain waves, heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature, and sweat gland activity. Biofeedback has been used to teach people to control a wide variety of physiological responses, including brain waves, heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature, and sweat gland activity. The basic principle of biofeedback is simple: Feedback makes learning possible. The basic principle of biofeedback is simple: Feedback makes learning possible. Slide 57 Biofeedback Biofeedback uses machines to tell people about very subtle, moment-to-moment changes in the body. People can then experiment with different thoughts and feelings while they watch how each one affects their bodies. Biofeedback uses machines to tell people about very subtle, moment-to-moment changes in the body. People can then experiment with different thoughts and feelings while they watch how each one affects their bodies. In time, people can learn to change their physiological processes. In time, people can learn to change their physiological processes. Examples??? Examples??? Slide 58 Meditation What is meditation? What is meditation? Meditation: The focusing of attention to clear ones mind and produce relaxation. Meditation: The focusing of attention to clear ones mind and produce relaxation. Meditation has been practiced in various parts of the world for thousands of years. Meditation has been practiced in various parts of the world for thousands of years. Slide 59 Approaches to Meditation There are 3 major approaches to meditation! There are 3 major approaches to meditation! Transcendental Meditation involves the repetition of a mantra, usually a Sanskrit phrase. Transcendental Meditation involves the repetition of a mantra, usually a Sanskrit phrase. The participant sits with eyes closed and meditates for 15-20 minutes twice a day. The participant sits with eyes closed and meditates for 15-20 minutes twice a day. Slide 60 Approaches to Meditation Mindfulness Meditation was developed from a Buddhist tradition. Mindfulness Meditation was developed from a Buddhist tradition. This form of meditation focuses on the present moment. This form of meditation focuses on the present moment. For example; the participant may move his or her focus through the body from the tips of their toes to the top of their head, while paying particular attention to areas that cause pain. For example; the participant may move his or her focus through the body from the tips of their toes to the top of their head, while paying particular attention to areas that cause pain. Slide 61 Approaches to Meditation Breath Meditation is a concentration on ones own respiration the process of inhaling and exhaling. Breath Meditation is a concentration on ones own respiration the process of inhaling and exhaling. A mandala may be used to focus ones attention during meditation. A mandala may be used to focus ones attention during meditation. Researchers generally agree that most people can benefit from the sort of systemic relaxation that meditation provides. Researchers generally agree that most people can benefit from the sort of systemic relaxation that meditation provides. Meditation has been found to help people lower blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate. Meditation has been found to help people lower blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate. Slide 62 Drugs and Consciousness Slide 63 Psychoactive Drugs: Chemicals that affect the nervous system and result in altered states of consciousness. Psychoactive Drugs: Chemicals that affect the nervous system and result in altered states of consciousness. These drugs interact with the central nervous system to alter a persons mood, perception, and behavior. These drugs interact with the central nervous system to alter a persons mood, perception, and behavior. These drugs range from stimulants like caffeine in coffee and in cola drinks to depressants like alcohol to powerful hallucinogens like marijuana, mushrooms, and LSD! These drugs range from stimulants like caffeine in coffee and in cola drinks to depressants like alcohol to powerful hallucinogens like marijuana, mushrooms, and LSD! Slide 64 How do Drugs Work? Much like hormones, drugs are carried by the blood and taken up in target tissues in various parts of the body. Much like hormones, drugs are carried by the blood and taken up in target tissues in various parts of the body. Drugs are introduced to the body through a variety of routes that eventually bring the drugs into contact with capillaries. Drugs are introduced to the body through a variety of routes that eventually bring the drugs into contact with capillaries. From there, drugs are gradually absorbed into your blood stream. From there, drugs are gradually absorbed into your blood stream. **Then drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook onto the ends of nerve cells (neurons) and then send out their chemical messages. **Then drug molecules act as neurotransmitters and hook onto the ends of nerve cells (neurons) and then send out their chemical messages. Slide 65 How Do Drugs Work? For Example; alcohol molecules may tell a nerve cell not to fire. (which effect is this? ) As more and more cells cease firing, the alcohol user becomes slower and may eventually lose consciousness. For Example; alcohol molecules may tell a nerve cell not to fire. (which effect is this? ) As more and more cells cease firing, the alcohol user becomes slower and may eventually lose consciousness. Another Example; LSD molecules may cause circuits in different areas of the brain to start firing together more rapidly (which effect???) instead of separately. This is what causes hallucinations. Another Example; LSD molecules may cause circuits in different areas of the brain to start firing together more rapidly (which effect???) instead of separately. This is what causes hallucinations. SoWhat do individual drugs do? SoWhat do individual drugs do? Slide 66 MarijuanaMarijuanaMarijuanaMarijuana So what is marijuana? So what is marijuana? Marijuana: The dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp (Cannabis sativa) that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested. Marijuana: The dried leaves and flowers of Indian hemp (Cannabis sativa) that produce an altered state of consciousness when smoked or ingested. The active ingredient in marijuana is a complex molecule called tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which occurs naturally in the common weed Cannabis sativa (hemp.) The active ingredient in marijuana is a complex molecule called tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which occurs naturally in the common weed Cannabis sativa (hemp.) Slide 67 Marijuana Effects Sensory experiences seemingly become greatly augmented music sounds fuller, colors look brighter, smells are stronger, foods have stronger flavors, and other experiences are more intense than usual. Sensory experiences seemingly become greatly augmented music sounds fuller, colors look brighter, smells are stronger, foods have stronger flavors, and other experiences are more intense than usual. Users may feel elated, the world may seem somehow more meaningful, and even the most ordinary events may take on extraordinary significance. Users may feel elated, the world may seem somehow more meaningful, and even the most ordinary events may take on extraordinary significance. Marijuana can also instill or heighten a variety of unpleasant experiences. Marijuana can also instill or heighten a variety of unpleasant experiences. If a person is frightened, unhappy, or depressed to begin with, the chances are good that taking the drug will blow the negative feelings out of proportion so that the users world, at least temporarily, becomes very upsetting. If a person is frightened, unhappy, or depressed to begin with, the chances are good that taking the drug will blow the negative feelings out of proportion so that the users world, at least temporarily, becomes very upsetting. Slide 68 MarijuanaMarijuanaMarijuanaMarijuana Marijuana is not a physically addictive drug, as heroin is, but people may become psychologically addicted or dependent on the drug. Marijuana is not a physically addictive drug, as heroin is, but people may become psychologically addicted or dependent on the drug. Marijuana also disrupts memory formation, making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks. Marijuana also disrupts memory formation, making it difficult to carry out mental and physical tasks. Research has also shown that adults who are habitually using marijuana scored lower than equal IQ nonusers on a 12 th grade academic achievement test. Research has also shown that adults who are habitually using marijuana scored lower than equal IQ nonusers on a 12 th grade academic achievement test. If kids smoked marijuana If kids smoked marijuana Wonder how hell do on an IQ test Wonder how hell do on an IQ test Slide 69 HallucinationsHallucinationsHallucinationsHallucinations What are hallucinations? What are hallucinations? Hallucinations: Perceptions that have no direct external cause. These can be such things as seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, or feeling things that do not exist. Hallucinations: Perceptions that have no direct external cause. These can be such things as seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, or feeling things that do not exist. Hypnosis, meditation, certain drugs, withdrawal from a drug to which one has become addicted, and psychological breakdown may produce hallucinations. Hypnosis, meditation, certain drugs, withdrawal from a drug to which one has become addicted, and psychological breakdown may produce hallucinations. Slide 70 HallucinationsHallucinationsHallucinationsHallucinations Hallucinations can also occur under normal conditions. Hallucinations can also occur under normal conditions. People can hallucinate if deprived of sleep, during periods of high emotion, concentration, or even fatigue!!! People can hallucinate if deprived of sleep, during periods of high emotion, concentration, or even fatigue!!! Slide 71 HallucinogensHallucinogensHallucinogensHallucinogens Hallucinogens: Drugs that often produce hallucinations. Hallucinogens: Drugs that often produce hallucinations. Hallucinogens can be found in plants that grow throughout the world. Hallucinogens can be found in plants that grow throughout the world. They have been used for their effects on consciousness since the earliest parts of human history. They have been used for their effects on consciousness since the earliest parts of human history. These drugs are so called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality. These drugs are so called psychedelics because they create a loss of contact with reality. These drugs can also create a false body image and cause loss of self, dreamlike fantasies, and hallucinations. These drugs can also create a false body image and cause loss of self, dreamlike fantasies, and hallucinations. Psilocybin aka shrooms Psilocybin aka shrooms Slide 72 HallucinogensHallucinogensHallucinogensHallucinogens The best known, most extensively studied, and most potent hallucinogen is LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). The best known, most extensively studied, and most potent hallucinogen is LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). LSD: A potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought. LSD: A potent psychedelic drug that produces distortions of perception and thought. Other names for LSD: Acid, Dots, Blotter, Mellow Yellow. Other names for LSD: Acid, Dots, Blotter, Mellow Yellow. Slide 73 HallucinogensHallucinogensHallucinogensHallucinogens LSD is a synthetic substance. LSD is a synthetic substance. A dose of a few millionths of a gram has a noticeable effect; an average dose of 100 to 300 micrograms produces an experiential state, called a trip, that lasts from 6 to 14 hours. A dose of a few millionths of a gram has a noticeable effect; an average dose of 100 to 300 micrograms produces an experiential state, called a trip, that lasts from 6 to 14 hours. To control such small doses, the producers of LSD usually dissolve the drug into small pieces of paper called stamps or small sugar cubes called dots. To control such small doses, the producers of LSD usually dissolve the drug into small pieces of paper called stamps or small sugar cubes called dots. Slide 74 L S DTrippin During an LSD trip, a person can experience any number of perceptions, often quite intense and rapidly changing. During an LSD trip, a person can experience any number of perceptions, often quite intense and rapidly changing. The persons expectations, beliefs, mood, and the circumstances under which he or she took the acid can effect the experience, sometimes making it terrifying. The persons expectations, beliefs, mood, and the circumstances under which he or she took the acid can effect the experience, sometimes making it terrifying. Perceptual hallucinations are very common with the use of LSD. Perceptual hallucinations are very common with the use of LSD. Users may experience hallucinatory progressions in which simple geometric forms evolve into surrealistic impossibilities. Users may experience hallucinatory progressions in which simple geometric forms evolve into surrealistic impossibilities. Slide 75 Opiates Opiates, usually called narcotics, include opium, morphine, and heroin. Opiates, usually called narcotics, include opium, morphine, and heroin. Opiates produce: Opiates produce: Analgesia, or pain reduction. Analgesia, or pain reduction. Euphoria, which is sometimes described as a pleasurable state somewhere between wake and sleep. Euphoria, which is sometimes described as a pleasurable state somewhere between wake and sleep. Constipation. Constipation. Slide 76 Opiates Regular use of opiates can and usually does, lead to physical addiction. Regular use of opiates can and usually does, lead to physical addiction. An overdose of opiates will result in the loss of control of breathing The user will then die from total respiratory failure. An overdose of opiates will result in the loss of control of breathing The user will then die from total respiratory failure. Slide 77 Opiates - Heroin Heroin. Heroin. Heroin abuse is associated with serious health conditions, including fatal overdose, spontaneous abortion, collapsed veins, and, particularly in users who inject the drug, infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS and hepatitis. Heroin abuse is associated with serious health conditions, including fatal overdose, spontaneous abortion, collapsed veins, and, particularly in users who inject the drug, infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS and hepatitis. Slide 78 Opiates Heroin Short term effects The short-term effects of heroin abuse appear soon after a single dose and disappear in a few hours. The short-term effects of heroin abuse appear soon after a single dose and disappear in a few hours. After an injection of heroin, the user reports feeling a surge of euphoria ("rush") accompanied by a warm flushing of the skin, a dry mouth, and heavy extremities. After an injection of heroin, the user reports feeling a surge of euphoria ("rush") accompanied by a warm flushing of the skin, a dry mouth, and heavy extremities. Following this initial euphoria, the user goes "on the nod," an alternately wakeful and drowsy state. Following this initial euphoria, the user goes "on the nod," an alternately wakeful and drowsy state. Mental functioning becomes clouded due to the depression of the central nervous system. Mental functioning becomes clouded due to the depression of the central nervous system. Slide 79 Opiates Heroin Long Term effects Long-term effects of heroin appear after repeated use for some period of time. Long-term effects of heroin appear after repeated use for some period of time. Chronic users may develop collapsed veins, infection of the heart lining and valves, abscesses, cellulitis, and liver disease. Chronic users may develop collapsed veins, infection of the heart lining and valves, abscesses, cellulitis, and liver disease. Pulmonary complications, including various types of pneumonia, may result from the poor health condition of the abuser, as well as from heroins depressing effects on respiration. Pulmonary complications, including various types of pneumonia, may result from the poor health condition of the abuser, as well as from heroins depressing effects on respiration. Slide 80 Opiates - Heroin With regular heroin use, tolerance develops. With regular heroin use, tolerance develops. This means the abuser must use more heroin to achieve the same intensity of effect. This means the abuser must use more heroin to achieve the same intensity of effect. As higher doses are used over time, physical dependence and addiction develop. As higher doses are used over time, physical dependence and addiction develop. With physical dependence, the body has adapted to the presence of the drug and withdrawal symptoms may occur if use is reduced or stopped. With physical dependence, the body has adapted to the presence of the drug and withdrawal symptoms may occur if use is reduced or stopped. Slide 81 Opiates - Heroin Withdrawal, which in regular abusers may occur as early as a few hours after the last administration, produces drug craving, restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea and vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps ("cold turkey"), kicking movements ("kicking the habit"), and other symptoms. Withdrawal, which in regular abusers may occur as early as a few hours after the last administration, produces drug craving, restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea and vomiting, cold flashes with goose bumps ("cold turkey"), kicking movements ("kicking the habit"), and other symptoms. Major withdrawal symptoms peak between 48 and 72 hours after the last dose and subside after about a week. Major withdrawal symptoms peak between 48 and 72 hours after the last dose and subside after about a week. Sudden withdrawal by heavily dependent users who are in poor health is occasionally fatal, although heroin withdrawal is considered less dangerous than alcohol or barbiturate withdrawal. Sudden withdrawal by heavily dependent users who are in poor health is occasionally fatal, although heroin withdrawal is considered less dangerous than alcohol or barbiturate withdrawal. Slide 82 Weak Stomach? Afraid of Needles? Look Away! This has to be extremely painful! Slide 83 AlcoholAlcoholAlcoholAlcohol The most widely used and abused mind-altering substance in the United States isAlcohol! The most widely used and abused mind-altering substance in the United States isAlcohol! The consumption of alcohol is encouraged by advertisements and by social expectations and traditions. The consumption of alcohol is encouraged by advertisements and by social expectations and traditions. The immediate effect of alcohol is a general loosening of inhibitions. The immediate effect of alcohol is a general loosening of inhibitions. Despite its seeming stimulant effect, alcohol is actually a depressant that serves to inhibit the brains normal functions. Despite its seeming stimulant effect, alcohol is actually a depressant that serves to inhibit the brains normal functions. Slide 84 AlcoholAlcoholAlcoholAlcohol When people drink, they often act without the social constraint of self-control they normally apply to their behavior. When people drink, they often act without the social constraint of self-control they normally apply to their behavior. The effects of using alcohol depend on the amount and frequency of drinking and the drinkers body weight. The effects of using alcohol depend on the amount and frequency of drinking and the drinkers body weight. As the amount consumed increases within a specific time, the drinkers ability to function diminishes. As the amount consumed increases within a specific time, the drinkers ability to function diminishes. Slide 85 AlcoholAlcoholAlcoholAlcohol The more a person drinks, their speech becomes slurred, they get blurred vision, and impaired judgment and memory. The more a person drinks, their speech becomes slurred, they get blurred vision, and impaired judgment and memory. Permanent brain and liver damage and a change in personality can result from prolonged heavy use of alcohol. Permanent brain and liver damage and a change in personality can result from prolonged heavy use of alcohol. Slide 86 Slide 87 AlcoholAlcoholAlcoholAlcohol What does alcohol do to your brain? What does alcohol do to your brain?