althea gibson wikipedia

8/11/2019 Althea Gibson Wikipedia

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8/25/2014 Althea Gibson - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Althea_Gibson

Althea Gibson

Gibson in 1956

Country United States

Born August 25,1927

Clarendon County, South Carolina

Died September28, 2003 (aged 76)

East Orange, New Jersey

Height 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)

Retired 1958

Plays Right-handed

Int. Tennis HOF 1971 (member page

(http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-

of-famers/althea-gibson))

Singles

Grand Slam Singles results

Australian Open F (1957)

French Open W(1956)

Wimbledon W(1957, 1958)

US Open W(1957, 1958)

Doubles

Grand Slam Doubles results

Australian Open W(1957)

Althea GibsonFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Althea Gibson(August 25, 1927 September 28, 2003)

was an American tennis player and professional golfer, and

the first black athlete to cross the color line of international

tennis. In 1956, shebecame the first person of color towin

a Grand Slam title (the French Open). The following yearshe won both Wimbledon and the U.S. Nationals

(precursor of the U.S. Open), then won both again in

1958, and was voted Female Athlete of the Year by the

Associated Press in both years. In all she won 11 Grand

Slam tournaments, including six doubles titles, and was

inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame and the

International Women's Sports Hall of Fame. "She is one of

the greatest players who ever lived," said Robert Ryland, a

tennis contemporary and former coach of Venus and

Serena Williams. "Martinacouldn't touch her. I think she'd

beat the Williams sisters."[1]In the early 1960s she also

became the first black player to compete on the women's

professional golf tour.

At a time when racism and prejudice were widespread in

sports and in society, Gibson was often compared to

Jackie Robinson. "Her road to success was a challenging

one," said Billie Jean King, "but I never saw her back

down."[2]"To anyone, she was an inspiration, because of

what she was ableto do at a time when it was enormously

difficult to play tennis at all if you were black," said former

New York City Mayor David Dinkins.[3]"I am honored to

have followed insuch great footsteps," wroteVenus

Williams. "Her accomplishments set the stage for my

success, and through players like myself and Serena and

many others to come, her legacy will live on."[4]

Contents

1 Biography

1.1 Early life and education

1.2 Amateur career

1.3 Professional career

2 Legacy
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Althea_Gibson 2

French Open W(1956)

Wimbledon W(1956, 1957, 1958)

US Open F (1957)

Grand Slam Mixed Doubles results

Wimbledon F (1956, 1957, 1958)

US Open W(1957)

3 Grand Slam finals

3.1 Singles: 7 (52)

3.2 Doubles: 7 (52)

3.3 Mixed doubles: 4 (13)

4 Grand Slam singles tournament timeline

5 See also

6 References

7 Bibliography

8 External links

Biography

Early life and education

Gibson was born on August 25, 1927, in the town of Silver in Clarendon County, South Carolina, to Daniel and

Annie Bell Gibson, who worked as sharecroppers on a cotton farm.[5]The Great Depression hit rural southern

farmers sooner than much of the rest of the country,[6]so in 1930 the family moved to Harlem, where Althea's thr

sisters and brother were born.[7]Their apartment was located on a stretch of 143rd Street that had been

designated a Police Athletic League play area; during daylight hours it was barricaded so that neighborhood

children could play organized sports.[8]Gibson quickly became proficient in paddle tennis, and by 1939, at the ag

of 12, she was the New York City women's paddle tennis champion.[9][10][11]

In 1940 a group of Gibson's neighbors took up a collection to finance a junior membership and lessons at theCosmopolitan Tennis Club in the Sugar Hill section of Harlem. In 1941 she enteredand wonher first

tournament, the American Tennis Association (ATA) New York State Championship.[12]She won the ATA

national championship in the girls' division in 1944 and 1945, and after losing in the women's final in 1946, she wo

her first of ten straight national ATA women's titles in 1947.[13]"I knew that I was an unusual, talented girl, throug

the grace of God," she wrote. "I didn't need to prove that to myself. I only wanted to prove it to my opponents."[1

Gibson's ATA success drew the attention of Walter Johnson, a Lynchburg, Virginia physician who was active in th

African American tennis community.[15]Under Johnson's patronagehe would later mentor Arthur Ashe as well

Gibson gained access to more advanced instruction and more important competitions, and later, to the UnitedStates Tennis Association (USTA).[16]In 1946 she moved to Wilmington, North Carolina under the sponsorship o

another physician and tennis activist, Hubert A. Eaton[17]and enrolled at Williston High School. In 1949 she

became the first black woman, and the second black athlete (after Reginald Weir), to play in the USTA's Nationa

Indoor Championships, where she reached the quarter-finals.[18]Later that year she entered Florida A&M

University on a full athletic scholarship.[19]

Amateur career
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Althea Gibson, 1991[20]

In 1950, in response to intense lobbying by ATA

officials and Alice Marblewho published a

scathing open letter in the magazineAmerican

Lawn Tennis[21]Gibson received an invitation to

compete in the United States National

Championships (now the U.S. Open) at Forest

Hills. She was the first black player ever selected,

and made her debut on her 23rd birthday.[22]Although she lost narrowly in the second round in a rain-delayed, three-set match to Louise Brough, the reigning

Wimbledon champion and former U.S. National winner, her participation received extensive national and

international coverage.[23]"No Negro player, man or woman, has ever set foot on one of these courts," wrote

ournalist Lester Rodney at the time. "In many ways, it is even a tougher personal Jim Crow-busting assignment th

was Jackie Robinson's when he first stepped out of the Brooklyn Dodgers dugout."[24]

In 1951 Gibson won her first international title, the Caribbean Championships in Jamaica,[22]and later that year

became the first black competitor at Wimbledon, where she was defeated in the third round by Beverly Baker.[25

In 1952 she was ranked seventh nationally by the USTA.[26]In the spring of 1953 she graduated from FloridaA&M and took a job teaching physical education at Lincoln University in Jefferson City, Missouri.[27]During her

two years at Lincoln she became romantically involved with an Army officer whom she never named publicly,[28]

and considered enlisting in the Women's Army Corps, but decided against it when the State Department sent her o

a goodwill tour of Asia in 1955 to play exhibition matches with Ham Richardson, Bob Perry, and Karol

Fageros.[29]Many Asians in the countries they visitedBurma, Ceylon, India, Pakistan, and Thailand"...felt an

affinity to Althea as a woman of color and were delighted to see her as part of an official U.S. delegation. With the

United States grappling over the question of race, they turned to Althea for answers, or at least to get a firsthand

perspective."[30]Gibson, for her part, strengthened her confidence immeasurably during the six-week tour. [31]

When it was over she remained abroad, winning 16 of 18 tournaments in Europe and Asia against many of theworld's best players.[32]

In 1956 Gibson became the first African-American athlete to win a Grand Slam event, the French Open singles

championship. (She also won the doubles title, partnered with Briton Angela Buxton.)[33]Later in the season she

won the Wimbledon doubles championship (again with Buxton), the Italian national championship in Rome, and th

Asian championship in Ceylon.[34]She also reached the quarter-finals in singles at Wimbledon and the finals at the

U.S. Nationals, losing both to Shirley Fry.[35]

1957 was, in her own words, "Althea Gibson's year".[36]In July she won Wimbledonconsidered, at the time, th"world championship of tennis".[37]She was the first black champion in the tournament's 80-year history, and the

first champion to receive the trophy personally from Queen Elizabeth II.[38]"Shaking hands with the queen of

England," she said, "was a long way from being forced to sit in the colored section of the bus."[39]She won the

doubles championship as well, for the second year. Upon her return home Gibson became only the second black

American, after Jesse Owens, to be honored with a ticker tape parade in New York City, and Mayor Robert F.

Wagner, Jr. presented her with the Bronze Medallion, the city's highest civilian award. [40]A month later she

defeated Brough in straight sets to win her first U.S. National championship.[41]"Winning Wimbledon was

wonderful," she wrote, "and it meant a lot to me. But there is nothing quite like winning the championship of your

"The loser is always a part of the problem; the winner isalways a part of the answer. The loser always has an excuse;the winner always has a program. The loser says it may be

possible, but it's difficult; the winner says it may be difficult,but it's possible."
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own country."[42]In all she reached the finals of eight Grand Slam events in 1957, winning the Wimbledon and U.

National singles titles, the Wimbledon and Australian doubles championships, and the U.S. mixed doubles crown,

and finishing second in Australian singles, U.S. doubles, and Wimbledon mixed doubles. At season's end she brok

et another barrier as the first black player on the U.S. Wightman Cup team, which defeated Great Britain 61.[43

In 1958 Gibson successfully defended her Wimbledon and U.S. National singles titles, and won her third straight

Wimbledon doubles championship, with a third different partner. She was the number-one-ranked woman in the

world[44]and in the United States[45]in both 1957 and 1958, and was named Female Athlete of the Year by theAssociated Press in both years,[46]garnering over 80% of the votes in 1958.[47]She also became the first black

woman to appear on the covers of Sports Illustrated[48]and Time.[49]

Professional career

In late 1958, having won 56 national and international singles and doubles titles, including 11 Grand Slam

championships, Gibson retired from amateur tennis. Prior to the Open Era there was no prize money at major

tournaments, and direct endorsement deals were prohibited. Players were limited to meager expense allowances,

strictly regulated by the USTA. "The truth, to put it bluntly, is that my finances were in heartbreaking shape," shewrote. "Being the Queen of Tennis is all well and good, but you can't eat a crown. Nor can you send the Internal

Revenue Service a throne clipped to their tax forms. The landlord and grocer and tax collector are funny that way

they like cold cash ... I reign over an empty bank account, and I'm not going to fill it by playing amateur tennis."[50

Professional tours for women were still 15 years away, so her opportunities were largely limited to promotional

events. In 1959 she signed to play a series of exhibition matches against Karol Fageros before Harlem Globetrotte

basketball games.[51][16]When the tour ended she won the singles and doubles titles at the Pepsi Cola World Pro

Tennis Championships in Cleveland, but received only $500 in prize money.[52]

During this period, Gibson also pursued her long-held aspirations in the entertainment industry. A talented vocalist

and saxophonistand runner-up in the Apollo Theater's amateur talent contest in 1943[53]she made her

professional singing debut at W. C. Handy's 84th birthday tribute at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in 1957.[54]An

executive from Dot Records was impressed with her performance, and signed her to record an album of popular

standards.Althea Gibson Singswas released in 1959, and Gibson performed two of its songs on The Ed

Sullivan Showin May and July of that year, but sales were disappointing.[55]She appeared as a celebrity guest o

the TV panel show What's My Line?and was cast as a slave woman in the John Ford motion picture The Horse

Soldiers(1959), which was notable for her refusal to speak in the stereotypic "Negro" dialect mandated by the

script.[56]She also worked as a sports commentator, appeared in print and television advertisements for various

products, and increased her involvement in social issues and community activities.[57]In 1960 her first memoir,I

lways Wanted to Be Somebody, written with sportswriter Ed Fitzgerald, was published.[58]

Her professional tennis career, however, was going nowhere. "When I looked around me, I saw that white tennis

players, some of whom I had thrashed on the court, were picking up offers and invitations," she wrote. "Suddenly

dawned on me that my triumphs had not destroyed the racial barrier once and for all, as I hadperhaps naively

hoped. Or if I did destroy them, they had been erected behind me again."[59]
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In 1964, at the age of 37, Gibson became the first African-American woman to join the Ladies Professional Golf

Association (LPGA) tour.[60]Racial discrimination continued to be a problem: Many hotels still excluded people o

color, and country club officials throughout the southand some in the northroutinely refused to allow her to

compete. When she did compete, she was often forced to dress for tournaments in her car because she was

banned from the clubhouse.[61]Although she was one of the LPGA's top 50 money winners for five years, and wo

a car at a Dinah Shore tournament, her lifetime golf earnings never exceeded $25,000.[62]She made financial end

meet with various sponsorship deals and the support of her husband, William Darben, brother of best friend and

fellow tennis player Rosemary Darben, whom she married in 1965 (and divorced in 1976).[63]

While she broke course records during individual rounds in several tournaments, Gibson's highest ranking was 27t

in 1966, and her best tournament finish was a tie for second after a three-way playoff at the 1970 Len Immke

Buick Open.[64]She retired from professional golf at the end of the 1978 season.[65]"Althea might have been a re

player of consequence had she started when she was young," said Judy Rankin. "She came along during a difficult

time in golf, gained the support of a lot of people, and quietly made a difference."[66]

In 1976 Gibson made it to the finals of the ABC television program Superstars, finishing first in basketball shootin

and bowling, and runner-up in softball throwing.[67]

With the advent of the Open Era she began entering majortennis tournaments again; but by then, in her forties, she was unable to compete effectively against younger

players.[68]She also attempted a golf comeback, in 1987, with the goal of becoming the oldest active tour player,

but was unable to regain her tour card.[69]In a second memoir, So Much to Live For, she articulated her

disappointments, including unfulfilled aspirations, the paucity of endorsements and other professional opportunities

and the many obstacles of all sorts that were thrown in her path over the years. [70]

In 1972 she began running Pepsi Cola's national mobile tennis project, which brought portable nets and other

equipment to underprivileged areas in major cities.[71]She ran multiple other clinics and tennis outreach programs

over the next three decades, and coached numerous rising competitors, including Leslie Allen and Zina Garrison."She pushed me as if I were a pro, not a junior," wrote Garrison in her 2001 memoir. "I owe the opportunity I

received to her."[72]

In the early 1970s Gibson began directing women's sports and recreation for the Essex County Parks Commissio

in New Jersey. In 1976 she was appointed New Jersey's athletic commissioner, the first woman in the country to

hold such a role, but resigned after one year due to lack of autonomy, budgetary oversight, and adequate funding.

don't wish to be a figurehead," she said.[73]In 1977 she challenged incumbent Essex County State Senator Frank

Dodd in the Democratic primary for his seat.[74]She came in second behind Dodd, but ahead of Assemblyman

Eldridge Hawkins. Gibson went on to manage the Department of Recreation in East Orange, NJ. She also served

on the State Athletic Control Board and became supervisor of the Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and

Sports.[75]In 1983 she married Sydney Llewellyn, her coach during her peak tennis years. That marriage also

ended in divorce, after five years; she had no children.[76]

In the late 1980s Gibson suffered two cerebral hemorrhages and in 1992, a stroke. Ongoing medical expenses

depleted her financial resources, leaving her unable to afford her rent or medication. Though she reached out to

multiple tennis organizations requesting help, none responded. Former doubles partner Angela Buxton made

Gibson's plight known to the tennis community, and raised nearly $1 million in donations from around the

world.[77][78]
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Islamic child picks up a tennis racket for the first time, Althea touches another life. When she began playing, lessthan five percent of tennis newcomers were minorities. Today, some 30 percent are minorities, two-thirds of whom

are African American. This is her legacy."[90]

Gibson's five Wimbledon trophies are displayed at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American

History.[91]The Althea Gibson Cup seniors tournament is held annually in Croatia, under the auspices of the

International Tennis Federation (ITF).[92]The Althea Gibson Foundation identifies and supports gifted golf and

tennis players who live in urban environments.[93]In 2005 Gibson's friend Bill Cosby endowed the Althea Gibson

Scholarship at her alma mater, Florida A&M University.[94]

In September 2009 Wilmington, North Carolina named its new community tennis court facility the Althea Gibson

Tennis Complex at Empie Park.[95]Other tennis facilities bearing her name include Manning High School (near he

birthplace in Silver, South Carolina),[96]the Family Circle Tennis Center in Charleston, SC,[97]Florida A&M

University,[98]and Branch Brook Park in Newark, NJ.[99]In 2012 a bronze statue, created by sculptor Thomas

Jay Warren,[100]was dedicated to her memory in Branch Brook Park.[101]"I hope that I have accomplished just

one thing," she once wrote, "that I have been a credit to tennis, and to my country."

[102]

"By all measures," readsthe inscription on her Newark statue, "Althea Gibson certainly attained that goal."[103]

Grand Slam finals

Singles: 7 (52)

Outcome Year Championship Opponent Score

Winner 1956 French Championships Angela Mortimer Barrett 60, 1210

Runner-up 1956 U.S. Championships Shirley Fry Irvin 63, 64

Runner-up 1957 Australian Championships Shirley Fry Irvin 63, 64

Winner 1957 Wimbledon Darlene Hard 63, 62

Winner 1957 U.S. Championships Louise Brough Clapp 63, 62

Winner 1958 Wimbledon (2) Angela Mortimer Barrett 86, 62

Winner 1958 U.S. Championships (2) Darlene Hard 36, 61, 62

Doubles: 7 (52)
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Althea Gibson's 1956 Wimbledon

doubles trophy, her first of three, and

the first Wimbledon trophy won by

an African American

Outcome Year Championship Partner Opponents Score

Winner 1956 French Championships Angela Buxton

Darlene Hard

Dorothy Head

Knode

68, 86, 61

Winner 1956 Wimbledon Angela BuxtonFay Muller

Daphne Seeney61, 86

Winner 1957Australian

ChampionshipsShirley Fry Irvin

Mary Bevis

Hawton

Fay Muller

62, 61

Winner 1957 Wimbledon (2) Darlene Hard

Mary Bevis

Hawton

Thelma Coyne

Long

61, 62

Runner-up 1957 U.S. Championships Darlene Hard

Louise BroughClapp

Margaret Osborne

duPont

26, 57

Winner 1958 Wimbledon (3) Maria Bueno

Margaret Osborne

duPont

Margaret Varner

Bloss

63, 75

Runner-up 1958 U.S. Championships Maria BuenoDarlene Hard

Jeanne Arth62, 36, 46
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Arthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Varner_Blosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Buenohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Osborne_duPonthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Brough_Clapphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelma_Coyne_Longhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlene_Hardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Bevis_Hawtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Fry_Irvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Openhttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne_Seeneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay_Mullerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Head_Knodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlene_Hardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Buxtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Openhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Althea_Gibson%E2%80%99s_Wimbledon_Trophy_1956.jpg


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Mixed doubles: 4 (13)

Outcome Year Championship Partner Opponents Score

Runner-up 1956 Wimbledon Gardnar MulloyShirley Fry Irvin

Vic Seixas62, 26, 57

Runner-up 1957 Wimbledon Neale Fraser Darlene Hard

Mervyn Rose46, 57

Winner 1957 U.S. Championships Kurt NielsenDarlene Hard

Robert Howe63, 97

Runner-up 1958 Wimbledon Kurt Nielsen

Lorraine Coghlan

Green

Robert Howe

36, 1113

Grand Slam singles tournament timeline

Tournament 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 Career SRAustralia A A A A A A A F A 0 / 1

France A A A A A A W A A 1 / 1

Wimbledon A 3R A A A A QF W W 2 / 4

United States 2R 3R 3R QF 1R 3R F W W 2 / 9

SR 0 / 1 0 / 2 0 / 1 0 / 1 0 / 1 0 / 1 1 / 3 2 / 3 2 / 2 5 / 15

A = did not participate in the tournament

SR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam singles tournaments won to the number of those tournaments played

See also

Listof African American firsts

Performance timelines for all female tennis players who reached at least one Grand Slam final

References

1. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, p. 214.

2. ^Thomas, Robert McG, Jr. (September 29, 2003). An Unlikely Champion.New York Timesarchive

(http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/29/sports/an-unlikely-champion.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm). Retrieved

February 7, 2013.

3. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, p. 188.

4. ^Lewis, Jone Johnson. Women's History. About.com archive

(http://womenshistory.about.com/od/gibsonalthea/a/Althea-Gibson-Quotes.htm). Retrieved February 19, 2013.
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5. ^"Black tennis pioneer Althea Gibson dies at 76" (http://espn.go.com/classic/obit/news/2003/0928/1625394.html)

ESPN. September 28, 2003.

6. ^Poston, T (August 26, 1957). "The Story of Althea Gibson".New York Post, p. M2.

7. ^"That Gibson Girl." Time, August 26, 1957, p. 45.

8. Ôsofsky, G:Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto: Negro New York, 18901930. New York: Harper & Row, 1963

p. 129.

9. ^Gibson 1958, p. 52.

10. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, p. 25.

11. ^David L. Porter, ed. (1995).African American Sports Greats : A Biographical Dictionary(1. publ. ed.).

Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0313289873.

12. ^Gibson 1958, p. 30.

13. ^Gibson 1958, pp. 339.

14. ^"That Gibson Girl." Time, August 26, 1957, p. 46.

15. ^History of the American Tennis Association. http://www.americantennisassociation.org/ata-history/ Retrieved

May 17, 2013.

16. â

b

Biography of Althea Gibson. altheagibson.com (http://www.altheagibson.com/biography). Retrieved March18, 2013.

17. ^Hubert A. Eaton. nhcs.net archive (http://teacherpages.nhcs.net/schools/Eaton/karlacurry/Pages/DrHubert.aspx

Retrieved March 18, 2013.

18. Âshe, A:A Hard Road to Glory: A History of the Af rican-American Athlete. New York: Amistad/Warner Book

1988. Vol. 3, p. 167.

19. ^Gibson 1958, pp. 5881.

20. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, p. 176.

21. ^Wettenstein B (August 30, 2007): Let Us Remember Alice Marble, the Catalyst for Althea Gibson to Break the

ColorBarrier.Huff ington Postarchive (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/beverly-wettenstein/let-us-remember-

alice-mar_b_62571.html). Retrieved May 9, 2013

22. ^ ab"Althea Gibson" (http://www.usta.com/About-USTA/Diversity/Black-History-

Month/5792_Black_History_Month__Althea_Gibson/). United States Tennis Association. Retrieved 21 August

2013.

23. ^"The New Gibson Girl: A Uniquely Difficult Road to Fame" (July 02, 1956). Sports Illustratedarchive

(http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1132042/index.htm). Retrieved May 17, 2013.

24. ^Rodney, L: "On the Scoreboard: Miss Gibson Plays at Forest Hills". The Daily Worker, August 24, 1950.

25. ^Phlegar, B: "Althea Gibson Says Net Play Tough in England", Associated Press, undated, Althea GibsonCollection, per Gray and Lamb (2004) pp=745.

26. ^Gibson 1958, p. 81.

27. ^Gibson 1958, pp. 813.

28. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, pp. 801.

29. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, pp. 847.

30. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, p. 85.

31. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, pp. 867.

32. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, p. 87.
http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1132042/index.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Tennis_Associationhttp://www.usta.com/About-USTA/Diversity/Black-History-Month/5792_Black_History_Month__Althea_Gibson/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/beverly-wettenstein/let-us-remember-alice-mar_b_62571.htmlhttp://teacherpages.nhcs.net/schools/Eaton/karlacurry/Pages/DrHubert.aspxhttp://www.altheagibson.com/biographyhttp://www.americantennisassociation.org/ata-history/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313289873http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://espn.go.com/classic/obit/news/2003/0928/1625394.html


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33. ^Tingay, L: "Miss Gibson Worthy Champion; Miss Buxton Shares Doubles Win". London Daily Express, May 25

1956.

34. ^"Althea Gibson's Net Stock Zooms Higher",Pittsburgh Courier, June 16, 1956.

35. ^Gibson 1958, p. 125-6.

36. ^Gibson 1958, p. 126.

37. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, p. 100.

38. ^"Miss Gibson Wins Wimbledon Title".New York Times, July 7, 1957.

39. ^Gibson 1958, p. 105.

40. ^"Her Finest Hour".Newsweek, July 22, 1957.

41. ^"Althea's Dream is Complete: 3rd Crown Won". The Daily Worker, September 9, 1957.

42. ^Gibson 1958, p. 145.

43. ^Harrison, E: "Althea, Pride of One West Side, Becomes the Queen of Another".New York Times, September 9,

1957.

44. ^Collins, Bud (2008). The Bud Collins History of Tennis: An Authoritative Encyclopedia and Record Book. New

York: New Chapter Press. pp. 695, 703. ISBN 0-942257-41-3.

45. ^United States Tennis Association (1988). 1988 Official USTA Tennis Yearbook. Lynn, Massachusetts: H.O.Zimman, Inc. p. 261.

46. ^Associated Press Athlete of the Year (female). NNDB database (http://www.nndb.com/honors/907/000166409/

Retrieved March 26, 2013.

47. ^"Althea Gibson Voted Top Woman Athlete". Christian Science Monitor, May 22, 1958.

48. ^Sports Illustrated, September 02, 1957. Volume 7, Issue 10. SI archive

(http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/cover/toc/7528/). Retrieved May 17, 2013.

49. ^TimeMagazine, Aug. 26, 1957. Time.com archive

(http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19570826,00.html). Retrieved May 17, 2013.

50. ^Gibson and Curtis 1968, pp. 156.

51. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, pp. 1312.

52. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, pp. 1324.

53. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, p. 112.

54. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, p. 114.

55. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, pp. 1147.

56. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, p. 120-1.

57. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, p. 123.

58. ^Gibson A., Fitzgerald E.,I Always Wanted to Be Somebody(1960), New York: Harper & Brothers. ASIN

B0007G5SL8

59. ^Gibson and Curtis 1968, p. 76.

60. ^Honoring Pioneers Althea Gibson (http://www.lpga.com/content_1.aspx?pid=14215&mid=2)

61. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, p. 154.

62. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, pp. 13761.

63. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, pp. 1456.

64. ^http://www.golfobserver.com/new/golfstats.php?year=1970&tour=LPGA&tournament=Borden+Classic
http://www.golfobserver.com/new/golfstats.php?year=1970&tour=LPGA&tournament=Borden+Classichttp://www.lpga.com/content_1.aspx?pid=14215&mid=2http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19570826,00.htmlhttp://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/cover/toc/7528/http://www.nndb.com/honors/907/000166409/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942257-41-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number


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65. Âlthea Gibson career record (http://www.golfobserver.com/new/golfstats.php?

name=Althea+Gibson&tour=LPGA&pid=13578) at golfobserver.com

66. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, pp. 1523.

67. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, p. 167.

68. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, p. 164.

69. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, pp. 1678.

70. ^Gibson A., Curtis R., So Much to Live For. New York, Putnam (1968). ASIN: B0006BVL5Q

71. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, p. 175.

72. ^Garrison Z:Zina: My Life in Women's Tennis. New York, Frog Books (2001), p. 84. ISBN 1583940146

73. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, pp. 17880.

74. Êdge, Wally (2008-01-07). "The one that starts in the 1960s and ends with Codey"

(http://www.politickernj.com/one-starts-1960s-and-ends-codey-15122). PolitickerNJ. Retrieved 2009-03-09.

75. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, p. 182.

76. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, pp. 16970.

77. ^Schoenfeld 2005, pp. 220224.

78. ^Bloom, N (October 10, 2003). Celebrity Jews in the news. JWeekly.com archive(http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-

/module/displaystory/story_id/923/edition_id/7/format/html/displaystory.html). Retrieved April 2, 2013.

79. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, pp. 171, 210.

80. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, p. 191.

81. ^"International Women's Sports Hall of Fame"

(http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/home/programs/awards/international-womens-sports-hall-of-fame).

Womenssportsfoundation.org. Retrieved 2013-08-29.

82. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, pp. 182, 203.

83. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, pp. 1834.

84. Âlthea Gibson, Tennis. SI For Women archive (http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/siforwomen/top_100/30/).

Retrieved May 7, 2013.

85. ^Bigalke, Jay (August 19, 2013). "Althea Gibson stamp 36th in Black Heritage series; ceremony to take place Au

23 inFlushing, N.Y.".Linn's Stamp News(Sidney, Ohio: Amos Press, Inc.) 86(4425): 1 and 3436. ISSN 0161-

6234(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-6234).

86. ^"Althea Gibson Stamps - The Postal Store @ USPS.com"

(https://store.usps.com/store/browse/uspsProductDetailMultiSkuDropDown.jsp?

productId=S_470804&categoryId=subcatS_S_Sheets). Store.usps.com. 2011-03-28. Retrieved 2013-08-29.

87. ^Rhoden, WT: "A Fruitful Past but a Shaky Future".Ebony, Vol. 32, No. 10, August 1977, pp. 6064.

88. ^"USTA To Honor Althea Gibson on Opening Night of US Open"

(http://www.missourivalley.usta.com/News/2007_08/463528_USTA_To_Honor_Althea_Gibson_on_Opening_Nig

t_of_US_Open/). United States Tennis Association. 2007-08-15. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
http://www.missourivalley.usta.com/News/2007_08/463528_USTA_To_Honor_Althea_Gibson_on_Opening_Night_of_US_Open/https://store.usps.com/store/browse/uspsProductDetailMultiSkuDropDown.jsp?productId=S_470804&categoryId=subcatS_S_Sheetshttp://www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-6234http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttp://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/siforwomen/top_100/30/http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/home/programs/awards/international-womens-sports-hall-of-famehttp://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/923/edition_id/7/format/html/displaystory.htmlhttp://www.politickernj.com/one-starts-1960s-and-ends-codey-15122http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1583940146http://www.golfobserver.com/new/golfstats.php?name=Althea+Gibson&tour=LPGA&pid=13578


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Bibliography

Gibson, Althea (E. Fitzgerald, ed.) (1960).I Always Wanted to Be Somebody(Hardcover ed.). New

York: Harper & Brothers. ASIN B0007G5SL8 (https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007G5SL8).

Gibson, Althea; Curtis, Richard (1968). So Much to Live For(Hardcover ed.). New York: Putnam.

ASIN B0006BVL5Q (https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006BVL5Q).

89. ^Dillman, Lisa (2007-08-27). "Williams sisters part of Gibson tribute"

(http://web.archive.org/web/20071004211407/http://www.latimes.com/sports/tennis/la-sp-

gibson27aug27,1,7412634.story?coll=la-headlines-sports-tennis&ctrack=1&cset=true).Los Angeles Times.

Archived from the original (http://www.latimes.com/sports/tennis/la-sp-gibson27aug27,1,7412634.story?coll=la-

headlines-sports-tennis&ctrack=1&cset=true) on 2007-10-04. Retrieved 2007-08-28.

90. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, pp. 2123.

91. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, p. 184.

92. ÎTF Super-Seniors Althea Gibson Cup. ITFTennis.com

(http://www.itftennis.com/seniors/tournaments/tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=2100000498) Retrieved May

6, 2013.

93. ^The Althea Gibson Foundation. AltheaGibson.com (http://www.altheagibson.com/althea-gibson-foundation)


94. ^The Althea Gibson Endowed Scholarship. FAMU.edu

(http://www.famu.edu/HealthPhysicaledu/Scholarship_AltheaGibson.pdf). Retrieved May 7, 2013.

95. Âlthea Gibson Tennis Complex at Empie Park. WilmingtonNC.gov

(http://www.wilmingtonnc.gov/community_services/recreation/tennis/althea_gibson_tennis_complex) RetrievedMay 4, 2013.

96. ^Jones, D (April 30, 2002): Serving Up an Honor: Manning Tennis Complex Named for Althea Gibson. Google

News archive (http://news.google.com/newspapers?

nid=1980&dat=20020430&id=PY8iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=oa0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2717,4560396). Retrieved May 7,

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97. ^Family Circle Tennis Center (http://www.familycircletenniscenter.com/venue/info/). Retrieved May 7, 2013.

98. ^Gray and Lamb 2004, p. 203.

99. ^Branch Brook Park Alliance (http://www.branchbrookpark.org/Park-Information/Athletics.aspx). Retrieved Ma

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100. Âlthea Gibson Statue, Newark, NJ. warrensculpture.com

(http://www.warrensculpture.com/page25/page25.html) Retrieved May 7, 2013.

101. Êunice Lee, "Statue of first black woman to win Wimbledon unveiled in Newark park"

(http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2012/03/statue_of_first_black_woman_to.html), NJ.com, March 29, 2012.

102. ^Gibson and Curtis 1968, p. 27.

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Pressarchive (http://www.nj.com/independentpress/index.ssf/2012/03/bronze_statue_of_civil_rights.html).

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Wikimedia Commons has

media related to Althea

Gibson.

Gray, Frances Clayton; Lamb, Yanick Rice (2004).Born to Win: The Authorized Biography of Althea

Gibson(Hardcover ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0471471653.

Schoenfeld, Bruce (2005). The Match: Althea Gibson & Angela Buxton : How Two OutsidersOne

Black, the Other JewishForged a Friendship and Made Sports History(Paperback ed.). New York

Harper. ISBN 006052653X.

External links

International Tennis Hall of Fame profile

(http://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/althea-gibson)

United States Tennis Association

(http://www.usta.com/home/default.sps)

Althea Gibson Womens History.about.com

(http://www.womenshistory.about.com/od/gibsonalthea/a/althea_gibson.htm.com)

Althea Gibson Biography (http://www.altheagibson.com/biographical.htm.com)

Althea Gibson Biography (Short) (http://www.who2.com/altheagibson.html)

U.S. Open mixed doubles page (http://www.usopen.org/en_US/about/history/xdchamps.html)

Wimbledon women's doubles page

(http://championships.wimbledon.org/en_GB/bios/rolls/ladiesdoublesroll.html)

Althea Gibson Tennis Center (Wilmington, NC) (http://www.altheagibsontenniscenter.com/)

Black History Bio (http://blackhistory.altheagibson.org/bios)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Althea_Gibson&oldid=622811191"

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Wimbledon champions (pre-Open Era) World No. 1 tennis players

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