Alternative Fuel the term “ alternative fuel “ usually refers to a source of which energy is renewable

the main purpose of fuel is to the store energy , almost all fuels are chemical that store chemical potential Energy. usually in the form of heat for variety of applications,such as powering an engine or heating a bulding.

BiodieselEthanolButanol,chemically

stored electricity ( batteries and fuel cells

)

HydrogenMethaneNatural gasWoodWood gasVegetable oilBiomas andPeanut oil

Gasolyn type biofuels Butanol,as direct re –

placement for gasoline.

Hydrogen internal –

combustion car. E85 – 15% gasoline

85% ethanol blend.

Gasoline type biofuel Hempseed oil fuel or

other straight vege –

table. Biodisel.

In the year 2000,there were about eight million vehicles around the world that ran on alternative fuels,indicating the incre- asing popularity of alternative fuels. There is growing social interest,and an economic and political need for the development of alternative fuel source A primary concern is that the fact that the use of conventional fuels directly contributes to the Global Warning Crisis.

Natural gas- compressed or liquified. Autogas ( LPG,LPgas,Propane ). Synfuel – synthetic fuels. Plug – in hybrid electric vehicle.

Steam engine cars

Coal – oven steam

cars.

Organic waste fuel.

Wood gas on board

gasification.

Electric vehicle.Solar cell-powered or

charged electric cars.Hydrogen fuel cell

liquefied or compressed hydroMAGLEV,with induction

drive ( a variety of electric mass

transit ).Air car,working on compressed air.

Nuclear powered. Rubber band ( stored

energy ). Spring power or

“ wind-up car “ ( stored elastic energy ).

Wind-powered sail cars.

Non conventional oil is

another source

of oil separate from conventional

or traditional

oil sources

include :

Tar sands

Oil shale and

Bitumen

FT process convert carbon dioksida (CO2 )

carbon monoxide (CO),access to

crude oil supplies. It used

today in South Africa

to produce most

of that

country,s diesel from Coal.

Fast breeder reactor are another possibility,as opposed to current LWR

(light water reactor ) which burn the rare Isotope of uranium U-235 ( producing and burning about an amounts of plutonium in the process ).Produce much larger amounts of

plutonium from common U-238 than fission that to produce electricity and thermal heat.

It is relatively easy to start nuclear fusion reactions,which generate large amounts of

energy (cf.thermonuclear weapons).However,to achieve controlled and sustained fusion requires a large amount to obtain the required high temp

electromagnetic confinement.The technology has not yet been developed to

maintain a significant energy gain.

Hydrogen for use as fuel must first be pro- duced using another energy source.One existing method of hydrogen production is steam methane reformation:however,the most common source of methane is natural gas,which is short

supply.Another method of hydrogen production is through electrolysis of water which uses electricity generated from any source,or combination of : fossil fuel,nuclear,and/or renewable energy sources.Biomas or coal

gasification,photoelectrolisis,and genetically modified organisms have also been proposed as means to produce hydrogen.

Liquid Nitrogen.

A liquid nitrogen economy would extract energy from the temperature difference between air and liquid nitrogen.The stirling or engine or cryogenic heat engine offers a way to power such vehicles. A means to generate liquid nitrogen,which is only an energy storage medium,is needed.

Nuclear engineers estimate that the world could derive 400,000

quads ( quadrillon,1015 British thermal units ),or about 420,000

EJ ( Exajoules = 1018joules )of energy ( 1000 years at current levels of consumption,

assuming new technology ) from uranium isotpe 235,if reprocessing

is not employed.As uranium oresupplies are limited,a majority of

this uranium would have to some how be cost- effectively extracted from sea water.But, this technology does not

exist.How ever,at the current technology and consumption,the reserves will last 50 years.