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Guindon GE, Boisclair D. Past, current and future trends in tobacco use. HNP discussion paper, Economics of tobacco control, Paper No. 6, February 2003.

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l 2 Tabac et pauvrete au Niger (Tobacco and poverty in Niger). Niger, SOS Tabagisme-Niger, 2003.

l 3 Sayginsoy 0 et al. Cigarette demand, taxation, and the poor: A case study of Bulgaria. HNP discussion paper, Economics of tobacco control, Paper No. 4, December 2002.

l4 De Beyer J, Lovelace C, Yurekli A. Poverty and'tobacco. Tobacco control, 2001, 10:210-211.

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l 6 De Beyer J, Lovelace C, Yurekli A. Poverty and tobacco. Tobacco control, 200 1, 10:2 10-2 1 1. 1

l 7 Shah S, Vaite S. Choosing tobacco over food: Daily struggles for existence among the street children of Mumbai, India. In: Efroymson D ed. Tobacco andpoverty: ObservafionsJiom India and Bangladesh. PATH Canada, 2002; Shah S, Vaite S. Pavement dwellers in Mumbai, India: Prioritizing tobacco over basic needs. In: Efroymson D ed. Tobacco andpoverty: Observationsjbm India and Bangladesh. PATH Canada, 2002.

l8 Sesma-Vazquez S et al. Tobacco demand in Mexico: 1992-1998. Saludpublica de Mexico, 2002:44(Suppl 1):s82-s92.

l9 Efroymson D, Saifuddin A. Hungty for tobacco: An analysis of the economic impact of tobacco on the poor in Bangladesh. PATH Canada and Work for a Better Bangladesh, October 2001.

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2' De Beyer J, Lovelace C, Yurekli A. Poverty and tobacco. Tobacco control, 200 1, 10:2 10-2 11.

22 Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and economic costs-United States, 1995- 1999. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 2002,5 1 :300-3. . 23 Money facts life assurance, best buys. Money facts plc, 2004 ((, accessed 9 March 2004).

24 Ehymson D, FitzGerald S. Tobacco and poverty: Observations from India and Bangladesh. 2nd ed. PATH Canada, July 2003.

25 Sudarshan R, Kaur R. The tobacco industry and women's employment: Old concerns and new imperatives. The Indian journal of labour economics, 1999, Vol. 42, No. 4.

26 Brands A, Prakash R. Bidis and the bidi workers: Observations in India. Geneva, World Health Organization Report, 2002 (unpublished).

27 Ligomeka B. Malawi admits use of illegal child labour. African Eye News Service, 16 November 2000.

28 Blanchet T. Child work in the bidi industry. In: Efroymson D ed. Tobacco andpoverty: Observations&m India and Bangladesh. PATH Canada, 2002.

29 Arcury TA et al. High levels of transdermal nicotine exposure produce green tobacco sickness in Latino farm workers. Nicotine and tobacco research, 2003, 5:3 15-321; Ballard T et al. Green tobacco sickness: Occupational nicotine poisoning in tobacco workers. Archives of environmental health, 1995, 50:384-389.

30 Aldicarb CC. Journal ofpesticide rdorm, Summer 1992.

'' Cox C. Chlorpyrifos fact sheet, Part 2. Journal ofpesticide reform, Spring 1995. 32 COX C. 1,3-Dichloropropene. Journal ofpesticide reform, Spring 1992.

33 Ellison K. Tobacco farming central shifts to South America. Miami herald, 29 June 1997, cited in The Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, Barren leaf, golden harvest: The costs of tobacco farming, 2001.

34 Salvi RM et al. Neuropsychiatric evaluation in subjects chronically exposed to organophosphate pesticides. Toxicological sciences, 2003, 73:267-271; Jamal GA et al. A clinical, neurological, neurophysiological, and neuropsychological study of sheep farmers and dippers exposed to organophosphate pesticides. Occupational and environmental medicine, 2002, 59:434-441; Christian AidIDESER. Hooked on tobacco report, February 2902.

35 Falk JW et al. Suicidio e doenca mental em Vendncio Aires-RS: Consequencia do uso de agrot6xicos organo fos forados? Relatbrio preliminar de pesquisa, 1996.

36 World Health Organization public hearings Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, 17 August 2000. I

37 Tanzania's tobacco production could fall. Tobacco journal international, 8 March 2000; Pamphil HM Kweyuh. Does tobacco growing pay? The case of Kenya. In Abedian et a1 eds: The economics oftobacco control: Towar& an optimal policy mix. Cape Town, Applied Fiscal Research Centre, 1998; British American Tobacco issues warning to Kenyan growers. Tobacco international, November 1999; Wafula R. BAT takes a hard line on debtor farmers. Daily nation, 9 July 1999.

38 Schemo DJ. Brazil tobacco country, conglomerates rule. New York times, 2 April 1998.

39 Jha P, Chaloupka FJ. Curbing the epidemic: Governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington DC, World Bank, 1999.

40 Morbidify and mortalify weekly report highlights, 12 April 2002, Vol. 5 1, No. 14.

4' Nassar H. The economics of.tobacco in Egypt: A new analysis of demand. HNP discussion paper, Economics of tobacco control, Paper 8, March 2003.

42 Jin S et al. An evaluation on smoking-induced health costs in China (1988-1989). Biomedical and environmental sciences, 1995, 8:342-9.

43 Bo-Qi Liu et al. Emerging tobacco hazards in China: Retrospective proportional mortality study of one million deaths. British medical journal, 2 1 November 1998, 3 17(7170): 141 1-1422.

44 The world health report: Shaping thefuture. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2003.

45 Jha P, Chaloupka FJ. Curbing the epidemic: Governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington DC, World Bank, 1999.

46 Jiang Y, Jin S. Social economic burden attributed to smoking in China, 1998. Paper presented at the National Conference on Policy Development of Tobacco Control in China in the 21st Century. Beijing, 29-31 May 2000; In: Hu TW, Mao Z. Effects of cigarette tax on cigarette consumption and the Chinese economy. Tobacco control, 2002, 1 1 : 105-108.

47 From FA0 database (htt~://www.apos.fao.org).

48 Joossens L. The cigarette "transit" road to the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq: Illicit tobacco trade in the Middle East. Cairo, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization, 2003.

49 Joossens L. How to combat tobacco smuggling through the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Presentation at the 2nd World Conference on Modern Criminal Investigation, Organized Crime and Human Rights, Durban, 7 December 200 1.

Jha P, Chaloupka FJ. Curbing the epidemic: Governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington DC, World Bank, 1999.

Ibid.

*' Ibid. 53 Geist HJ. Global assessment of deforestation related to tobacco farming. Tobacco control, 1999,8: 18-28.

s4 Geist HJ. How tobacco farming contributes to tropical deforestation. In Abedian et a1 eds: The economics of tobacco control: Towar& an optimalpolicy mix. Cape Town, Applied Fiscal Research Centre, 1998.

55 Geist HJ. Global assessment of deforestation related to tobacco farming. Tobacco control, 1999,8: 18-28.

56 Geist HJ. Soil mining and societal responses. In: Band L, Geist HJ eds. Coping with changing environments. Ashgate Publications, 1999.

'' Novotny TE, Zhao F. Consumption and production waste: Another externality of tobacco use. Tobacco control, 1999, 8:75-80. 4

5s Register K. Cigarette butts as litter: Toxic as well as ugly. Underwater naturalist: Bulletin ofthe American Littoral Society, August 2000, Vol. 25, No. 2.

59 Philip MorrisIAltria, Securities and exchange commission form DEF-14a, 17 March 2003.

60 Christian Aid/DESER. Hooked on tobacco report, February 2002.

Jacobs R et al. The supply-side effects of tobacco control policies. In: Jha P, Chaloupka FJ eds. Tobacco control in developing countries. Oxford University Press, 2000.

62 Glass C. Paper tobacco. Tobacco reporter, August 1998. For a full discussion of these technological innovations, see: Golden leaf; barren harvest: The costs of tobacco farming. Washington DC, The Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, 200 1.

61 Philip Morris/Altria, BAT and Japan Tobacco 2002 annual reports. World development indicators [database], Washington DC, World Bank, July 2003.

65 Van Liemt G. The world tobacco industry: Trends and prospects. Geneva, International Labour Office, Working paper 179,2002.

66 Employment trends in the tobacco sector: Challenges andprospects. Report for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting on the Future of Employment in the Tobacco Sector, 2003. Geneva, International Labour Organization, 2003.

67 Ibid.

Jha P, Chaloupka FJ. Curbing the epidemic: Governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington DC, World Bank, 1999.

69 UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics. Tobacco leaves export data from FA0 statistical database (http://www.ap~s.fao.org) for 2002; Value of total exports by country for 2002,2003.

'O HU T, Mao Z. Tobacco farming and government policies in China. World Bank discussion paper, forthcoming.

" See, for example: BAT Seeking Demerger of Valtobac. The daily news (Harare), 29 August 2003.

" Jha P, Chaloupka FJ. Curbing the epidemic: Governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington DC, World Bank, 1999.

7 3 Guindon GE, Boisclair D. Past, current and Jirture trendrr in tobacco use. HNP discussion paper, Economics of tobacco control, Paper No. 6, February 2003.

74 Extracts from the draft report by the Secretary-General to ECOSOC on the 2003 October session of the United Nations Task Force. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004.

75 Final text of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.