amateur radio operator introduction january 2013 active devices diodes, transistors, and tubes
DESCRIPTION
SEMICONDUCTORS VERY STABLE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE SILICON & GERMANIUM MOST COMMON SILCON ATOMS SHARE VALENCE ELECTRONS (8 ELECTRONS) CAN BE GOOD INSULATOR INTRINSIC- PURE MATERIAL, NO FREE CHARGE CARRIERS EXTRINSIC – MATERIAL DOPED WITH EXTRA CARRIERSTRANSCRIPT
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AMATEUR RADIO OPERATOR
INTRODUCTION
January 2013Active Devices
Diodes, Transistors, and Tubes
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AGENDA Diodes TRANSISTORS/FETS TUBES QUESTIONS
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SEMICONDUCTORS VERY STABLE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE SILICON & GERMANIUM MOST COMMON SILCON ATOMS SHARE VALENCE
ELECTRONS (8 ELECTRONS) CAN BE GOOD INSULATOR INTRINSIC- PURE MATERIAL, NO FREE
CHARGE CARRIERS EXTRINSIC – MATERIAL DOPED WITH
EXTRA CARRIERS
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DOPING
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JUNCTIONS N TYPE – EXTRA
ELECTRON (- CHARGE) P TYPE – MISSING
ELECTRON (+ CHARGE)
PN JUNCTION
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DEPLETION ZONE
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DEPLETION ZONE
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PN JUNCTION
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FORWARD BIAS
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DIODES 2 TERMINAL PN
JUNCTION ANODE – P CATHODE - N
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Diodes (i-v curves)
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Diodes
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DIODE APPLICATIONS SWITCH RECTIFICATION DEMODULATION REGULATION LIGHT EMITTING (LED)
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RECTIFIERS
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ZENER DIODES
Used to regulate voltages
Behaves normally when forward biased
When reversed biased, non destructive voltage breakdown
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ZENER Voltage
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ZENER Regulation
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TRANSISTORS 3 TERMINAL DEVICE 2 JUNCTIONS P-N-P N-P-N ALSO KNOWN AS
“BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR”
BASE CURRENT CONTROLS EMITTER/COLLECTOR CURRENT
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NPN TRANSISTOR
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PNP TRANSISTOR
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FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR TWO TYPES
JUNCTION FIELD EFFECT or JFET METAL OXIDE SILICON FIELD EFFECT or
MOSFET A CONDUCTIVE CHANNEL WITH 2
JUNCTIONS N-CHANNEL P-CHANNEL
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FETS
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TRANSISTOR - FET EMITTER, BASE,
COLLECTOR FOR BIAS INCREASES
CURRENT CURRENT CONTROLS LOW INPUT Z
SOURCE, GATE, DRAIN REV BIAS DECREASES
CURRENT VOLTAGE CONTROLS HIGH INPUT Z
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VACUUM TUBES Developed in late
1800’s and early 1900’s Still used in
applications requiring high power or high voltages (power amplifiers)
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Tube Construction Thermionic emission Filament (Heater) used to heat cathode Cathode made of tungsten and thorium Heated cathode emits an electron cloud Positive potential placed on Plate (Anode) to
attract electrons Negative potential Grid used to control
electron flow
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Vacuum Diode
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Vacuum Triode
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Tubes – Take Aways Grid current – minimal or zero as long as
Grid is negative relative to cathode Grid is usually a mesh Grid is closer to cathode Heater is farthest from Plate Used in high power applications Inside of envelope is a vacuum
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Tubes, transistors, FETS
Tubes Transistors FETS
Charge Source Cathode Emitter Source
Control Terminal Grid Base Gate
Charge Collector
Plate (Anode) Collector Drain
Control Voltage Current Voltage
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AMPLIFICATION Produce an output which is an enlarged
reproduction of the input. Device is called an AMPLIFIER An accurate reproduction is called “LINEAR” Imperfections in reproduction are called
“DISTORTION” Tubes, Transistors, and FETs can all be
amplifiers. Typically gain is measured in dB
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Amplifier Applications AF (Audio Frequency) RF (Radio Frequency) IF (Intermediate Frequency) PA (Power Amplifier)
Current, Voltage and or Power can all be amplified
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Distortion
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Homework Review Class Notes and Handouts
Read ahead for next week
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QUESTIONS????
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THANK YOU!!!!!!!!