alternative automotive fuels - biodiesel · interpretation diesel biodiesel biodiesel biodiesel...

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Technical presentation to VW India

Internal | RBIN/EP | 15/07/2010 | © Bosch Limited 2010. All rights reserved, also regarding any disposal, exploitation, reproduction, editing, distribution, as well as in the event of applications for industrial property rights.

Alternative Automotive Fuels - Biodiesel

Fredrick ABosch Ltd., Research & Development

Date : 15th July 2010Venue : University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK Campus, Hebbal, Bangalore

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Biodiesel : Overview

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Biodiesel & Biodiesel Blends

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Content

What is Biodiesel ?

Standardisation, comparison with European standards

Understanding the Bx notations

Significant characteristics

Key issues

Pictorial representation

Conclusions

BIODIESELIS 15603

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What is Biodiesel ?

Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ( Methyl or Ethyl ) ester for use as an

automotive fuel in diesel engines

How is Biodiesel manufactured ?

NaOH or KOH

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Diesel

Fuel

5 - 7% ester B5, B7

10% ester B10

100% ester B100

+Future targets !

Vegetable oil +

Methanol or

Ethanol

CatalystNaOH or KOH

GlycerineMethyl Ester

orEthyl Ester

+Heat , 60°C

Biodiesel B100

As per European / Indian Biodiesel Standard

as per Diesel Fuel

Spec.

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Type of Biofuel depends upon geography, abundance,….

Honge, Jatropha

Non - edible

Rapeseed

Edible

Soyabean

Edible

IndiaEuropeUSA

FAMEFatty Acid Methyl Ester

SOMESoya Methyl Ester

RMERapeseed Methyl ester

JatrophaMethyl Ester

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Indian standard for Biofuel, B100, IS 15607 : 2005, released by BIS Specification is a blend of American & European Current feedstock for Biodiesel in India : Jatropha, Honge

Jatropha plant Honge plant

BIS - Bureau of Indian Standards

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Extract - Indian Diesel Fuel standard

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Extract - Indian Biodiesel , B100 standard

5

5

10



Extract - European Diesel Fuel standard

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Extract - European Biodiesel , B100 standard

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B00

10

20

60

50

40

30

80

90

100

0

10

20

60

50

40

30

70

80

90

100

0

10

20

60

50

40

30

70

80

90

100

0

10

20

60

50

40

30

70

80

90

100Diesel Fuel Biodiesel Blend B5 Biodiesel Blend B10 Biodiesel B100

Volu

me

in m

L

5B5

70

B10 B100

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Region

Biodiesel, neat

Diesel fuel, neat

Biodiesel blends

B100 B0 B5 B6 - B20 > B20

IndiaIS 15607 IS 1460 IS 1460

Not

available

Not

available

EuropeEN 14214 EN 590

EN 590

( B7 )

Not

available

Not

available

USA

ASTM D

6751

ASTM D

975ASTM D 975

ASTM D

7467

Not

available

Summary : Available National Standards

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Major Regions India India Europe USA

Biodiesel blend B0 B100 B100 B100 B6 - B20

Interpretation Diesel Biodiesel Biodiesel Biodiesel Blend

Oxidation stability, 110°C ( Rancimat )

~ 48h( evaluated, not spec. )

6 h 6 h 3 h 6 h

Bosch Recommendation

- 6 h > 20 h

Oxidation stability, 95°C/16 h, g/m3 25 Not specified

Acid value, mg KOH/g

- 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3

Significant characteristics : B0, B100, B6 - B20

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Major Regions India Europe USA USA

Biodiesel blend B0 & B5 B0 & B7 B0 & B5 B6 - B20

Description of bulk Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel

Official Standard IS 1460 EN 590 ASTM D 975 ASTM D 7467

Oxidation stability, 110°C Rancimat

Not specified20 h

( upto B7 )Not specified 6 h

Oxidation stability, 95°C/16 h, g/m3 25 25 Not specified Not specified

Acid value, mg KOH/g Not specified Not specified Not specified 0.30

B0 implies neat conventional diesel fuelB5, B7 blends is covered in the respective Diesel fuel standard itself

Significant characteristics : B0 . . . . B7

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Bad

Diesel Fuel

Acidity_ Stability_ Interpretation

Acid value in m

g KO

H/g

Good

Low

High

Oxi

datio

n st

abili

ty in

hou

rs

Good

Bad

Diesel Fuel

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Key Issues

An intrinsic characteristics of Biodiesel Perfectly suitable as far as the ageing reserve has not depleted Ageing results in formation of organic acids, polymers Acids results in corrosion Polymers results in deposit formation, leading to malfunction

1. Fuel ageing

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Induction period for B100 ( EN 14112 )

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Induction period for B7 ( EN 15751 )

Ageing reserve Fuel ageing has started

Usability expired Fuel fit for use

Induction period

B7

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0Time [hrs]

Con

duct

ivity

[µS

/cm

]

Ran

cim

at

EN

141

12

&

EN

157

51

EN

ISO

122

05

& m

odifi

catio

ns

Good Induction period (ageing reserve) of good quality biodiesel is necessary

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Reasons for approving IP > 20 hours for EN 590

Positive field validation of B5 with IP > 20 hours (2005). Lower IP are not validated

Very few FAME related failures reported in Germany until after 2006 Failures occur most frequently for vehicles on forecourts after standing for

2 months or more Customer protection required action Limit was set to 20 hours minimum but does not seem to include a big

safety margin !! ( India being tropical ! ) Any lower limit value is not acceptable. A higher value would be desirable

but was not approved in order to avoid additional expenditure and costs for (bio)fuel producers

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Increase in Engine oil level Deposit generation on piston rings Deterioration in tribological characteristics of oil Catalyst failures

2. Engine oil dilution

3. Ash generation

Increased ash generation in Exhaust Effect on particulate filter

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Fuel agingDefinition of fuel ageing

Ageing products

Effects on the fuel system

Change of fuel composition and properties during storage and/or usage effected by:

● Oxygen (aeration)● Temperature● Light● Fuel quality

● Blend stocks● Additives● Impurities

Insoluble polymers (gum, sludge)

Clogging, e.g. filters Deposit build-up, entire system Restricted moving parts Strong injector coking

Soluble polymers

Resin formation Restricted guidance clearances

Ageing acids

Corrosion of metallic surfaces Deposits formation by soaps

with metal ions (e.g. from wear or corrosion)

Peroxides Embrittlement of elastomers

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Nozzle coking from RME operation Glycerides, Sodium carbonate are presentNa2CO3 is formed from Na-ionsAnd CO2 from combustion chamber atmosphere

Deposit formation in the slots of the VE pump plunger

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High Pressure axial pistonDistributor pump,

Distributor Head with FAME polymer coating

High Pressure Axial pistonDistributor pump,

Distributor head with seized / cracked plunger

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General guidelines for use of Biodiesel & its blends ( 1 ) Neat Biodiesel, B100 must have sufficient stability Fuel ageing risks to be considered as follows,

High risk for low use vehicles eg Gensets High risk at high ambient temperatures, eg Tropics Low risk for high usage vehicles eg Fleet

Stability of diesel fuel itself ( used for blending ) varies as follows High sulphur diesels are more stable than Low Sulphur diesels S1000 > S500 > S350 > S50 [ Sx S = Fuel Sulphur, x = ppm Sulphur ] Worldwide migration towards Low Sulphur diesels, Euro 1 . . . 5 !

Current Bosch experience in Europe for biodiesel blends upto 7% biodiesel An oxidation stability of min. 20 hours has been satisfactory !

Fuel blends having adequate ageing reserve are suitable (B100 = 6h, B0 =>48h) Interchanging fuels in vehicles, Diesel >< Biodiesel / blends - not recommended

Enhances risk of pre-existing deposits to clog filters (high solvency)

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Elastomers in contact Biodiesel, to be necessarily changed over to Fluorocarbon base ( Viton )

Bench Endurance tests do not necessarily reflect biodiesel specific problems High fuel throughput Continuous operating cycle Fuel changed at regular fixed intervals at Bosch

Adequate field testing ( with positive results ) is recommended To reflect actual conditions ( both vehicle & environment ) Above tests enable a possible ‘Risk Assessment ’ of a specific blend used

All Bosch FIE are suitable for operation with Biodiesel blends as far as the ageing reserve is not depleted !

General guidelines for use of Biodiesel & its Blends ( 2 )

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The experience with diesel blends B5 and B7 in the European market is positive and the number of incidents being reported continues to be low

This is achieved through high quality standards for both the marketed fuel (B7, EN 590) and the bio-component (B100, EN 14214)

A safe approach of introducing biofuel blends is highly recommended for other markets because certain risks with FAME blends exist that need to be minimised by defining the appropriate fuel quality

India is going the right way by following the European standardisation

India is now faced with the task of taking the next step and introducing the additional stability requirement “Induction period” into IS 1460 in due time before desulphurisation and 5 % blending of FAME is put into force

Special attention also needs to be paid to fuel contamination, additive interactions, oil dilution and material selection

Summary & Conclusion ( 1 )

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Summary & conclusion ( 2 )

Bosch supports the use of biodiesel blends upto max. 7% v/v

Worldwide FIE manufacturers Position statement, max 7% blend

Quality of Biodiesel should meet the requirement

Availability of good quality Biodiesel on a continuous basis to be ensured

Food vs Fuel crisis ?

29



Thank You

30



Backup

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Internal | DS/EAC1 | 15/07/2010 | © Bosch Limited 2010. All rights reserved, also regarding any disposal, exploitation, reproduction, editing, distribution, as well as in the event of applications for industrial property rights.

Fuel Test method Unit India Europe USA

Diesel Fuel, B0

ISO 12205 or ASTM D 2274Measures sludge /Ageing behaviour

g/m3

max

25 25 not specified

IS 1460 EN 590 ASTM D 975

Biodiesel, B100

EN 14112Measures change in conductivity / Induction period

hours min

6 6 3

IS 15607 EN 14214 ASTM D 6751

B5( Diesel fuel with 5% biofuel )

ISO 12205 or ASTM D 2274Measures sludge / induction period

g/m3

max 25 25 not specified

Oxidation stability : Diesel Fuel vs Biodiesel

IS - Indian standard, EN - European norm, ASTM - American standard

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ISO 12205 EN 14112

Spec : max. 25 g/m3 ( Sludge )( for Diesel fuel, B0 )

Spec. : no change in conductivity, upto 6 hours( for Biodiesel, B100 )

Fuel sample is aged as follows :Fuel Temp. = 95 ºC Time period = 16 hoursPassing Oxygen

Sample is cooled, filtered for insolublesAdherent insolubles are removed by using suitable solvents

Indirect measure of Induction period ( ageing reserve ), start of ageing

Report :Total insolubles in g/m3

Fuel sample is aged as follows :Fuel Temp. = 110 ºCTime period = 6 hours

Stream of purified air is passed is passed thru the sampleVapours released above is passed thru distilled waterThe above set-up is equipped with an electrode for measuring conductivity.The end of the induction period is indicated by a rapid change in conductivity of sample.Accelerated increase is caused by the dissociation of volatile carboxylic acids produced during the oxidation process & absorbed in water.

Oxidation stability : Comparison of test methods

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Comparison of Fuel standards

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Sl. No.

Characteristics Unit IS 15607India

EN 14214Europe

ASTM D 6751USA

ASTM D 7467USA

1 Ester content % m/m 96.5 96.5 ( FAME ) - -

2 Density @ 15°C Kg/m3 860 - 900 800 - 900 - -

3 Kin Visc. @ 40 °C mm2/s 2.5 - 6.0 3.5 - 5 1.9 - 6.0 1.9 - 4.1

4 Flash Point °C min 120 101 93 52

5 Sulphur content mg/kg ( ppm) 50 10 15, 500 15

% m/m, max 0.005 - 0.0015, 0.05 0.0015

6 Carbon residue on 10%

% m/m, max 0.05 ( on 100% sample

)

0.3 0.05 0.35

7 Cetane no. min # 51 51 47 40

8 Sulphated ash % m/m, max 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01

9 Water content mg./kg, max 500 500 500 (water + sedi.)

500

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Sl. No.

Characteristics Unit IS 15607 EN 14214 ASTM D 6751 ASTM D 7467

India Europe USA

10 Total contamination mg/kg, max 24 24 - -

11 Copper strip corrosion Rating, max Class 1 Class 1 No. 3 No.3

12 Oxidation stability, 110°C Hours, minim 6 6 3 6

13 Acid value mg KOH/g 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3

14 Iodine value gI2./100g max To report 120 - -

15 Linolenic acid methyl ester

% m/m, max - 12 - -

16 Polyunsat. methyl esters % m/m, max - 1 - -

17 Methanol content % m/m, max 0.2 0.2 0.2 -

Flash point min °C - - - -

Ethanol content % m/m, max 0.2 - - -

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Sl. No.

Characteristics Unit IS 15607 EN 14214 ASTM D 6751 ASTM D 7467

India Europe USA

18 Monoglyceride content % m/m, max - 0.8 - -

Diglyceride content % m/m, max - 0.2 - -

Triglyceride content % m/m, max - 0.2 - -

20 Free glycerol ( glycerin ) % m/m, max 0.02 0.02 0.02 -

Total glycerol % m/m, max 0.25 0.25 0.24 -

21 Group I metals ( Na + K ) mg/kg, max 5 5 5 -

Group I metals ( Ca + Mg ) mg/kg, max 5 5 5 -

22 Phosphorus content mg/kg, max 10 4 10 -

23 Distillation temp. °C - - max 360 max 343

24 Cold soak Filterability - - max 360 -

25 Lubricity, HFRR µm, max - - - 520

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