alternative energy profile of turkey

Alternative Energy

Profile of Turkey

Ali AYDIN ELECTRICAL-ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

EEE301

ElectromechanicalEnergy Conversion

Termwork

INTRODUCTION

1. What is “alternative energy” ?2. Common Types of Alternative Energy

2.1 Hydro-Electric Energy2.1.a Hydro-Electric Energy and Turkey

2.2 Natural Gas2.2.a Natural Gas and Turkey

2.3 Solar Energy2.3.a Solar Energy and Turkey

2.4 Nuclear Energy2.4.a Nuclear Energy and Turkey

2.5 Wind Energy2.5.a Wind Energy and Turkey

2.6 Geothermal Energy2.6.a Geothermal Energy and Turkey

2.7 Biofuel and Ethanol2.7.a Biofuel and Turkey

2.8 Hydrogen2.8.a Hyrogen and Turkey

2.9 Coal2.9.a Coal and Turkey

3. Overall Statistics

1. What is “alternative

energy” ?

Alternative energy is an umbrella term that refers to any source of usable energy intended to replace fuel sources without theundesired consequences of the replaced fuels . [1]

1. What is “alternative

energy” ?

Energy that is not popularly used and is usually environmentally sound, such as solar or wind energy (as opposed to fossilfuels). [4]

Natural Resources Defense

Council

Energy fuelled in ways that do not use upnatural resources or harm theenvironment .[3]

Oxford Dictioanry

Fuel sources that are other than thosederived from fossil fuels. Typically usedinterchangeably for renewable energy. Examples include: wind, solar, biomass, wave and tidal energy. [2]

Material Management Services

DefinitonSource

Common Definitons For Alternative Energy

2.Common Types of

Alternative Energy

• Hydro-Electric Energy• Natural Gas• Solar Energy• Nuclear Energy• Wind Energy• Geothermal Energy• Biofuel and Ethanol• Hydrogen• Coal

[5]

2.1. Hydro-Electric

Energy

Hydro-Electric EnergyHydroelectric energy is generated from dammed water that d rives a

water turbine and generator. The power of the water of a ti de createspressure that will turn either a turbine or a water wheel is able to provideenergy to the electric generator. . [6]

2.1. Hydro-Electric

Energy

Advantages & Disadvantages .

• Hydroelectric Energy has some advantages. First, water c an be held in order to provide for times of less water. This is a difference fromthe other forms of alternative energy since with hydroele ctric energyyou have the ability to accumulate the water. This means that theenergy can be generated consistently. Hydroelectric pow er, like wind, solar, and geothermal energy, has no waste or pollution . Additionally, it is renewable because the water can be reused.

• Disadvantages of hydroelectric energy include that the da ms can be rather expensive to build. There also needs to be enough supply of water to create energy, and that supply of water needs to be powerful. [6]

2.1.a Hydro-Electric

Energy and Turkey

Because Turkey has really wide water sources and does not h avesignificant oil and gas resources the hydro-electric energ y has the mainrole in the energy activities with the coal. Actually coa l has biggerpercentage of supporting electricity production but not only with thelocas sources , because Turkey also imports coal .

There are about 503 hydro-electric power plants in Turkey alreadycreated or being structured recently . [7]

2.1.a. Hydro-Electric

Energy and Turkey

[8]

2.2. Natural Gas

Natural GasNatural gas is a fossil fuel. It does, however, have some differences. It

does not produce carbon dioxide, which is the main greenh ousegas. This makes natural gas a better option. There is also s till a ratherlarge supply of natural gas in the world. [6]

Natural gas is found in areas with other fossil fuels, and can even be created by other organisms. Most of the natural gas in the w orld is produces in North American and Asia, with several other d evelopedcountries producing large amounts :

2.2 Natural Gas

Advantages & DisadvantagesThere are several advantages to using natural gas, includi ng the reduces

environmental damage, cost, and ease of use, since man y homes andbusinesses could easily be converted to use natural gas. Th ere aredisadvantages, just like anything else. It does still rele ases greenhousegases, and the process to isolate methane is quite complex .

2.2.a. Natural Gas and

TurkeyAs of the end of 2009, our remaining exploitable natural gas reserve is

6,2 billion m³. Our installed power in natural gas is 14. 576 MW, whichcorresponds to 32,7% of our total installed power.

According to studies on natural gas supply-demand balance , there is no problem until 2011 to meet the annual gas demand. But dur ing wintermonths, when demand is high, disruptions in source or ro ute countriesmay create seasonal imbalances of supply and demand.

In this context, commissioning in 2007 of Silivri natu ral gas depot, whichhas a capacity of 1,6 billion m³, has been very benefic ial for ensuringavailability of seasonal supply [7]


Turkey

Turkey has not so bigreserves of Natural gas , so thedemand for natural gas is being supplied by importingnatural gas with the pipelines . In the figure you can see howthe reserves of Turkey aregoing down year by year .


Turkey

Natural Gas’s

Production Capasity

Consumption Capasity

[10]


Turkey

Here you can see the pipelines which provide gas to Turkey :

[8]

2.3. Solar Energy

Solar EnergySolar energy is created by trapping the sun's rays into sol ar cells where

the sunlight is changed into electricity. Solar energy is most commonlyused for producing electricity, getting the salt out of w ater, heating, andcooking.

The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, o ceans and landmasses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per yea r. Solar energycan be harnessed in different levels around the world. D epending on a geographical location the closer to the equator the more "po tential" solar energy is available. [11]

2.4. Solar Energy

Advantages & DisadvantagesOne advantage is that as long as we have a sun, its energy is

renewable. Secondly, like wind power, it does not contr ibute to pollutionand keeps our world clean. Solar energy is a very practica l form of energyfor lighting and heating.

Just like wind power, solar power also has the disadvanta ge ofinconsistency. There are sunny days and of course also clo udy days !

2.4.a. Solar Energy

and Turkey

• Having a high potential for solar energy due to its geograp hicalposition, Turkey's average annual total sunshine durati on is calculated as 2.640 hours (daily total is 7,2 hours), and average tot al radiation pressureas 1.311 kWh/m²-year (daily total is 3,6 kWh/m²). Sol ar energy potential is calculated as 380 billion kWh/year.

• The amount of solar collectors installed in our country i s roughly 12 million m² with a technical solar energy potential of 76 TEP, and annualgeneration volume is 750.000 m², part of which is expor ted.

• In our country, installed solar cell capacity, which is used mostly in public bodies for supplying small amounts of power and for r esearchpurposes, has reached 1 MW.

[7]

2.4.a. Solar Energy

and Turkey

[8]

2.4. Nuclear Energy

Nuclear EnergyNuclear energy is energy created through atoms. By either s plitting

atoms (fission) or merging them (fusion), it creates ene rgy from thereaction. [6] Nuclear energy, while it does produce a large amount of power, has several other hazards. Nuclear energy creates dangerousnuclear waste which is difficult to deal with. It must be st ored in a securelocation until it can be properly dealt with.

2.4. Nuclear Energy

Advantages & DisadvantagesOne of the big advantages of nuclear energy is the amount o f power it

can produce from one plant, although the cost for building one is quitehigh. The dangerous effects nuclear power can have on peop le or theenvironment have led many of the more developed countries t o steer awayfrom the use of nuclear energy until the risks can be elimi nated. Forexample The Chernobyl incident which caused many deaths of people andharm to the environment. [6]

2.4.a. Nuclear Energy

and TurkeyNext to global developments that make renewable energy so urces more

common spread, nuclear energy investment projects are als o gainingimpetus worldwide.

Turkey currently has no nuclear power plant , but the dev elopment in both economy and technology we are getting ready to get in th e area of nuclear energy .

On May 2010, an intergovernmental agreement was signed betweenTurkey and Russia regarding the construction a nuclear pow er plant in Mersin-Akkuyu. [7]

2.4.a. Nuclear Energy

and Turkey

Also there is another block to work with nuclear energy in T urkey : There is a law which does not let nuclear power plants to be structured .

Based on electricity energy supply and demand projections , it is targeted by 2020 that nuclear power plants will have a mini mum of 5% share in electricity production. To that end, Law No. 57 10 on Constructionand Operation of Nuclear Power Plants and Law on Sale of En ergy (2007) were enacted. [7] Below you can see the nuclear resources of Turkey :

2.5. Wind Energy

Wind EnergyWind is a natural energy source. When the wind blows, the b lades of the

turbine rotate. The rotation is then converted into an ele ctrical currentthrough the use of an electrical generator. [6] These wind turbines areusually built on wind farms. Electrical currents today are harnessed bylarge wind farms that are used by national electrical grids. They are alsoused on a smaller scale for providing electricity to small er homes orlocations.

2.5. Wind Energy

Advantages & DisadvantagesThere are a number of advantages to using wind power. First , it produces

no pollution. This means there are no harmful by-products and ourenvironment stays healthy. Secondly, wind energy is a re newable source, sowe will never run out of wind. Third, wind turbines can be placed on farms in which livestock are raised. There are also some disadvantag es and concernsabout wind energy: Once concern is that wind power is not constant . Anotherconcern is that some people believethat the wind turbines are ugly and they do not want them aro und. [6]

2.5.a. Wind Energy and

Turkey

• World's wind resource is estimated as 53 TWh/year, and p resently thetotal installed wind energy power is 40.301 MW. One thir d of this power is in Germany

• With Turkey Wind Energy Potential Atlas (REPA), which was realized in 2007, it is calculated that our country has a minimum w ind energypotential of 5.000 MW in regions with annual wind speed o f 8,5 m/s andhigher, and 48.000 MW with wind speed higher than 7,0 m/s .

• Our installed power for wind energy reached the level of 802 ,8 MW as of the end of 2009. Upon taking effect of the Renewable E nergy Law, licenses were granted to 93 new wind projects which deliver a total installed power of 3.363 MW. Out of these projects, pow ers plants whichcorrespond to an installed power of 1.100 MW are present ly underconstruction. [7]


Turkey

Installed power development via wind power . [12]


Turkey

[8]

2.6. Geothermal Energy

Geothermal EnergyGeothermal energy is the natural energy formed by the earth . The hot

rocks that are under the ground heat the water to produce stea m. Thenyou can drill holes in this area, causing the steam to shoo t up and driveturbines. The turbines then power electric generators.

[6]

2.6. Geothermal Energy

Advantages & DisadvantagesJust as wind and solar power, geothermal energy does not pollute or cause

harmful by-products. A geothermal plant is a very self-s ufficient energysource once it has been built. These plants are typically r ather small and do not have much affect on the beauty of the landscape.

As usual, there are always some negatives. If the geotherm al plant is not produced correctly, there can be pollutants. Also, if t he drilling is not done correctly, there will be hazardous minerals and gases rel eased into the air. [6]

2.6.a. Geothermal Energy

and Turkey

Since Turkey is located on theAlpine-Himalayan belt, it holds a substantially high geothermalpotential. Geothermal potential of our country is 31.500 MW. Areas withpotential are concentrated in Western Anatolia (77,9%). By thisday, 13% of said potential (4.000 MW) has been made available by MTA General Directorate of our Ministry.

While 1.500 MW of our geothermalenergy potential is assessed to be suitable for electricity generation, finalized data is so far 600 MW. As of the end of 2009, our installed powerof geothermal energy reachedaround 77,2 MW. [7]

Denizli Kizildere Geothermal Power plant

2.6.a. Geothermal Energy

and Turkey

[8]

2.7. Biofuels and Ethanol

Biofuels are fuels that are madefrom animals or plants. They mayinclude methane from animalwaste, wood chippings, orwood. Today ethanol has beengetting a lot of attention for its usein combination with gasoline fortransportation use. [6]

There are various types of biofuels, mainly being used topower machines, for cooking, andto heat homes. The technologyused to create and utilize biofuelsis still fairly new, but is gainingpopularity in Europe, Asia, andAmerica.

Biofuels and Ethanol


Advantages & DisadvantagesOne of the big advantages of biofuels is the fact that they can be

renewable. Ethanol, which is made from corn, can be mad e as long as thereis a steady supply of corn. Biofuels are also less hazardo us on theenvironment

One of the disadvantages is the amount of resources it ta kes to make a biofuel. It costs more and takes more resources to make a gal lon of ethanolthan it takes to make a gallon of gas. It also takes fossil f uels to grow andharvest the corn to make the biofuel. [6]

2.7.a. Biofuels and

Turkey

• There are currently four bio-ethanol production fac ilities established in Turkey. However, only one of them actively operates . This facility uses mostly corn and very rarely wheat as a raw material .

• The total capacity of the sector is currently 160,0 00 MT and the total production in 2009 was 40,000 MT and it is predicte d to continue to remain at this level through 2010 and 2011. Approximately 150, 000 MT of corn was used to produce 40,000 MT bio-ethanol in 2009. [7]

• The Turkish public and commercial transportation sector us es only dieselfor fuel. Turkish regulations do not allow bio-diesel pr oducers to sell bio-diesel directly to users.

• Since the producers do not have direct sales licenses, t hey must sellproducts to petroleum distribution companies whose licens es give themauthority to sell bio-diesel to gas stations or to consumers . [13]

2.7.a. Biofuels and

Turkey

Bifuel acitivites of Turkey [13]

2.8. Hydrogen

HydrogenHydrogen fuel is used primarily in batteries, and while i t hasn't been

profitable yet, it is promising. This type of alternati ve energy is used primarilyin batteries, by combining oxygen and hydrogen to create p ower. The onlyby-product is water vapor, instead of dangerous and dama ging carbondioxide.

2.8. Hydrogen

Advantages & DisadvantagesIf there was an easier way to produce the hydrogen needed for the reaction

in the batteries, hydrogen would be a great energy sourc e Hydrogen so far has not proven to be a very profitable energy source sinc e it takes “ moreenergy to manufacture than the hydrogen actually produces. ” It is, however, a very good fuel for the environment and has turned out to be a good energysource for vehicles. [6]

2.8.a. Hydrogen and

Turkey

Turkey is not well-known withhydrogen energy , but in last fewyears hydrogen energy is one thetarget energy area of it .

The first project of its kind in Turkey, the Bozcaada HydrogenIsland project was installed in Bozcaada Governor's building by theInternational Centre for HydrogenEnergy Technologies (ICHET), a United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization (UNIDO) project supported by the TurkishMinistry of Energy and NaturalResources (MENR) in 07 October2011. [9]

Turkey’s first step into the Hydrogen world !

2.9. Coal

275 million tons

Eskişehir-Alpu

170 million tons

Manisa-Soma-Eynez

498 million tons

Thrace

1.280 million tons

Konya-Karapinar

420 million tons

Elbistan*

1.915 million tons

Afsin-Elbistan*

Reserve Amount

Lignite Reserve Regions in Turkey

*Lignite from Afsin-Elbistan is within a lower heating valueof 1000 to 1500 kcal/kg. About half of the total lignitereserve of our country is in this region.

As shown in the table, total reserves of newfound lignite is 4,138 billion tons. Together with the newfound reserves ourcountry's total lignite reserves increasedfrom 8,3 tons to 12,4 tons.

Out of total electricity energy producedby the end of August 2009, around 29% was from imported and domestic coal.

Out of coal fired electricity productionby the end of August, 27% comes hard coal and imported coal, while 73% comesfrom domestic lignite coal.

[7]

2.9.a. Coal and Turkey

Young coal sources Old coal sources

[8]


Energy Intensity of Turkey comparing with the other countr ies

[8]


Inverstment costs figure [8]


Renewable-hydro,solar,wind… %17

Natural gas

oil

forestry

coal

coal

oilforestry

Renewable-hydro,solar,wind… %4

Natural gas

Production Capasity Consumption Capasity

So %75 of our energy is imported

[10]


hyroelectric Natural gas

hyroelectric

Lingite coal

Installed power development via sources . [12]


Change in Electricity Production of Turkey Per Year with Several SourcesNatural Gas

Fuel - oil

Nafta

Coal

Lignte

Lpg

Diesel

[10]


Ratios of the Alternatife Energy Sources in electricity production(2006)

In 2011 there is also about 1.5 % ratio for the wind power

Natural gas

Hydro + Geothermal

Wind coal

Oil

Lignite

[10]

References

[1] ^ On site renewable energy options (http://www.icax.co.uk/alternative_energy.html)[2] ^ MMS. Definitions / Material and Management Services[3] ^ Oxford Dictioanry / Concise OED Alternative Energy[4] ^ NRDC. Glossary / Natural Resources Defence Council[5] ^ Alternative Energy Links / http://www.iowajatc.org/Alternate%20Energy.html[6] ^ Types of Alternative Energy /website / http://typesofalternativeenergy.com/[7] ^ Republic of Turkey Ministry Energy and Natural Resources - webpage

http://www.enerji.gov.tr/index.php?dil=en&sf=webpages&b=enerji_EN&bn=215&hn=&nm=40717&id=40717

[8] ^ Energy Efficiency : The Shortest Route to a Stronger Future , Southeast Europe and Caucaus / June 3-4 2010 / Hilton / Istanbul / TURKEY - Zorlu Energy

[9] ^Unido-Ichet Bozcaada Hyrogen Island Porject /The International Centre for Hydrogen EnergyTechnologies (ICHET) is a project of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO) , Oktober 2011

[10 ^ World Energy Council – Turkish National Commitee , 2007-2008 Turkish EnergyReport , December 2008

[11] ^ "Darmstadt University of Technology solar decathlon home design". DarmstadtUniversity of Technology -2007

[12] ^ Tukey Electric Energy Market and 2010-2011,Expectations and Developments,July 2010[13] ^Turkey Bio-fuels Annual Report 2010 , Policy and Programs

Questions ?

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