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Am J

in

Nuir l990 ;5 1 :1 53-7 . P rin ted in U S A . © 19 90 A merican S oc ie ty fo r C lin ica l N utr ition 15 3

E ffe c t o f in tens ity o f phys ica l a c tiv ity on

body fa tness and fa t d is tr ib u tio n1 ’2

Ange lo T rem blay , Jean-P ierre D espr {233}s, C laud e Leblan c, C ora Lynn C ra ig ,

B lake Ferris , Thoma s S tephen s, a nd C laude B ouchard

A B S T R A C T T o ev alu a te the effe c t o fin te ns ity o f p hy sica l

activ ity on bo dy fa tness and fa t d istribu tion , obse rv a tion s of

1 366 w om en and 12 57 m en w ho partic ipa ted in the 1981 C an-

ada F itness S urvey w ere ana lyzed . S ub jec ts w ere te sted fo r en -

ergy expend itu re o fle isu re -tim e ac tiv itie s and estim ated m ax i-

m al oxy gen up take (V O 2 m ax), body fatn ess w as m easu red b y

sub cu tan eous sk in fo ld th ickn es ses , and an th rop om etr ic m ea -

su rem en ts w ere m ad e . S u b jects o f b o th sexes w ere ca tegorized

in to fou r sub group s on the b as is o f th eir p ar tic ipa tion in lei-

su re- tim e ac tiv itie s o f va rio us in tensitie s . In gene ra l, sub jec ts

prac tic ing v igo rous ac tiv itie s o n a regu la r b as is had lo w er su b-

cu taneous sk in fo ld th ickn esses and w ais t-to -h ip ra tios(W H R s)

than those n o t p e rfo rm ing these ac tiv itie s . T h ese d iffe ren ces

rem a ined sta tis tic ally sign ifican t a fte r a co va riance an aly sis w as

used to rem ov e the e ffect o fto ta l en ergy expend itu re o f le isu re-

tim e ac tiv itie s on subcu taneou s fa t and fat d is tr ibu tio n . M ore-

ov er , the W H R rem a ined sign ifican tly low er in sub jec ts p er-

fo rm in g h igh -in ten sity exe rc ise af te r the e ffect o f su bcu taneous

fa t o n fat d is tribu tion w as ad justed fo r .

Am J C lin N utr

l9 90 ;5 1 : 15 3-7 .

K E Y W OR S F atn ess a d ip o sity en erg y exp en d itu re

phys ical activ ity

I n trod u c t ion

E xerc ise tra in ing is freq uen tly used d urin g th e co urse o f a

w eig h t-reduc ing program and its bene ficia l e ffec ts o n fitne ss a re

w ell accep ted . T he p o ten tia l o f regu la r ex e rc ise to in duce

w eig h t lo ss has no t b een sys tem atica lly d em ons tra ted , how -

ever. Indeed , so m e inves tig a to rs observed tha t ex ercise train ing

can induce a sub stan tial red uc tion in bod y w eigh t (1 -3 ),

w hereas o the rs fo und es sen tia lly n o m orph o log ica l change in

ob ese ind iv idu a ls sub jected to th is trea tm en t (4 , 5 ) . A c lose ex -

am ina tio n ofthe tra in ing p ro toco ls used in these inv es tig a tion s

revea ls th at the quan tity o f ex erc ise pe rfo rm ed w as m u ch

h igher in stud ies th a t show ed a subs tan tia l w e igh t loss in co rn -

pariso n w ith those no t dem ons trating th is e ffec t. T h is su gges ts

tha t the im pac t o f train ing on b ody

w eig h t and fat is to so m e

ex ten t d ep enden t on th e lev e l o f ene rgy ex pend itu re in duced

b y e xe rc is e.

E xercise in ten sity is ano th er d im en sion of exe rcis e p re sc rip -

tion tha t m ay in flu ence ene rgy ba lance ind ependen tly o f th e

effec t o f ex ercise dura tion . T he com m on be lie f am ong hea lth

p ro fess io na ls is th a t the o p tim al ex ercise p resc rip tio n to be rec -

om m ended in w e igh t-red uc ing p ro gram s is a low -in tensity cx -

erc ise . T h is o bv ious ly rep resen ts a secu re app roach b u t a low -

in tensity exe rcise is a lso con side red th e m os t approp ria te p re-

sc rip tion becau se the prop ortion oflip id ox id ized is h igh er than

tha t obse rved during a v igo ro us e ffo r t (6 ). Ifone con side rs on ly

the p hysio log ica l ad ap tatio ns th at occu r d urin g exe rcis e, th is

hyp o thesis seem s to b e justif ied . H o w eve r , if the po stex e rc ise

adap ta tio ns a re a lso taken in to accoun t, it becom es unc lear

w he the r a low -in tensity ex erc ise rea lly rep re sen ts the p re sc r ip -

tion tha t w ill m ax im ize the pos tex erc ise nega tive ene rg y b al-

ance. Ind eed , S tev en son e t al (7 ) fou nd tha t en fo rced ex erc ise

indu ced a sh ort-te rm supp re ssin g e ffec t o n en ergy in take ,

w h ich m igh t be as soc ia ted w ith th e stress gene ra ted by exe rc ise .

In a re ce n t s tu dy L e nn on e t a l (8 ) o b ta in ed resu l ts su gge s tin g

tha t the inc rea se in restin g m e tab o lic ra te (R M R ) ind uced b y

tra in ing m igh t depend on the in tens ity o f the exerc ise. T hus ,

the se o bse rv atio ns su ggest tha t v igo ro us exe rc ise is m o re lik e ly

to cre a te a n eg ative en e rg y ba la nc e tha n is low -in te ns ity ex e r-

c ise . If th is hyp o thesis is va lid , it co u ld m ean th at fo r a g iven

lev el o fenergy expend itu re o fac tiv itie s , peo p le regu la rly partic -

ipa ting in v igo rous ac tiv itie s du ring the ir le isu re tim e a re ch ar-

acte r ized by redu ced ad ipos ity . T o ex am ine th is no tio n , w e an -

a lyzed da ta o f the 198 1 C anada F itness S urvey (9 ) in w h ich

body fa tness, fa t d is trib u tion , and en ergy ex pend itu re o f lei-

su re -tim e ac tiv itie s acco un ting fo r frequency , in tens ity , an d

dura tion w ere m easured in a large coho rt o fm en and w o m en .

M e t h o d s

Sub jec ts

T he sub jects w ere w o m en n = 1 3 66) and m en n = 1 2 5 7 )

aged 2 0-49 y w h o pa rticip ated in th e 1 98 1 C an ad a F itness S ur-

vey (9 ). T hey w ere m easured fo r en ergy ex pend itu re o f le isu re -

tim e ac tiv itie s , es tim ated m ax im al oxy gen u p tak e (V O 2m ax),

and su bcu tan eous fa t and an th ropo m etric characte ris tic s . T h e

‘

From the P hys ical A c tiv ity Sc iences L abo ra to ry . L ava l U nivers ity ,

S te -F oy , Q u#{2 33}b ec,nd th e C an ad ian F itn ess and L ifesty le R esearch In -

stitute, O t t a w a .

2 A ddress rep rin t requests to A T rem blay , P hys ica l A ct i vi ty S ci e nc es

Laboratory P E P S , L a va b U n iv e r si t y S a i nt e -F o y Q u { 2 3 3} b ec anada

G I K 7 P 4 .

R ece ived D ecem ber 28 , 1988 .

A ccep ted fo r pu b lica tion M arch 29 , 1989 .



15 4 T R E M B L A Y E T A L

T A B L E I

E n erg y ex p en d itu re o f ac tiv itie s (E E A ), V O2 m ax , an d an th ro p o m etric ch arac te ristic s in w o m en categ o riz ed b y in ten sity o f u su al d aily le isu re -tim e

a ct i v i t i e s*

A c tiv ity in te ns ity

A B C D

V a r ia b le

<

5

M E T S )

n = 848)

(5

x

<

7

M E T S )

n =

252)

(7

x

< 9

M E T S )

n 1 1 2)

x 9

M E T S )

n =

1 5 4 )

S tatistical an aly sis

A N O V A A N C O V A t

E EA k c a l . k g . y ’ )

V O 2 m a x ( m L . k g ’ . m i n )

2 9 7 ± 1 1 9 2

3 2 .3 ± 5 .0

3 3 3 ± 9 1 3

3 3 .6 ± 5 .0

5 0 3 ± 1 6 0 5

34.7±4.9

2 5 7 ± 5 4 6

35.7±4.2

NS

-

A # B ,C ,D ;B # D A # B ,C ,D

B o d y w e ig h t (k g ) 6 0 .3 ± 1 0 .7 5 9 .5 ± 9.9 5 9 .2 ± 9 .0

5 9 .8 ± 8 .2 N S N S

B M I (k g /rn2 ) 23 .0 ± 3.8 22 .4 ± 3.4 21.9 ± 2 .7 2 2.2 ± 8.2 A # C A # C

W ais t-to -h ipratio 0 .76±0.06 0.7 4±0.0 5 0.7 5±0.1 1 0 .73 ±0 .04 A # B ,D ;C #D A # B ,D ;C #D

C ircu m feren ces (cm )

W aist 7 3 .0 ± 8. 9

7 1

.

I ± 7.6 70.5 ± 7. 1 6 9.9 ± 5.3 A # B , C , D A # B , C , D

H ip 9 6 .2

±

8 .2 9 5 .5 ± 6 .6 9 4 .7 ± 8 . 1 9 5 .5 ± 6 .0 N S N S

±

S D . N S , p

> 0 .0 5 .

t C ov ariance analy sis , con tro llin g f or the statistical e f f ec t o f th e to tal en ergy ex pen d iture o f ac tiv itie s.

p ro ced u res f o llo w ed in th is s tu d y co n f o rm ed to

th e H elsink i

D ec laration o f 19 75 as rev ised in 198 3 .

Pro toco l

E n ergy ex p en d iture o f le isure -tim e ac tiv itie s w as estim ated

b y u se o f a q u estio n n aire sim ilar to th e M in n eso ta L e isu re

T im e A c tiv ity Q u es tionn aire (10). A s repo rted elsew here (9 ),

the q uestion naire w as desig ned to co llect ex tensiv e de tails o n

le isu re -tim e p hy sical ac tiv ity , inc lud in g ty pe , f req uency , d ura-

tio n , an d in ten sity , f o r p erio d s 1 y . T h e co m p le te q u estio n -

naire and fu rther d e tails on its adm in istratio n and an aly sis

w ere already pub lished (1 1 , 12 ). A d escrip tio n o f the 1 981 C an -

ad a Fitn ess S u rv ey is also presen ted in one o f these reports (9 ).

T o tal en ergy ex p en d iture o f ac tiv itie s w as calcu lated as fo b-

lo w s :

T o ta l

en ergy ex pend iture (k cal

.

k g’

. y

N1 X D x mets1)

w h e r e

N is th e n u m b er o f o ccas io n s o f ac tiv ity i in th e p ast 1 2

m o, D

is th e av erag e d u ratio n in h o u rs o f th at ac tiv ity , an d

mets is th e en erg y co st o f th e ac tiv ity ex p ressed as k ib o cab o rie s

ex pend ed p er k ilo gram

b o d y

w eig h t p er h our o f ac tiv ity . A m et

w as consid ered as co rrespon d ing to 1 k cal. k g ’

.

h of ac tiv ity ’

an d th e

mets

v alu e f or each ac tiv ity w as estab lish ed b y a g rou p

o fex p erts o n the basis o f the ex erc ise and w ork p hy s io log y liter-

ature(l3).

T o de term ine the ef f ec t o f ex erc ise in tens ity o n ad ipos ity ,

su b jec ts o f each sex

w ere d iv ided in to fo ur subg rou ps on the

b asis o f th e mets

v alue o f the ir leisure -tim e activ ities by

us e

of

th e fo llow ing criteria: grou p A , su b jects no t rep orting ac tiv itie s

o f 5 M E T S

6 m o in the p as t y ear; group B , sub jec ts repo rt-

in g ac tiv itie s o f 5 M E T S b u t

<

7 M E T S f o r

6 m o in the

past y ear; grou p C , su b jects rep orting activ ities o f

7 M E T S

bu t < 9 M E T S f o r

6 m o in the past y ear; and grou p D , su b-

jec ts reporting ac tiv itie s o f

9 M E T S fo r

6 m o in the p ast

y ear. W hen a su b ject cou ld be c lassif ied in m o re than on e

group , h e or sh e

w as assig n ed to th e h ig h es t re lev an t in ten s ity

group . T he m ean ag e (±S D ) and nu m ber o f w o m en in each

su b g ro u p w ere as f o llo w s: g ro u p A , 3 1 .9 ± 8 .2 y , n = 8 4 8 ; g ro u p

B 2 9 9

± 8 .1 y ,

n

= 2 5 2 ; g ro u p C , 2 8 .2 ± 7 .0 y ,

n

=

11 2; and

grou p D , 28 .5

±

6 .8 y , n

=

1 54 . T he correspo nd ing v alues f or

m en w ere gro up A , 31 .9

± 8 .2 y ,

n

= 5 5 2 ; g ro u p B , 3 0 .2 ± 8 .2

y , n = 2 2 4 ; g ro u p C , 2 9 .5 ± 7 .4 y , n = 1 61 ; and g rou p D , 29 .7

±7 .7 y ,n = 3 2 0 .

T he pro toco l used fo r m easu ring f itness v ariab les, w h ich , lik e

the q uestion naire , w ere adm in istered in the ho m e , w as the C a-

nad ian S tan dard iz ed Fitn ess T est (1 4). H eart rate respon se to

a stan dard iz ed , m ultistage , su bm ax im al step

test

w as

mea su red

f o r th e estim ation o f V O 2 m ax . T h is battery o f f ie ld tests also

inc luded th e m easurem ent o f w aist and h ip c ircum feren ces as

w e ll as sk in fo ld th ick nesses at the fo llo w in g sites : su prailm ac ,

su b scap u lar, calf ,

b icep s, an d triceps.

St a ti sti ca l pro ce du re s

A one-w ay analy sis o f v ariance (A N O V A ) w as

u sed

to com -

pare v alues o f the fo ur in ten sity sub group s o f sub jects f or each

dep en den t v ariab le 1 5 ). M oreo v er, w e

p er fo rmed

th e sam e

com p ariso n af te r ad justm en t by cov arian ce analy sis f o r th e

co n trib u tio n o f to tal en erg y ex p en d itu re o f le isu re -tim e ac tiv i-

ties on the in tergroup d if f erences (1 5). T h e d if f e ren ces b e t w e e n

ac tiv ity - in ten s ity g ro u p s in sk in f o ld th ick n esse s an d w ais t-to -

hip-c ircum feren ce ratio (W H R ) w ere also stu d ied by use o f a

cov ariance analy s is con tro lling fo r th e con tribu tio n o f to tal

sub cu tan eo us f at (su m of f iv e sk in fo ld th ick nesses) .

Resu l ts

Tab les

1 a n d 2 p resen t v a lu es ofto ta l en ergy ex p en d itu re o f

leisure -tim e p hy s ical ac tiv itie s, V O2m ax , and an th ro pom etric

charac teristic s in w om en and m en , respec tiv e ly . In gen eral,

sub jec ts reporting v ig oro us p hy sical ac tiv itie s in the ir leisure

t i m e

w ere also ch aracteriz ed b y h igh er lev e ls o f energ y ex p en d i-

ture o f ac tiv itie s ex cep t f o r w om en catego riz ed in the h ig hest

ex erc ise -in tensity grou p , w ho se v alues w ere sim ilar to tho se o f

the low est-in ten sity g ro up . A ll these v ariatio ns w ere no t statisti-

cally s ign if ican t, how ev er, p ro bab ly b eca u se of the large in tra-



1± S D . N S,

p

> 0 .05 .

t C o va riance ana lysis , con tro lling fo r the sta tis tic a l e ffec t o fth e to ta l ene rgy ex pend itu re o f

activities.

P H Y S IC A L -A C T IV IT Y IN T E N S IT Y A N D B O D Y F A T 155

T A B L E 2

E nergy exp end itu re o fac tiv itie s (E E A ), V O 2m ax , an d an th ropom etric ch arac te ristic s in m en ca tegor ized b y in tens ity o fusu a l da ily leisu re -tim e

a ct i v i t i e s*

A ctiv ity in ten sity

A B C D

<

5 (5

x <

7 (7

x

< 9 (x 9 S ta tis tica l a nalysis

M E T S ) M E T S ) M E T S ) M E T S )

V ariab le n = 552) n = 224) n = 161) n = 32 0) A N O V A A N C O V A t

EEA k c a l . k g . y ’ ) 3 7 6 ± 1 0 6 2 3 7 3 ± 8 0 2 5 2 3 ± 1 3 8 7 4 9 3 ± 1 1 1 6 NS

-

V O 2m ax(m L .kg’ .m in ’) 42 .2± 7 .1 44 .6± 8 .0 4 4 .2± 7 .5 4 6 .4± 7 .6 A #B ,C ,D ;B ,C #D A #B ,C ,D ;B ,C #D

B ody w eig h t (kg) 76 .2 ± 1 1 .5 76 .6 ± 1 1 .2 7 5 .8 ± 10 .8 7 6 .8 ± 9 .9 N S N S

B M I (kg /rn2 ) 24 .7

± 3 .3 24 .9 ± 3 .3 24 .7 ± 3 .3 2 4 .5 ± 2 .8 N S N S

W aist-to -h ip ra tio 0 .88 ± 0 .06 0 .87 ± 0 .06

0 .87 ± 0 .06 0 .86 ± 0 .06 A , B , C # D A , B , C # D

C ircu m ferences (cm )

W ais t 85 .8

±

9 .0 85 .2

±

9 .0 84 .9

± 8 .8 8 3 .9 ± 8 .0 A # D A # D

H ip 9 7 .7 ± 7 . 1 97 .5 ± 5 .9 9 7 .0 ± 6 .4 9 7 .8 ± 5 .8 N S N S

j S D . N S , p > 0 .05 .

t

C o varian ce ana lys is, con tro lling fo r the s ta tis tica l e ffec t o fthe to ta l energy expend itu re o f ac tiv itie s.

g ro up va riatio ns in ene rg y exp end itu re o f ac tiv itie s . A s ex- o fsu bcu taneous fa t than d id sub jec ts n o t p ractic ing su ch activ -

pec ted , V O 2m ax w as sig n ifican tly h igh er in sub jec ts reporting ities , excep t fo r the ca lf sk in fo ld th ickn es s. F u rthe rm ore, th is

activ ities o f m o de ra te -to -h ig h in ten sity in com p ariso n w ith tab le sho w s th at th ese d iffe rences pe rsis ted w h en the con trib u -

sub jec ts no t pe rfo rm ing these ac tiv itie s . T h is d ifference w as tion of to ta l ene rgy exp end itu re o f activ ities w as rem oved b y

a lso rev ea led by the co va riance ana lys is , w h ich rem oved the cov ariance ana lys is .

con trib u tion ofto tal en ergy expend itu re o f activ ities on va ria - T ab le 4 ind ica te s tha t m en prac tic ing v igo rou s activ ities a lso

tion s in V O 2 m ax . tend ed to have a reduced sub cu taneous ad ipo sity . T h e in ter-

T ab le s 1 an d 2 a lso ind ica te th at body w eigh t w as com p ara - g ro up d ifferences fo r w om en revea led by the A N O V A w ere es -

b le in each ac tiv ity -in ten sity g ro up fo r bo th sexes . n the other sentially unchanged w hen the contribution of total energy ex

hand , fem ale an d m a le su b jects ca teg orized in th e h igh es t ac tiv - pend itu re o factiv ities to v aria tions in ad ip osity w as rem o ved .

ity - in tensity g ro up w ere charac te r ized by a reduced W H R p T he e ffec t o fexe rc ise in tensity o n sk in fo ld th ickn es se s an d

<

0 .05 ) , w h ich w as m a in ly exp lain ed b y lo w er

w ais t

c ircu m fer- W H R ad justed fo r th e e ffect o f the sum of sk in fo ld th ick -

ences . T h e in te rg ro up d iffe ren ces in W H R and w a ist circum - nesse s is p resen ted in T ab le

5.

In b o th sex es non e of th e

fe ren ce p e rsis ted w hen sta tis tic a l co n tro ls w ere pe rfo rm ed fo r d iffe ren ces b etw een ac tiv ity - in tensity g ro ups in sk in fo ld

the e ffec t o fen ergy expend itu re o fac tiv itie s (T ab le s 1 a nd 2 ). th ickn esses pe rsis ted a fter th e effec t o fto tal su bcu taneous ad -

A s sh ow n in T ab le 3 , w o m en pe rfo rm ing m od era te- to -h igh - ipos ity w as con tro lled fo r . O n the o the r h an d , a f ter the sta tis-

in tensity le isu re- tim e ac tiv itie s had s ign if ican tly low er am ou n ts tica l co rrec tion fo r th e ro le o f su bcu taneous fat, th e W H R

T A B L E 3

Su bcu tan eous fa t in w om en catego rized by the in tensity o fusua l da ily le isu re -tim e ac tiv itie s*

A cti vi ty i nt en si ty

A B C D

(x < 5 (5x < 7 (7 x< 9 (x 9 S ta tis tica lana lysis

M E T S ) M E T S ) M E T S ) M E T S )

Variab le n = 848)

n

= 252) n = 1 1 2) n = 1 54 ) A N O V A A N C O V A t

Sk in fo ld th ickness (m m)

S uprailiac 1 3 .4

±

7 .5 1 2 .2 ± 6 .3 1 1 .0 ± 5 .8 1 1 .4 ± 5 .4 A # C , D A # C , D

S ubscap ula r 14 .6 ± 6 .7 13 .2 ± 5 .6 12 .9 ± 5 .7 12 .3 ± 4 .3 A # C , D A # C , D

C alf 1 6 .5± 6 .8 1 5 .3± 5 .8 15 .0 ± 5 .2 15 .4± 5 .9 N S N S

B ic ep s 8 .5 ± 4 .6 7 .8± 4 .1 7 .7 ± 4 .4 7 .1 ±3 .1 A # D A # D

T riceps 18 .1 ± 6 .7 16 .9 ± 5.6 16 .4 ±

5 .1 16 .5 ± 5 .1 A # C , D A # C , D

5 sk in fo ld th ick nes ses (m m ) 70 .5 ± 2 8 .4 6 5 .3 ± 24 .0 62 .0 ± 2 1 .0 62 .6 ± 2 0 .2 A # C , D A # C , D

T runk sk in fo ld th ickn es ses (T )(m m ) 27 .9

± 1 3 .6 25 .4 ± 1 1 .5 23 .9 ±

1 1 .2 23 .7

± 9 .0 A # C , D A # C , D

E xtrem itysk in fo ld th icknesses (E )(m m ) 4 2 .9 ± 16 .6 39 .9 ± 13 .8 38 .7 ± 1 2 .2 3 8 .9 ± 1 2 .8 A # C , D A # C , D

T /E 0 .6 6 ± 0. 19 0 .6 3 ± 0 . 1 6 0 .6 1 ± 0 . 16 0 .62 ± 0. 1 7 A # C , D A # C



15 6

T REM L Y ET L

T A B L E 4

S u bc uta neo us fa t in m en c ateg orized by th e in ten sity ofusu al dai ly le isure -tim e act iv i ties*

Variab le

A ctiv ity in ten sity

Statisticalanalysis

A

(x<5

M E T S )

n =

552)

B

(5 x< 7

M E T S )

n =

224)

C

(7 x< 9

M E T S )

n

=

161)

D

(x 9

M E T S )

n

32 0) A N O V A A N C O V A t

Sk in fo ld th ick ness (m m)

Supra i l iac

Subscapular

C al f

Biceps

Tr iceps

F ivesk in fo1d th icknesses (mm)

T ru nk s kin fo ld th ic kn es se s( T) (m m )

E xtrem ity sk in fo ld th ick nesses (E )(m m)

T /E

16 .7±7 .8

1 3 .8 ± 5 .8

8. 9 ± 4. 3

5 .0 ± 2 .2

1 0 .6 ± 4 .3

54 .9±21 .3

30 .4

± 12 .7

24 .5 ± 9. 9

1 . 2 7 ± 0 .34

16 .3±8 .0

1 3 .4 ± 5 .8

8. 1 ±

3.2

4 .8 ± 2 .0

1 0 .3 ± 4. 1

52 .8±20 .0

2 9 .7 ± 12 .8

2 3 . 1 ±

8. 5

1 .30 ± 0 .35

15 .9±8 .3

13 .3 ±

6. 0

8 .2 ± 3 .9

4 .8 ± 2 .6

9. 9 ± 4. 2

52 .1 ± 21 .7

2 9 . 1 ± 1 3 .6

2 2 .9 ± 9 .8

1 .29 ± 0 .38

1 5.1 ± 7.3

12 .8

± 5 .0

8 .0 ± 3 .4

4. 6 ± 1. 7

9 .8 ± 3 .9

50 .1 ± 18 .0

27 .9 ± 1 1 .7

2 2 .3 ± 7 .8

1 .27 ± 0 .34

A #D A D

N S N S

A # B , D A # B , D

A # D A # D

N S N S

A #D A # D

N S N S

A # D A # D

N S N S

1± S D . N S ,

p

> 0 .05 .

t C ov a riance an aly sis , con tro lling fo r th e sta tis tic al e ffec t o f th e to tal en e rgy exp en d itu re o f ac tiv itie s .

rem a ined sign ifican tly low er in su b jects w ho pe rfo rm ed

h igh -in tensity exe rc ise .

Discussion

T he effec t o f exe rc ise on body w eig h t and fa t lo ss has b een

in vestiga ted freq uen tly and , d esp ite th e la rg e am o un t o f da ta

accum ula ted , u ncerta in ty still pe rs is ts con ce rn ing w h at m ay

constitu te the p rescr ip tio n tha t w ill m ax im ize ca lo r ic de fic it.

E v id en ce sup ports the con cep t tha t m orp ho log ica l chang es a re

m ore pron oun ced w hen a la rg e am oun t o f ex erc ise is p er-

fo rm ed . O n the o ther h an d , th e av aila b le ex per im e nta l d ata d o

n o t a llow u s to ad dre ss the questio n o fthe leve l o fexe rc ise in -

ten sity tha t w ill favor a m ax im al pos texerc ise n eg ative energy

ba lance (1 6 ) . T h us, the p rim ary go a l o f the p resen t stu dy w as

to look at m orpho log ica l cha rac te ris tic s o f p eo p le p erfo rm ing

or no t p erfo rm ing v igo rou s phy sical ac tiv itie s in th eir leisu re

tim e on a regu la r basis . T he da ta o f th e 1 98 1 C anada F itness

S urvey w ere p a rticu la rly approp ria te fo r inv es tig a ting th is

effect because en ergy exp end itu re o factiv ities th at acco un ts fo r

freq uency , in ten sity , and du ra tion as w e ll a s sub cu tanou s fat

and an th ropo m e tric cha rac te ris tic s w ere m easu red in a la rge

n a tiona l sam ple.

A s ex pected , pa rtic ipa tion in ac tiv itie s o fin c rea sing lev els o f

in ten sity w as assoc ia ted w ith inc reases in V O 2m ax . T h is is in

ag reem en t w ith re su lts repo rted by T ay lo r e t a l (10 ) w h o oh-

se rv ed the sam e phen om enon w ith the M inneso ta L eisu re

T im e A c tiv ity Q uestion na ire . T h ese obse rva tions su ggest th at

the type ofq uestion na ire u sed in the p re sen t stud y is va lid fo r

d is cr im ina ting be tw een in d iv id ua ls w ith re spec t to the in ten -

sity o fu sua l le isu re -tim e ac tiv itie s.

T he m ajo r f ind ing ofth is stud y is th at subcu taneou s fa t w as

gene rally low er in sub jec ts w ho reg u la rly p racticed v igo ro us

ph ysica l ac tiv itie s . M oreove r , w hen sta tis tic al con tro ls w ere

pe rfo rm ed to rem ov e the e ffec t o fen ergy ex pend itu re o f ac tiv i-

tie s , a sign if ican t d iffe rence p ersis ted be tw een sub jec ts p ractic -

ing o r no t p rac tic ing v igorous activ ities on a regu la r basis . T h is

ind ica te s th at the e ffect o fexe rcis e in ten sity on body fat an d its

d is tribu tion w as no t du e to th e ene rg y cost o f activ ities bu t to

an e ffec t on o the r com p on en ts o fene rg y b alance . In th is

sense ,

experim en ta l ev idence sugges ts th at the in tensity o f exe rcis e

m i g h t in fluen ce en ergy in take . T hu s, acco rd in g to S tevenso n

e t a l (7 ), v igo rou s exe rc ise m ig h t exe rt a sup pre ssin g e ffec t on

p oste xe rcis e ene rgy

in take . T his h ypo thesis is su ppo rted b y re-

cen t da ta tha t ind ica te th at the re is a sign if ican t as soc ia tion be -

tw een th e exe rcis e- ind uced inc rease in catecho lam in es and

food -in take in h ib ition (17) .

T he red uc tion in body fat obse rved in ind iv idu als pe rfo rm -

ing v ig o rous exe rc ise m ay

a lso be

exp la ined by an in crease in

postexercise

R M R . In deed , L enn on e t al (8 ) recen tly reported

da ta sug gesting tha t th e in crease in R M R in duced by tra in ing

m ig h t depend on the leve l o fexe rc ise in tensity .

R esu lts prese n te d in

T ab le 5 in d ica te th a t the e ffec t o f ex er-

c ise in tens ity on ind iv idua l sk in fo ld th ickn esses w as no lon ger

ob se rv ed a fte r ad justm en t fo r the co ncom ittan t effec t o f ex er-

c ise in tensity on to ta l su bcu taneous fa t. T h is su ggests tha t the

response o f each sk in fo ld w as pro portion al to th e ove rall re-

sp onse o fsubcu tan eo us fa t. O n the o the r hand , re su lts ind ica te

T A B L E S

E ffec t o fex erc ise in tensity on w aist- to -h ip ra tio and ind iv idua l

sk in fo ld th icknesses correc ted fo r the sum o fsk in fo ld th ickn esses*

Variab le

M en W o m en

W a ist- to -h ip ratio A , B , C # D A , C # D

S kin fo ld th ickness (m m)

Su pra iliac N S N S

Subscapu lar

N S N S

C a l f

N S N S

B iceps N S

N S

T riceps

N S N S

N S , p

> 0 .05 . In te rg roup d iffe ren ces w ere de te rm in ed by a co vari-

ance ana lysis con tro lling fo r the s ta tis tica l e ffec t o fthe sum of sk in fo ld

th icknesses .

Se e Tab les 1-4 fo r characte ris tic s o fg roup s A , B , C , an d D .



PH Y S IC A L -A C T IV IT Y IN T E N S IT Y A N D B O D Y FA T

15 7

th at th e W H R rem ain ed sig n if ican tly lo w er in in d iv id u als w h o

p rac ticed h ig h - in ten s ity ex erc ise ev en af te r th e e f f ec t o n su b cu -

tan eo u s f at w as co n tro lled f o r. T h is re su lt su g g ests th at h ig h -

in ten sity ex erc ise is asso c iated w ith a p re f e ren tial m ob iliz atio n

of abd om inal f at . T o o ur k no w le dg e, it is th e f irst tim e that such

a p re f e ren tial reg io n al m o b iliz atio n o f f at is rep o rted . T h ese

re su lts are co n co rd an t w ith earlier rep o rts f ro m o u r lab o rato ry

(1 8 , 1 9 ) in d icatin g a tren d f o r a g reate r red u c tio n o f ab d o m in al

f at d urin g ex ercise -indu ced fat loss. T h e p resen t rep ort f urth er

ad d resse s th is issu e b y co n tro llin g f o r th e red u c tio n in to tal f at,

w hich is im p ortan t co nsidering the w e ll-e stab lish ed po sitiv e re-

latio nsh ip be tw een ob esity and the propo rtion o f ab dom inal

f at ( 20 -2 3) .

W e ack n ow led ge that our stud y reports cro ss-sectio nal o h-

serv atio ns that w arran t f urther inv estig atio n in a lon g itud inal

ex erc ise -train in g stu d y . C o n s id erin g th e im p o rtan ce o f ab d o m -

inal f at as a corre late o f th e m etabo lic com plicatio ns o f o besity

(2 0 -2 3 ), th e ef f ec t o f ex e rc ise in ten sity o n th e p ro p o rtio n o f

ab dom inal fat co u ld h av e bene f ic ial e f f ec ts on th e health p ro f ile

o f sed en tary in d iv id u als. S u ch an is su e also d ese rv es f u rth e r

inves t iga t ions .

R esu lts presen ted in T ab les 3 and 4 show ed that statistically

sign if ican t e f f ects o f ex ercise in ten sity on su bcu taneou s f at w ere

o b serv ed m o re sy s tem atically in w o m en th an in m en . T h is is

lik ely ex p lain ed b y th e f ac t th at th e crite rio n o f ex ercise in ten -

sity that cou ld be used f rom th e questio nnaire rep resen ted a

greater re lativ e stress fo r w o m en th an f or m en . T heref ore, these

data

sho u ld no t be used to specu late ab ou t the ex istence o f sex

d if f e rences in the ab ility to adap t to ex erc ise train in g .

In su m m ary , the resu lts o f th is stu dy sho w that in d iv id uals

p erf orm ing v igo rou s activ ities are charac teriz ed by reduced

le v e ls o f su b cu tan eo u s ad ip o sity an d W HR . T h is p h en o m en o n

is also o b serv ed w h en th e statistical e f f e ct o f to tal en erg y ex p en -

d itu re o f le isu re -tim e ac tiv itie s o n su b cu tan eo u s f at is rem o v ed .

T h e e f f ect o f ex erc ise in ten sity o n f at d istribu tio n also seem s to

be indep en den t o f v ariations in to tal sub cu taneous fat. #{ 163 } 3

Refer ences

1

G w in u p G . E f f ec t o f ex e rc ise alo n e o n th e w e ig h t o f o b ese w o m en .

A rch In te rn M ed 1 9 7 5 ; 1 3 5 :6 7 6 -8 0 .

2.

L eon A S, C on rad I, H u nnin ghak e D M , S erf ass R . E f f ec ts o fa v ig -

o ro u s w alk in g p ro g ram o n b o d y co m po sitio n , an d carb o h y d rate

an d lip id m etab o lism o f o b ese y o u n g m en . A m J C lin N u tr

1 979 ;32 : 177 6-8 7.

3 . W o o R , G arrow IS , Pi-S un y er FX . V o lun tary

f o o d in tak e d u rin g

p ro lo n g ed ex ercise in o b ese w om en . A m I C lin N utr l9 8 2 ;3 6 :4 7 8 -

84 .

4 . K rotk ie w sk i M , B y lu nd -Fallen ius A C , H oIm I, B j# { 2 46 } rn torp P,

G rim b y G , M an d ro u k as K . R e latio n sh ip b etw een m u sc le m o r-

p h o b o g y an d m e tab o lism in o b ese w o m en . T h e e f f ec ts o f a lo n g -

te rm p h y s ical train in g . E u rJ C lin In v est 1 9 8 3 ; 1 3 :5 -1 2 .

5 . K ro tk iew sk i M , M an d ro u k as K , S j# { 2 4 6 } s tr# { 2 4 6 } m, S u lliv an L ,

W e tte rq v is t H , B j# { 24 6 } rn to rpP. E ff ec ts o f a lo n g -te rm p h y sical train in g

o n b o d y f at, m e tab o lism , an d b lo o d p ressu re in o b esity . M etab o -

l is m l 97 9;2 8:6 50 -8 .

6 . A s tran d P0 , R o d ah l K . T ex tb o o k o f w o rk p h y s io lo g y . N ew Y ork :

M cG raw H ill, 1 978 .

7 . S tev en so n JA F, B o x

B M , Fe lek i

V . B eato n JR . B o u ts o f ex ercise

an d f o o d in tak e in th e rat. I A pp l Ph y s io l 1 9 6 6 ;2 1 : 1 I 8 -2 2 .

8 . L e nno n D , N agle F, S tratm an F, S h rag o E , D enn is S . D iet an d

ex erc ise train in g e f f ec ts o n restin g m e tab o lic rate. m t i O b es

l985;9:39-47 .

9 . S tep h en s T , C raig C L , Ferris B F. A du lt p h y sical activ ity in C an ad a:

f in d in g s f ro m th e C an ad a Fitn ess S u rv ey 1 . C an I Pu b l H ealth

l986;77:285-90 .

10 . T ay lo r H L , Jaco bs D R . S c huc k er B , K nu dse n J, L e on A S ,

D eb ack er G . A q u estio n n aire f o r th e asse ssm en t o f le isu re tim e

ph y sical activ itie s. I C hro n D is 1 978 ; 31 :74 1-S S .

1 1 . C anad a Fitne ss S urv ey Fitness and L if e sty le in C an ad a. O ttaw a:

C anada Fitness S urv ey , 19 83 .

1

2 . S tep h en s T , C raig C L . Fitn e ss an d ac tiv ity m easu rem en t in th e

198 1 C anada Fitn ess S urv ey . In: S tep hen s T , C raig C L , e ds . Pro-

ceed in g s o f th e w ork sh o p o n asse ssin g p h y s ical f itn e s s an d ac tiv ity

p atte rn s in g en eral p o p u latio n su rv ey s. H y attsv ille , M D: N atio n al

C en te r f o r H ealth S tatistics , 1 9 8 1 6 -2 0 .

13 . B ou chard C , L and ry F, S he phard R J, S k in ner I , G odin G . R epo rt

o f th e w o rk g ro u p o n co n stru ctin g a p h y sical ac tiv ity in d ex . In :

S tep h en s T , C raig C L , ed s. Pro ceed in g s o f th e w o rk sh o p o n asse ss -

ing phy sic al f i tne ss an d activ ity p attern s in gen eral po pu lation su r-

v ey s. H y attsv ille , M D: N atio n al C en te r f o r H ealth S tatis tics , 1 9 8 5 :

5 5 -6 2 .

14 . Fitn ess C anada. S tandardiz ed T est o f Fitne ss ope ration s m an ual,

2nd e d. O ttaw a: Fitne ss and A m ateur S po rt C anad a, 198 1.

1 5 . S o k al R R , R oh lf Fi. B io m etry : th e p rin c ip le s an d p rac tice o f s tatis -

tics in b io lo g ical research . S an Fran c isco : W H Freem an an d C o m -

p an y , 1 9 6 9 .

1 6 . T rem blay A , D esp r# { 23 3 } sP, B o u ch ard C . T h e e f f ec ts o f ex e rc ise train -

ing on ene rgy balan ce and adip ose tissue m o rph olo gy and m etabo -

lism . S po rts M ed 1 9 8 5 ;2 :2 2 3 -3 3 .

17 . G u illand JC , M o reau D , G e net JM , K le pping J. R ole of catec hol-

am in es in reg u latio n b y f eed in g o f en erg y b alan ce f o llo w in g

chronic ex ercise in rats. Ph y s io l B e hav l98 8;4 2:3 65 -9 .

18 . T re m b lay A , D e s p r # { 2 3 3 } s

P, B o uchard C . A lte ration in

b o d y f at an d

f at d istrib u tio n w ith ex erc ise . In : B o u ch ard C , Jo h n s to n F, ed s. Fat

dis trib ution du rin g grow th an d later h ealth ou tco m e s. N ew Y ork :

Al a n R L i s s , 1 9 8 8 : 29 7 - 3 1 2 .

1 9 . D esp r# { 23 3 } sJP, Trem blay A , N ad eau A , B ou ch ard C . Ph y sical train in g

an d ch an g es in reg io n al ad ip o se tis su e d is trib u tio n . A cta M ed

S can d l9 8 8 ;(su p p l 7 2 3 ):2 0 5 -l2 .

20. V ag ue

J. T he d eg ree o f d if f e ren tiation o f o besitie s: a fac tor d eter-

m in in g p red isp o s itio n to d iab e te s , ath e ro sc le ro sis , g o u t, an d u ric

calcu b o u sd isease . A m J C lin N utr 1 9 5 6 ;4 :2 0 -3 4 .

2 1. K iss eb ah A H, V y de lingu m N , M urray R , et al. R elation o f b o d y

f at d istrib u tio n to m etab o lic co m plicatio n s o f o b esity . J C lin E n d o -

crinol

M e tab 1 98 2; 5 4:2 54 -6 0.

2 2. K ro tk ie w sk i M , B j# {2 46 }rn to rpP . S j# {2 46 }str# {2 46 }m, S m ith U . Im p ac t o f o b e -

sity o n m e tab olism in m e n and w o m e n. Im p ortance of regional

ad ip o se tis su e d istrib u tio n . J C lin In v es t l9 8 3 ;7 2 :l 1 5 0 -6 2 .

2 3 . D esp r# { 23 3 } siP, A llard C , T rem blay A , T alb o t J, B ou ch ard C . E v id en ce

f o r a reg io n al co m p o n en t o f b o d y f atn ess in th e asso c iatio n w ith

se ru m lip id s in m en an d w om en . M etab o lism l9 8 5 ;3 4 :9 6 7 -7 3 .

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