ALTRUISM REFLECTED AT VICTOR HUGO’S LES MISERABLES (1862):

A PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDY OF LITERATURE

RESEARCH PAPER

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirements

for Bachelor Degree of Department of English Education

by:

ANITA REDIYATI RUKMANA

A 320100260

TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA

2014

iv

TESTIMONY

Herewith, I testify in this research paper, there is no plagiarism of the

previous literary work which has been raised to obtain bachelor degree of university,

nor there are opinions or masterpieces which has been written or published by others,

excepts referred written in the manuscript and mentioned in the bibliography. If only

there is any incorrectness in the future in my statement above, I will be fully

responsible.

Surakarta, 1 Desember 2014

The Researcher

Anita Rediati Rukmana

v

MOTTO

Surely there is ease after hardship -(Q.S Al-Insyirah: 6)-

It’s nice to be important, but it’s more important to be nice

-(John Cassic)-

Staring at others success may motivate you, but to step on your own success

pleased you -(HBS)-

Success is determined by two factors, first is faith and second is action

-(Anonymous)-

From zero, I could be anything.

Better late than too late -(AnitaRediatiRukmana)-

vi

DEDICATION

This research paper is wholeheartedly

dedicated to:

Allah SWT

Prophet Muhammad SAW

Beloved Mother and Alm.Father

Her big family

Her Dearest Friends

All who become her spirits and

supporters in life

vii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Assalamu’alaikumWr. Wb

Alhamdulillahirabbilalamin, to the almighty Allah. SWT, the Merciful, the

Lord of the universe. It is because of His blessing and guidance, so that the

researcher is finally able to finish her research paper, a study entitled ALTRUISM

REFLECTED AT VICTOR HUGO’S LES MISERABLES (1862): A

PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDY OF LITERATURE. The researcher is fully

realized that this work cannot be separated from other people’s help and guidance.

There are many people who have given their contribution to the researcher.

Therefore the researcher would like to express her gratitude and appreciation

particularly to the following:

1. Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, M.Hum., as the Dean of School of Teacher

Training and Education at Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.

2. Dra. Siti Zuhriah Aryatmi, M.Hum., as her consultant academic who has a

good guidance.

3. Dr. M. Thoyibi, M.S., the first consultant who has advised and guided her in

the arranging this research paper.

4. Titis Setyabudi, S.S., M.Hum., the second consultant who gives the correction

and suggestion for finishing her research paper.

5. All lecturers in DEE for their knowledge and guidance.

viii

6. Her greatest parents, Pujiati and Alm.Suwardi, for the tremendous affection,

immortal prayer, unlimited encouragement, and blessing to her.

7. Her big family, uncle, aunty, brothers, cousins, nephew, nieces, grandma,

granddad, for affection, love and support in running life.

8. Her dearest brothers at home, Luluk, Dadit, Sigit, for all the advice when her

research is delayed.

9. Her cousins at UMS, Cantika, Verantika, Nafi'udin, for giving smiles and aid.

10. Her beloved best friends at English Department (member of celay and celay);

Ajeng, Novi, Ami, Danang, Agung, Rizal, Dodi, Heri, for being her loyal best

friend, for making her life to be more colorful with their silly things, jokes,

craziness, amusess, sadness, happiness, and togetherness for the last four years.

11. Her other friends at GENDHING, for the marvelous drama performance in

2013, for giving new experience in running a drama process.

12. All her friends of English Department ’10, especially for Heri Budi Susilo, for

being the additional consultant for her researcher paper.

13. Her friends of PPL 2013 at SMK Muhammadiyah Kartasura, for the

togetherness during field work.

14. Her cute yellow K 4838 FF, for accompanying in her every single step.

15. Her Torabika, for keeping her eyes open wide, giving her inspiration,

accompanying anytime, anywhere, anyplaces, and devoting to help her up.

16. Her big friends in Keputren PASADENA boarding house, for the togetherness

for almost five years.

17. Her fancy friend, Alfin Kerin Saputra, who have been an invisible source of

invincible inspirations.

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18. Her special partner, Fandi Iqbal Muhammad, S.Hum., for all felicities and

faithfulness.

Last but not least, those who are not able to be mentioned one by one, who

had supported her on tight to finish her research paper. It is realized for the

researcher that this research paper is far from the perfection. Therefore, all criticism

will be accepted for the betterment. The researcher wishes that this researcher paper

will be useful for the readers and the prospective researchers.

Wassalamu’alaikumWr. Wb

Surakarta, 1 Desember 2014

The Researcher

Anita Rediyati Rukmana

x

TABLE OF CONTENTS

page

COVER ....................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL ................................................................................................ ii

ACCEPTANCE ......................................................................................... iii

TESTIMONY ............................................................................................. iv

MOTTO ..................................................................................................... v

DEDICATION ........................................................................................... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................... x

SUMMARY ................................................................................................. xiv

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study .......................................................... 1

B. Previous Study ......................................................................... 4

C. Problem Statements .................................................................. 5

D. Limitation of the Study ............................................................. 5

E. Objective of the Study ............................................................. 5

F. Benefits of the Study ............................................................... 6

G. Research Method ...................................................................... 6

H. Paper Organization ................................................................... 7

CHAPTER II: UNDERLYING THEORY

A. Psychoanalysis ........................................................................ 9

xi

1. Notion of Psychoanalytic ................................................... 9

2. Structures of Personality .................................................... 11

a. The Id .......................................................................... 11

b. The Ego ....................................................................... 11

c. The Superego ............................................................... 12

3. Sublimation ....................................................................... 13

B. Notion of Altruism .................................................................. 14

C. Structural Elements of the Novel ............................................. 16

1. Character and Characterization .......................................... 16

2. Setting ............................................................................... 17

3. Plot .................................................................................... 17

4. Point of View ..................................................................... 18

5. Style .................................................................................. 18

6. Theme ............................................................................... 19

D. Theoretical Application ........................................................... 19

CHAPTER III: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

A. Structural Analysis of Les Misserable ...................................... 20

1. Character and Characterization .......................................... 20

a. Major Character ........................................................... 20

b. Minor Character ........................................................... 27

2. Setting ............................................................................... 37

a. Setting of Place ............................................................ 37

b. Setting of Time ............................................................ 40

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3. Plot .................................................................................... 40

a. Plot Structure ............................................................... 40

1) Exposition .............................................................. 40

2) Complication .......................................................... 41

3) Climax ................................................................... 41

4) Resolution .............................................................. 42

b. Causality ...................................................................... 42

c. Plausibility ................................................................... 44

4. Point of View ..................................................................... 45

5. Style .................................................................................. 45

a. Grammatical Structure ................................................. 45

b. Sentence Construction .................................................. 46

c. Diction ......................................................................... 46

d. Figurative Language .................................................... 47

6. Theme ............................................................................... 50

B. Discussion ............................................................................... 50

CHAPTER IV: PSCYCHOANALYTIC ANALYSIS

A. Structures of Personality .......................................................... 53

1. The Id ................................................................................ 53

2. The Superego ..................................................................... 57

3. The Ego ............................................................................. 61

B. Altruism .................................................................................. 63

C. Discussion ............................................................................... 70

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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion .............................................................................. 72

B. Suggestion ............................................................................... 73

C. Pedagogical Implication .......................................................... 73

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................

APPENDIX ..........................................................................................................

xiv

SUMMARY

ANITA REDIYATI RUKMANA A320100260 ALTRUISM

REFLECTED AT VICTOR HUGO’S LES MISERABLES (1862): A

PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH RESEARCH PAPER

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA

This research paper is aimed to show visible image of Victor Hugo’s novel

which is analyzed by using psychoanalytic approach. The problem of this study is

how altruism is reflected in the Les Miserables novel. The objective of the

research is to analyze the novel based on psychoanalytic approach proposed by

Sigmund Freud.

This research paper belongs to qualitative research. Data of the research

are divided into two, primary data and secondary data. The primary data source is

Les Miserables novel and the secondary data is taken from other material related

to the study. Both data are collected through library research and analyzed by

descriptive analysis.

The result of the research shows the following conclusions. First, based on

the structural analysis, it can be concluded that the author delivers moral message

that a good personality is reflected through honesty and sincerity in helping

others. Second, based on the psychoanalytic analysis of the novel, it can be

infered that Victor Hugo illustrates psychological phenomenon in which the

character experienced an altruism.

Keywords: altruism, altruistic, Les Miserables, psychoanalytic approach