amdc.edu.pkamdc.edu.pk/study guide orthodontics.docx · web viewthis course is designed to provide...

AKHTAR SAEED MEDICAL AND DENTAL COLLEGE

DEPARTMENT OF ORTHODONTICS

STUDY GUIDE

1

Message from the members of the committee

Dear Students,

We are delighted to welcome you to the course of

Orthodontics. This is a basic course which you will be studying

in your fourth year; this study guide will inform and update you

about the various topics to be covered in both the first and

second final year.

The topics covered in this module are highly relevant and have

clinical implications which will be of great help in your professional

life. This subject is one of the very important foundation courses in

dentistry and based on these fundamental principles you will

progress on to become a good dental surgeon. Hence we

the committee suggest you to use this handbook to prepare

yourself during the course and gain maximum benefit.

Best wishes & Good luck

3

APPROVAL FOR THE COURSE

This course has been reviewed, revised and approved by:

The Department of Orthodontics.

College Curriculum Committee.

College Academic Council.

COURSE DESCRIPTION

Orthodontics is one of the subject in the final year.

It is the introductory course for final year dental students. The

primary objective of this course is providing knowledge of basic

principles and diagnostic procedures in orthodontics.

This course is designed to provide basic concepts of growth

and development of craniofacial structures, etiology diagnosis and

management of different types of malocclusion and dentofacial

discrepancies by general dental practitioners.

The clinical section includes the development of psychomotor and

cognitive skills. Clinical sessions are designed to provide students with the

required knowledge and skills to perform basic analysis and diagnosis of

malocclusion and basis for referral of a patient to an orthodontist. In this

section students will learn the skills in laboratory on models required during

the management of orthodontic patients. The dental students will learn the

fabrication of various removable appliances and their management

required for the treatment of orthodontic patients.

7

GENERAL COURSE OBJECTIVES

1. Demonstrate knowledge of general principles and concepts of growth and

development.

2. Differentiate between normal and abnormal growth and development of dento-facial

complex.

3. Demonstrate knowledge of standard orthodontic classification of malocclusion

and should be able to differentiate skeletal and dental malocclusions.

4. Students should be able to perform basic orthodontic diagnostic procedures

like lateral cephalometric tracing and model analysis.

5. Identify functional and esthetic deficiencies requiring intervention and management

and know when to make a referral to an orthodontic specialist.

6. Identify predisposing conditions and appropriate intervention and /or active treatment

recommendation to prevent malocclusion.

7. Demonstrate the knowledge of adverse effects of orthodontic therapy.

8. Demonstrate the knowledge and skills to manage the orthodontic emergencies.

9. Demonstrate the knowledge and skills in management of removable

orthodontic appliances.

8

Objective Learning Objectives

This isintended to provide Describe and explain boneinformation regarding: formation and remodelling

in health and disease Cells and moleculesas they relate to thedevelopment andgrowth of the

complex, and their

relevance to the

treatment of

patients

Cell and Molecular Biology

=


This isDescribe ,explain,implement normal and abnormal facial development including commonMalformations.

intended to provideinformation regarding:

Growth anddevelopment ofstructures of thehead and neck, andtheir relevance tothe assessment andtreatment ofpatients

Embryology, growth and development of the face and jaws

p

Radiological Imaging Techniques

Theme Learning Objectives

This isintended to provide Explain & interpret the

operation ofinformation about and contemporaneousexperience in: imaging equipment

within legislation.Principles andpractice of imaging Implement radiationand the relevant protection and ALARAimaging technology Guidelines


This isintended to provide Describe both normalinformation about and and abnormal dentalexperience in: Development.

The development of Identify thenormal occlusion developmental stage offrom birth toadulthood

the dentition.

Describe factorsThe effect of genetic responsible forand environmental developmentalinfluences on the Abnormalities.development of the

The development of malocclusionincluding itsvariations andranges

Normal and abnormal development of the dentition

dentition

Tooth movement and facial Orthopaedics


This is intended toprovide information about and interpret normalexperience in: exfoliation and

eruption of teeth.Exfoliation and eruption ofthe dentition Describe the

histology of toothBiology of tooth movement Movement.

Resorption of dental Recognize thestructures resorption of dental

Structures.

Orthodontic materials and biomechanics


This is intended toprovide information about Describe the rangeand experience in: of materials used

in orthodontics.The types of materialsavailable and their Explain archwireproperties sequences and

their justification.The interaction oforthodontic brackets Implementand wires and the tooth in which archwiresmovements achieved achieve their tooth

Movements.

Aetiology of malocclusion


This is intendedto provide information Identify specificabout and experience in: causes of

Malocclusion.Skeletal factoraetiology Outline genetic

Influences.Soft tissue factoraetiology Solve

environmentalLocal/dental factor Influences.aetiology

Airway, craniofacial development and malocclusion


This isintended to provide Identifyinformation about and Normalexperience in: Respiration.

The importance of Demonstrate therespiratory patterns Relationshipin orthodontics and Betweenthe desirability of respiration andnasal breathing Malocclusion.

The relationshipbetween airwaypatency,craniofacialdevelopment andmalocclusion

Diagnostic procedures


This is intendedto provide information Demostrate theabout and experience in: clinical

assessmentClinical assessment , diagnosis

of malocclusion .Radiographicassessment

Study model analysis

Other special tests

Treatment planning


This isintended to provide Identify patients’information about and Expectations.experience in:

Explain informationIdentification of to patients relevantpatient concerns to the delivery of

Treatment.Identification oftreatment aims Demonstrate the way

inwhich the treatmentIdentification of the type of treatment necessary to achieve those aims

delivers theobjectives.

Growth, treatment analysis and cephalometry


This is intended toprovide information about Describeand experience in: Superimposition.

Basic cephalometricanalysis Explain growth and the

influence of treatmentSuperimposition on growth and vicetechniques for lateral Versa.skull radiographs

Identify the difficultiesGrowth analysis based of predicting growth.on serial lateral skullradiographs

Use of cephalometrictemplates

Evaluation oftreatment changes:other methods

Estimation of growth status

The iatrogenic effects of orthodontic treatment


This is intended to provide information of the risks relevant to the assessment and treatment of patients and includes:

Root resorption Effects on

the enamel Effects on the

periodontium Effects on the

pulp

Adverse effects on dentofacial appearance

Adverse effects on the soft tissues including headgear injuries and allergic reactions

Influences on the temporomandibular joints

Describe the risk factors in causing iatrogenic damage.

explain the clinical diagnosis of iatrogenic effects.

list clinical protocols for minimising and treating the damage when identified.

Epidemiology in orthodontics


This is intended toprovide information about and Describe ethnic,experience in the influences on Gender, socialorthodontic care of: influences on

orthodonticGender treatment provision.

Peer pressure Describe peerpressure and self

Ethnic group esteemassessments.

Social class

Confidence in treatmentExplain need,demand for orthodontic care.

Self-esteem

Aesthetics

Clinical treatment need

Orthodontic literature and Research


This is intendedto provide information State how toabout and experience read thein: literature and

synthesize theMethods of critically informationanalysing the Provided.literature

Describe how toSummarizing an interpret data.article or literature

Undertaking aDescribe how toapply data

research project interpretation toleading to publication clinical practice.


This is intended toprovide information about and Explain the modeexperience in: of action of

removableAppliances.

Justify materialsAdvantages and used to constructdisadvantages of removable appliances

removableappliances.

Explain howthese componentsare combined to

Appliance.

Removable appliances

Functional appliances


intended to provide Scope and limitations. Indications contraindications for the use of functional

Describe the design andconstruction of various typesof functional appliance.

Explain the relative merits ofdifferent appliance designs.

Extra-oral appliances


This is intended to provide information about and experiencein:

The use of extra- oral anchorage and traction

The timing of treatment with extra-oral forces

Retraction and protraction headgears

Force levels and direction/ duration of force

Explain the Indications and contraindications for the use of extra-oral forces.

Identify headgear safety.

Describe directional forces used in extra-oral traction.The use of cervical, horizontal and high pull headgear and protraction headgear.

Fixed appliances


This is intended to provide information about and experience in:

The scope and limitations of fixed orthodontic appliances

Indications and contraindications for their use

The placement, bonding and cementation of fixed orthodontic appliances

Anchorage planning and control in fixed orthodontic appliance therapy

The use of ligatures and elastics

State the design, manufacture and construction of fixed orthodontic appliances.

Describe the various types of fixed orthodontic appliances.

Describe the types of pre- adjusted edgewise appliances and prescriptions.

Outline other appliance systems including Tip- Edge and self-ligating bracket systems.

Describe intra-oral auxiliaries, temporary anchorage devices and expansion appliances.

Retention appliances


This is intended to provide Describe post-information about and retention changesexperience in: after active tooth

movement.The design anduse of retention Describe post-appliances treatment orthodontic

Retention.The duration ofpost treatmentretention in thelight of availableknowledge


This is intendedto provide information Describe theabout and experience in: consequences of

Interceptiveearly loss andprolonged retention of

Orthodontics Teeth.

Elimination of local Recall the evidencefactors for and against early

intervention.Treatment ofcrossbites Diagnose and

distinguish normalEarly correction of facial growth from

abnormal growth.discrepancies

Guiding the development of the occlusion

skeletal

Adult orthodontics


This is intended to provide information about and experience Identify dentalin: health

considerations inadult patients.

Temporomandibular jointconsiderations Describe

adjunctive therapy:Comprehensive vs its goals, principlescompromise treatments and procedures.

Appliance therapy - specialconsiderations


This is intended to provide Describeinformation about and treatment optionsexperience in for thedentoalveolar management ofprocedures in relation unerupted andto: impacted teeth

through a

Exposure and combination of

management ofimpacted teeth and orthodontics.

Management of Describe theinfra-occluded Managementteeth options for

encouraging toothManagement of Eruption.high fraenalattachments Describe the

indications forFraenectomy.

Orthodontics and Minor Oral Surgery

minor oral surgery

Orthodontics and Restorative Dentistry


This is intended to provide information about and experience in the role of orthodontics as adjunctive treatment in:

Repositioning periodontally stabilized teeth

Occlusal rehabilitation, including implantology

Restoration of the dentition including previously extracted teeth or minor hypodontia

Explain the importance of an integrated treatment plan for joint orthodontic/ restorative care.

Describe the timing of adjunctiveorthodontic treatment in relation to restorative care.

Identify where and when to refer complex cases.

Overview of Multidisciplinary Management of FacialDisharmony


This is intended to provide To Understand

dentoalveolarinformation regarding: compensation andAdaptation

Explain the types oftreatment offered to

Diagnostic orthognthic patients.procedures usedto identify the site Outline the surgicalof facial procedure employe.disharmony

The stages in the correction of facial

Explain timing oforthodontic treatment.

disharmony

The stages in the management of cleft lip and/or palate patients

Explain the timing oforthodontic care in cleft lip and/or palate management.

DETAILED OBJECTIVES OF THE CONTENTS:

LECTURES

1. Introduction to orthodontics

At the end of the lecture student should be able to – To understand and explain the importance of the course Enumerate Branches of orthodontics Describe aims and scope of orthodontic treatment Understand the History of orthodontics

2. Prenatal growth and development

At the end of the lecture student should be able to –• Describe Prenatal growth of cranial base

• Demonstrate knowledge on Chondro-cranial ossification

• Explain Prenatal embryology of maxilla, palate and mandible

3. Post natal growth and development

At the end of the lecture student should be able to – Understand the growth of cranial base

Describe cortical drift, remodelling and synchondrosis Explain post natal growth of naso maxillary complex and mandible

4. Development of normal occlusion

At the end of the lecture student should be able to – Explain development of dentition and occlusion Understand prenatal and postnatal development of dentition Describe deciduous, mixed and permanent dentition stage.

5. Occlusion in orthodontics

At the end of the lecture student should be able to – Describe Concepts of occlusion Enumerate Classifications of occlusion Understand Importance of centric relation in orthodontics

Describe Compensatory curvatures and Andrews six keys to normal occlusion

6. Classification of malocclusion

At the end of the lecture student should be able to –• Define malocclusion

• Enumerate Intra arch malocclusion and interarch malocclusion

• Differentiate between skeletal and dental malocclusion

7. Etiology of malocclusion

At the end of the lecture student should be able to –• Classify etiology of malocclusion• Describe Moyer’s classification of malocclusion• Explain Graber’s classification of malocclusion

8. Examination and diagnosis

At the end of the lecture student should be able to – Describe essential and nonessential or supplemental diagnostic aids Record the case history Perform clinical and functional examination

9. Cephalometric land marks and analysis

At the end of the lecture student should be able to – Enumerate uses of cephalometry Identify anatomic structures in the cephalogram Perform the cephalometric tracing

10.Model AnalysisAt the end of the lecture student should be able to –

Perform Arch perimeter analysis Demonstrate Bolton’s analysis Perform Ashley Howe’s analysis

11. Biomechanics

At the end of the lecture student should be able to – Understand Physiologic tooth movement Understand Phases of tooth movement

Define Force , Couple , moment, Center of Resistance and Center of Rotation

Enumerate Types of tooth movement12.Anchorage

At the end of the lecture student should be able to – Define anchorage Understand the concepts of anchorage Enlist Types of anchorage Describe temporary anchorage devices

13. Preventive orthodontics

At the end of the lecture student should be able to – Define preventive orthodontics Understand preventive measures undertaken Describe Space maintenance and space maintainers Enumerate different types of space maintainers

14. Interceptive orthodontics

At the end of the lecture student should be able to – Describe various interceptive procedures Explain Serial extraction and guidance of eruption Enderstand the Interception of developing skeletal malocclusions Explain methods for Interception of Class II and class III malocclusion

1: Materials in orthodontics

At the end of the lecture student should be able to – Identify different types of materials used in orthodontics Enumerate use of materials in orthodontics Enlist uses of elastics in orthodontics

2. Removable appliances

At the end of the lecture student should be able to – Enlist advantages and disadvantages Describe components of removable appliance Explain management of removable appliances

3-4. Fixed orthodontic appliances

At the end of the lecture student should be able to –

Demonstrate knowledge of banding and bonding Describe types and characteristics of orthodontic brackets Enumerate types of elastics used during orthodontic treatment Enumerate stages of treatment by using fixed appliances

Enumerate other materials used in fixed mechanotherapy

5-6. Functional appliance

At the end of the lecture student should be able to – Define myofunctional l functional appliances Enlist different types of myofunctional appliances Describe removable and fixed functional appliances

7. Orthopedic appliances

At the end of the lecture student should be able to – Explain basis for orthopedic appliances

Describe orthopedic appliances i.e. head gear and face mask

8. Orthodontic treatment strategies and timing


Understand special considerations in early treatment Describe occlusal relationship problems and their management Enlist eruption problems and their management Describe ectopic eruption and space-related problems

9. Management of class I malocclusion


Describe diagnosis and management of diastema, spacing, crowding and rotations

Management of spacing, crowding and rotations Management of crowding Management of rotations

10. Management of class II malocclusion


Describe management of class II division 1 malocclusion Describe Management of class division 2malocclusion Understand Management of skeletal class II malocclusion

11. Management of class III malocclusion


Describe Features of class III malocclusion Understand Interception during growth Treatment of true classII and pseudo class III

12.Management of deep bite, open bite and cross bite malocclusion


Describe management of anterior open and posterior open bite Describe management of dental deep bite skeletal deep bite Describe management of anterior and posterior cross bite

13. Adverse effects of orthodontic treatment


Enumerate adverse effects of orthodontic treatment Enlist local effects of orthodontic treatment Enumerate Systemic effects Describe Cross infection

14. Retention and relapse


Enumerate causes of relapse Enlist theories of retention Understand Raleigh Williams- key to eliminate lower retention Explain Types of retention

Detailed Objectives of PRACTICALS

Session: Upper and lower arch impression

At the end of the practical session the student should be able to

Make the impression of upper arch

Make the impression of lower arch

Make a cast by pouring impression

Session: Trimming and finishing of study models


Demonstrate trimming of study models

Demonstrate finishing of study models

Make the base of study models

Session: Model analysis


Perform arch perimeter analysis

Perform Bolton’s analysis

Session: cephalometric analysis


Identify cephalometric landmarks

Perform cephalometric analysisMake diagnosis of cephalometric analysis

Session: Malocclusion


Identify the models of different types of malocclusion

Describe characteristic features of different types of malocclusion

Session 1: Materials and instruments used in orthodontics


Identify materials used in orthodontics

Identify and describe used of materials used in orthodontics

Session : Fabrication of clasp


Fabricate labial bow

Fabricate Adam’s clasp

Fabricate Z spring

Fabricate finger spring

Session : Fabrication of long and short labial bow


Fabricate Short labial bow

Fabricate Long labial bow

Session : Fabrication of springs


Fabricate Finger spring

Fabricate Z spring

Session : Fabrication of Hawley’s appliance


Fabricate components of Hawley’s appliance

Fabricate appliance

Session : Fabrication of removable appliance with Z spring


Fabricate components of removable appliance including Z spring

Acrylize the appliance

Session : Case analysis


Demonstrate knowledge and perform diagnosis , treatment planning and

fabricate removable appliance for the case.

24

Student additional private study hours per week & student support:

In Additional to the credit hours in the college hours the student is expected to put in 6

hours of private study/learning hours per week. (This is an average for the final year not

a specific requirement in each week).

The students are encouraged to interact with the tutors of the course for any additional

help required during the course. The staff members are instructed to inform the students

regarding the office hours when they can approach the faculty for their help

After each class the faculty member allocates a few minutes to clear the doubts of the

students if needed

The power point presentation of each class is uploaded on the faculty member’s

website from where the students can easily retrieve it and come prepared for the

lecture.

25

Teaching and learning resources:

Students will be shown power point presentations, quiz, and essay competition. During

the practical’s students will be shown models and casts to give them in depth

knowledge and understanding of the subject. Live demonstration will be given to

students for various wire bending exercises.

Use of more teaching aids during classes with special emphasis on the applied aspects

of the structures, questions asked during the class would also aid in developing

cognitive skills. In addition we would design quizzes and assignments in such a

way that the students would have to correlate the various topics and information

given to them.

The students will be asked oral questions, debates, group discussions group tasks will

be designed so that the students learn to interact with their batchmates. In

addition project work will be assigned to small groups so that they learn to take

up the responsibility and complete it.

Recommended text books:

Required Textbook Contemporary orthodontics: 6th edition. William R. Proffit

Textbook Introduction to Orthodontics:. Laura Mitchles

References American journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial

Orthopedics

The Angle Orthodontist – an international journal of

Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

Website www.angle.org

CLASS PRESENTATIONS

A. Guidelines for class presentations:1. One class presentation per student is scheduled during final year.

2. Duration of each class presentation will be of 5 minutes.

3. The students will be given the topics for class presentation at least two

weeks in advance. The topics will be selected randomly by the students by a

picking a slip (lottery method).

4. The student is expected to prepare a PowerPoint presentation for the class

presentation. They can take the help of a staff member in preparing

themselves for the presentation.

5. After each session group discussion will be allowed.

6. The tutor (faculty member in charge) will give his comments and feedback

about the presentation.

7. All the students are expected to be present during the class presentations

and also prepare themselves by reading about the topic of presentation so

as to have

8. An active and productive group discussion.

Course Evaluation and Improvement Process:

The students will be given a feedback form, which can be submitted to the course

director or to the HOD which will help in improvement of the subject teaching.

28The head of the department or the HOD has informal meetings with groups of students to discuss the contents of the course, method of teaching to evaluate the course and the

instructor.

Meetings will be conducted every week in the department to update the status of each

student and the difficulties felt by the colleague will be resolved accordingly. The HOD

randomly attends lectures to assess the instructor. The power point presentation of

each lecture is distributed to all the staff members of the department for evaluation and

suggestions for improvement.

Teachers will be subjected to go for up gradation of knowledge by attending the relevant

conferences and will be encouraged to carry on a self-improvement.

Other staff members are invited to attend the class presentation presentation of

students to verify the standards of student learning and their work.

DEPARTMENT OF ORTYHODONTICSINTERNAL ASSESSMENT POLICY FOR BDS 4th YEAR

CRITERIA MARKS DISTRIBUTIONCLASS TEST 10PRESENTATIONS & POSTERS 4LOG BOOK 5GENERAL CONDUCT 1TOTAL 20

DR.ALI RAZA JAFRI HOD OF ORTHODONTICS

29

amdc.edu.pkamdc.edu.pk/study guide orthodontics.docx · web viewthis course is designed to provide...

Documents