alternative fuels and their application in urban transport (part 1) eddy versonnen...

ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND THEIR APPLICATION

IN URBAN TRANSPORT

(PART 1)

Eddy Versonnen

[email protected]

KdG University College Antwerp

mailto:[email protected]

ECO - SCORE ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATOR

* Well to Wheel

* Definition Eco - score

School name

KdG University College - Drive Systems/Hydrogen - Eddy Versonnen

ECO - SCORE ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATOR

* Well to Wheel

* Definition Eco - score


AIR QUALITYAIR QUALITY OF ENGINES

- REGULATED EMISSION COMPONENTS

- EUROPEAN EMISSION STANDARDS - REDUCTION OF THE EMISSION COMPONENTS * CATALYTIC CONVERTOR (GASOLINE ENGINES) * EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (GASOLINE AND DIESEL ENGINES) * DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTER (DIESEL ENGINES)


AIR QUALITYREGULATED EMISSION COMPONENTS:

* CO (Carbon Monoxide)* HC (Hydrocarbons)* NOX (Oxides of Nitrogen)* PM (Particulate Matter: for Diesel Engines)

THE WAY TO REDUCE THOSE COMPONENTS:

* Combustion Process Improvement* After - treatment of the exhaust gases

AIR QUALITY OF ENGINES


0.081.02008

--0.080.101.001. 2005

--0.150.202.3001. 2000

-0.5--2.201. 1996

-0.97--2.7207. 1992

Gasoline

Euro 1

Euro 2

Euro 3

Euro 4

Euro 5

0.005 - 0.0150.08- 0.200.502008Euro 5

0.0250.300.25-0.5001. 2005Euro 4

0.050.560.50-0.6401. 2000Euro 3

0.100.9--1.001. 1996Euro 2, DI

0.080.7--1.001. 1996Euro 2, IDI

0.140.97--2.7207. 1992Euro 1

Diesel

PMHC + NOxNOxHCCODate of

introductionNAME

AIR QUALITY OF ENGINES- European Emission Standards for Passenger Cars



- REDUCTION OF THE EMISSION COMPONENTS (GASOLINE ENGINES): CATALYTIC CONVERTOR

* A Closed Loop Three Way Catalytic Converter converts Carbon Monoxide (CO) Hydrocarbons (HC) Nitrogen Oxides (NOX) into non toxic secondary components. (conversion ratio > 90 %)* Closed Loop means that the Catalytic Assembly comprises a Lambda Sensor and Electronic controlled Mixture Formation.



- REDUCTION OF THE EMISSION COMPONENTS (GASOLINE AND DIESEL ENGINES): EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR)

* Part of the Exhaust Gas is recirculated to the Combustion Chamber.* Purpose: Reduction of the Combustion Temperature.* Reason: The higher the Combustion Temperature, the more Nitrogen Oxygen ( NOX) is produced.



- REDUCTION OF THE EMISSION COMPONENTS (GASOLINE AND DIESEL ENGINES): EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION (EGR)

* In Gasoline Engines, a maximum of 3-5 % can be recirculated to support the Catalytic Convertor. More Exhaust Gas Recirculation gives a lack of Oxygen.* EGR is very important for Diesel Engines, where 20% of the Exhaust can be recirculated.



- REDUCTION OF THE EMISSION COMPONENTS (GASOLINE AND DIESEL ENGINES):

DIESEL PARTICULATE FILTER (DPF)

* To remove Diesel Particulate Matter (PM) (Soot) from the Exhaust Gas of Diesel Engines.* Filter Regeneration: through the use of a catalyst. (passive) through a Fuel Burner, which heats the Filter to Soot Combustion. through Engine Modifications: the engine is set to run in a specific way to heat the exhaust gasses


ECO - SCORE ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATOR* Definition Eco - score

* Well to Wheel


AIR QUALITYGREENHOUSE EFFECT

- THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT- GREENHOUSE GASES- DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS- USE OF ALTERNATIVE FOSSIL FUELS- USE OF RENEWABLE FUELS- WIND ENERGY AND SOLAR ENERGY- HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY CARRIER


AIR QUALITY

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT


Burning fossil fuels: C+O2 CO2 emission

AIR QUALITY



Wereldbevolking

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000Jaar

Milj

ard

World population

Year

AIR QUALITY



Prognoses: the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere for the next 100 years will be much higher than it was for the last 440.000 years!

AIR QUALITY



CO2 – Greenhouse Effect: ‘Isolating’ cover around the world

AIR QUALITY



• 1990-2000 was the warmest decade for the last 1000 years

• Next decades will even be warmer



EFFECT ON THE POLAR ICE

1973 2003

AIR QUALITY



EFFECT ON THE CLIMATE

‘humid regions’ get more rain ‘dry regions’ get less rain

R EFFECT ON THE BIODIVERSITY QUALITY



• Approximate 10-15% of the species of animals can die out in the next 30 years

• Coral reefs are already dying out

AIR QUALITY




Ocean flows may change → Worldwide climate changes

AIR QUALITYTHE GREENHOUSE EFFECT


Example: Human beings definitely influence the climate.• 9/11: no air traffic in the US for 3 days• The difference in temperature between day and night rises• The exhaust gasses of the airplanes form an isolating cover around the

world


AIR QUALITYGREENHOUSE GASES

- CO2 (77%) (CARBON DIOXIDE) - CH4 (14%) (METHANE)- N2O (8%) (NITROUS OXIDE)- CFC (1%) (CHLORINE, FLUORINE, CARBON) * About 19% of the EU’s CO2 Emissions come from Passenger Cars and light Commercial Vehicles.


AIR QUALITYGREENHOUSE GASES

* EU-Targets for decreesing CO2 Emission: European Commission decided: CO2 Emission new Passenger Cars placed on the market from 1 january 2012 has to be reduced to 130 g/km. As of 2020: average Emissions < 95 g CO2/km Long term targets 2025: average Emissions < 70 g CO2/km

* Now: the average Emissions = 160 g CO2/km


* Reduction of Driving Resistance (Air Drag + Rolling Resistance)* Increase of efficiency (Transmission, Auxiliaries)* Increase of the engine efficiency* Hybrid Vehicle Technology* Fuel Cells

DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS:


DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS: HYBRID VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY

Hybrid Vehicles use:

* A rechargeable Energy Storage System Battery Module Capacitor Module

* A Fuel powered Power Unit Internal Combustion Engine Fuel Cell

for propulsion



Advantages of Hybrid Drive Systems:

* Use of the benefits of Electric Drive Systems Regenerative Braking No stationary Fuel Consumption

* Reduce the dynamic use of the Combustion Engine Reduction of Fuel Consumption Optimal Working Conditions in a small Area



The Efficiency of an Internal Combustion Engine: High Efficiency in a small Area



Series Hybrid Drive.

The wheels are propelled by the Electric Motor. The power to drive the Electric Motor is produced by: - the battery - the generator



Series Hybrid City Bus

Small Diesel Engine (3000 cc) Reduction Fuel Consumption 30%



Parallel Hybrid Drive.

The Electric Motor and the ICE are linked Both Power Sources can propel the Wheels - Engine assist - Regenerative braking - Engine stop



Parallel Hybrid: Toyota Prius on the market from 1997 Emission: 104 g CO2/km


* Reduction of Driving Resistance (Air Drag + Rolling Resistance)* Increase of efficiency (Transmission, Auxiliaries)* Increase of the engine efficiency* Hybrid Vehicle Technology* Fuel Cells

DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS:


DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL CARS: FUEL CELLS

Convert Chemical Energy into Electric Energy.

Efficiency: 50% to 80%


heat


Fuel Options:

* Hydrogen Fuel Cell the most suitable Fuel Exhaust = H2O

* Other Fuels: Methanol Fuel Cell Fuel Cell with Reformer (reforming CNG, Methanol or Gasoline into Hydrogen)



100% Fuel Cell Drive

All power provided by the Fuel Cell Large Fuel Cell, working dynamic Fuel Cell Vehicle = Electric Vehicle



Fuel Cell - Hybrid Drive

A battery or Capacitors provides short term bursts of power for acceleration or hill climbing Regenerative braking Smaller Fuel Cell



Fuel Cell -Power - unit



Fuel Cell - Powered Vehicles


USE OF ALTERNATIVE FOSSIL FUELS: - LPG (Liquified Petrol Gas)

* Low Pressure Liquified Gas mixture (7 to 8 bar) Propane Butane* Conventional Internal Combustion Engine* Bi - Fuel Vehicle if the Gasoline Tank stays* 9,5 % less CO2 Emission than Gasoline* 10 million LPG Vehicles running world - wide


USE OF ALTERNATIVE FOSSIL FUELS: - CNG (Compressed Natural Gas)

* High Pressure Compressed Gas (200 to 250 bar) Mainly composed of Methane* Conventional Internal Combustion Engine* Bi-Fuel Vehicle if the Gasoline Tank stays* 20,6 % less CO2 Emission than Gasoline 15 % less CO2 Emission than Diesel 90 % less NOX Emission than Diesel 90 % less Particulate Mass than Diesel The least Emissions of all Fossil Fuels* 5 million CNG Vehicles running world - wide


USE OF ALTERNATIVE FOSSIL FUELS: - LNG (Liquified Natural Gas)

* Low Pressure Liquified Natural Gas mixture (2 to 15 bar) Mainly composed of Methane* Stored in the Tank at Temperature of -150 to -115 °C* Takes 4 times less Volume than CNG* Conventional Internal Combustion Engine* Same reduction of the Emissions as CNG

Tank


END OF PART ONE


alternative fuels and their application in urban transport (part 1) eddy versonnen...

Documents

exhaust gas of diesel

wheel kdg

exhaust gas recirculation

diesel particulate filter

definition eco score

toxic secondary components

combustion temperature

catalytic assembly