TAKE A VOTE!

Do you feel Industrialization & Reform moved us closer or farther away from our founding ideals?

PERIOD 1

PERIOD 2

PERIOD 3

AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER

Unit # 2

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1) What considerations should guide the development of American foreign policy?

2) When should the United States go to war?

3) What responsibilities do people with power have to those people who have less power?

4) Did America’s emergence as a world power move it closer or further away from its founding ideals?

R.A.P. School Fight One day at school you notice a huge ring of students jostling and pushing. As you get closer, you hear some of the students yelling, “Fight!” Like the rest, you want to see what is happening. Finally finding a vantage point, you see two students threatening one another. One is a good friend; the other is a former friend and current enemy who owes you money. What will you do?

1. Turn away and leave because the fight does not concern you and getting involved will only mean trouble.

2. Convince a couple of friends to help you separate the two students before they hurt each other.

3. Get into the fight on your friend’s side and punch out the former friend who owes you money since he deserves it.

4. Punch out both students to show the rest of the school who is the toughest kid at Unami.

Warm up/Wrap Up 1. Which foreign policy stance has the

United States appeared to favor the most? The least?

2. Do you notice any patterns in U.S. foreign policy over the course of U.S. history?

3. What do you think might explain the constant shifting of U.S. foreign policy from one stance to another?

4. Why do you think the United States began taking a more active role in world affairs in the twentieth century?

5. Where on the foreign policy spectrum should the United States position itself today? Explain.

R.A.P.-Visual Metaphors

R.A.P. Under what circumstances is it appropriate for the United States to intervene in the affairs of another country? 1 paragraph response.

Complete a sample metaphor: Being a student at Unami is like… Being a citizen of the United States is like…

The United States foreign policy today is like…

Wrap up:

1. Where on the foreign policy spectrum from “Isolationism” to “Imperialism” did U.S. foreign policy fall around the turn of the century?

2. What motivated U.S. leaders to be so active in the affairs of other countries during this era?

3. How did the people of other nations feel about U.S. interventions?

4. Did their feelings influence the behavior of U.S. leaders? Why or why not?

5. Are you proud or ashamed of U.S. foreign policy around the turn of the century?

REASONS FOR IMPERIALISM

America as a World Power

KEY TERMS

Isolationism Collective Security Internationalism Imperialism Protectorate – Area protected and

partially controlled by another nation

REASONS FOR U.S. IMPERIALISM

1) Global Competition2) Cultural Superiority3) Military Power 4) New Markets

GLOBAL COMPETITION

Competition with European countries Africa and Asia seen as main targets

Only two African countries remain independent

Theodore Roosevelt’s desire to be a world power

This is what world powers do“As one of the great nations of the world, the United States must not

fall out of the line of march.” ~ U.S. Senator

What does this mean???

CULTURAL SUPERIORITY

Social Darwinism racial superiority America’s duty to “Christianize and

Civilize” Idea that God had willed the United

States to be greater than all other nations (Manifest Destiny)

Rudyard Kipling’s, “White Man’s Burden”

Josiah Strong’s, “Our Country”

Take up the White Man's burden--Send forth the best ye breed--Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives' need;To wait in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild--Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.

Take up the White Man's burden--In patience to abide,To veil the threat of terrorAnd check the show of pride;By open speech and simple,An hundred times made plainTo seek another's profit,And work another's gain.

Take up the White Man's burden--The savage wars of peace--Fill full the mouth of FamineAnd bid the sickness cease;And when your goal is nearestThe end for others sought,Watch sloth and heathen FollyBring all your hopes to nought.

According to Kipling, what is the “white man’s burden?”

Whose “burden” do you think it

is?

“IT SEEMS TO ME THAT GOD, WITH INFINITE WISDOM AND SKILL, IS TRAINING THE ANGLO-SAXON RACE FOR AN HOUR SURE TO

COME IN THE WORLD'S FUTURE.”

~ JOSIAH STRONG FROM “OUR COUNTRY”

NAVAL BASES

Alfred T. Mahan – encourage U.S. to build its naval power (compete with world powers) Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia

Need for naval bases for fuel stations throughout the world Throughout the Pacific

NEW MARKETS

Surplus of goods creating need for new markets throughout the world (raw materials and foreign trade)

New investment

ALASKA

Purchased in 1867 William Seward, U.S. Secretary of State Called “Seward’s Folly”

U.S. bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million

Equates to 2 cents / acre Rich in natural resources (ANWR debate)

The Inflation Calculator

HAWAII

Vital for food (sugar), supplies, and fuel (Pearl Harbor)

Spread Christianity Issues of “duty free”

status Queen Liliuokalani –

wanted to rid American influence (“Hawaii for the Hawaiians”)

HAWAII (CON’T)

American Sugar planters want it to be annexed Not have to pay tax

Business groups, aided by the Marines overthrow the gov’t

Becomes a territory until 1959 (50th state)

SAMOA

Important for refueling U.S. promises to help with disputes

among other countries Divided among Germany and the

United States (almost led to war)

SPANISH AMERICAN WAR

America as a World Power

EVENTS LEADING UP TO WAR

U.S. attempts to buy Cuba from Spain

Cuban War for Independence Led by Jose Marti (Cuban

poet) American opinion split

Spanish Response Valeriano Weyler (Spanish

General) beats rebellion and imprisons thousands of Cubans

CAUSES OF THE WAR

Major Causes1) Yellow Journalism2) De Lome Letter3) Sinking of the ‘U.S.S.

Maine’Minor Causes1. Support of Monroe

Doctrine2. Desire for Empire3. Belief in American

Superiority

YELLOW JOURNALISM

Sensational stories about Spanish atrocities towards the Cubans “Butcher Weyler” Stories of poisoned wells and killing

children William Randolph Hearst and

Joseph Pulitzer fuel the war

“You furnish the pictures and I’ll

furnish the war.” ~ Hearst

“Remember the Maine”

Like Pearl Harbor during WWII, this slogan is at the center of American public support over the Spanish-American War

DE LOME LETTER

Enrique Dupuy de Lome Spanish minister to the U.S.

Letter criticized the President Called him “weak” and

insulted greatly Letter is stolen and

leaked to New York Journal

De Lome is forced to resign, Spanish embarrassed and Americans angry

“. . . it shows once more what McKinley is: weak and catering to the rabble, and, besides, a low politician, who desires to leave a door open to me and to stand well with the jingoes of his party.”

Dupuy de Lome Letter

SINKING OF THE U.S.S. MAINE

Battleship sent in to escort American citizens and protect property

Feb. 15, 1898 ship blows up in Havana Harbor (260 men killed)

Debate over the reason for the ship exploding still exists (newspapers blame the Spanish angering Americans more)

April 20, 1898 U.S. declares war on Spain

America Attacked by foreign powers• U.S.S. Maine • Lusitania (British ship a/

Americans)• Pearl Harbor• Twin Towers (‘93)• Twin Towers (9/11)

Before

After

Theaters of War

The Pacific The Caribbean

WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES

First battle in the Philippines Commodore George Dewey attacks the

Spanish fleet

WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES

Spanish are easily defeated

U.S. receives help from Filipino rebels led by Emilio

Aguinaldo Spanish surrender

at Manila

Filipino rebel Emilio Aguinaldo

WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN

Rough Riders cavalry group led by Theodore Roosevelt Gain fame at Kettle Hill

and San Juan Hill (Cuba) Spanish easily

defeated in Cuba Soon after they are

defeated in Puerto Rico

TREATY OF PARIS

December 10, 1898 Terms

Cuba is given independence Guam and Puerto Rico given to the U.S. Spain sells Philippines to U.S. for $20

million Actual war lasts a total of 15 weeks

361 American deaths, 2,061 of food poisoning and disease

Sec. of State John Hay calls the war, “a splendid little war.”

New U.S. “spheres of influence”

EFFECTS ON NEW AREAS

Puerto Rico Foraker Act (1900) Set up gov’t where

U.S. had a great deal of influence Puerto Ricans have been granted U.S.

citizenship Cuba

Platt Amendment gives the U.S. far more power in Cuba and right to intervene

Guantanamo Bay, Cuba (Marine base)

EFFECTS ON THE PHILIPPINES

U.S. acts much like the Spanish in the Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo leads rebellion against U.S. (guerilla tactics)

We could not leave them to themselves – they were unfit for self-government, and would soon have anarchy and misrule worse than Spain’s was . . . There was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them…

-President William McKinley

• Aguinaldo issued a proclamation of independence in January 1899 – declaring the Philippines a republic

• USA ignored the proclamation and proceeded to suppress the independence movement

• Vicious fighting lasted for 3 years:

• 4,000 American soldiers KIA

• 3,000 American soldiers wounded

• 16,000 Filipino soldiers KIA

• 200,000 Filipino civilians killed

• Occasional fighting continued for years

• During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines in WWII, Aguinaldo made an infamous radio address in support of the Japanese (referring to them as liberators)

• Aguinaldo was imprisoned by the USA (in his trial as a collaborator, he testified that the Japanese forced him to make the address)

• The Philippines were granted independence in 1946

1917 = WWI 1941 = WWII 1950 = Korea 1964 = Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – Vietnam 1991 = Persian Gulf War (invasion of Kuwait) 2001 = Invasion of Afghanistan (to depose the Taliban) 2003 = Invasion of Iraq (to depose Saddam Hussein)

Victory in the Spanish-American War touched off a new era in the United States. Its role in world affairs forever changed; the United States became involved in many foreign conflicts over the next century.

The United States into the 21st Century

THE UNITED STATES IN ASIA

America as a World Power Unit

BEGINNING OF TRADE

China being split by European powers Spheres of Influence – only one nation can

trade in a specific area Increase of trade w/ the U.S.

American missionaries sent to China Chinese workers come to America to work

on railroads

“The Empress of China” trading

goods b/w the U.S. and China

CONFLICT

Chinese want to preserve traditional culture

Mixed perceptions of China exotic, backward and

immoral Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) suspends Chinese immigration

OPEN DOOR NOTES

Letters to share trading rights w/ the U.S. John Hay (Sec. Of State for McKinley) Agreed to by foreign powers, but not

happy

BOXER REBELLION

Traditionalist Chinese become angered Attack and murder

missionaries, other foreigners, and Chinese converts

Hundreds of foreigners die, thousands of Chinese die in fighting

Rebellion eventually put down and shaky relations with China continue

DESCRIPTION FROM ONE FOREIGNER ABOUT THE BOXER REBELLION

“THEIR YELLS WERE DEAFENING, WHILE THE ROAR OF GONGS, DRUMS AND HORNS SOUNDED LIKE THUNDER… THEY WAVED THEIR SWORDS AND STAMPED ON THE GROUND WITH THEIR

FEET. THEY WORE RED TURBANS, SASHES, AND GARTERS OVER BLUE CLOTH. WHEN THEY WERE ONLY TWENTY FEET FROM OUR

GATE, THREE VOLLEYS FROM THE RIFLES OF OUR SOLDIERS

LEFT MORE THAN FIFTY DEAD UPON THE GROUND.”

JAPAN 1852 Commodore

Matthew Perry sent to Japan to open trade

Conflicts Japanese immigrants begin

coming to the West Coast Gentlemen’s Agreement

restriction on immigration Japan begins to adopt

western ideas and becomes an industrial nation

Matthew Perry and Japanese images of American arrival

RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

Japan wanted to expand its influence Become a world power Need for resources

Take Manchuria, Korea and attack Russia

Japanese have great success (1st time an eastern nation defeated a western power)

President Roosevelt intervenes to settle conflict

ROOSEVELT AND THE TREATY

Roosevelt wants both to have open door policy w/ China

Roosevelt fears Japanese power

Treaty at Portsmouth, NH (1905)

Roosevelt wins the Nobel Peace Prize

“it could possibly mean a struggle between them

(Japan) and us in the future” ~ Roosevelt foreshadowing

UNITED STATES IN LATIN AMERICA

America as a World Power

BACKGROUND

Monroe Doctrine – U.S. opposes any European involvement in Western Hemisphere (1823)

Interested in protection within own region

Concerned about potential canal zone

Economic interests

U.S. FOREIGN POLICY IN LATIN AMERICA

Big Stick Diplomacy (Roosevelt)

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Dollar Diplomacy (Taft)

Moral Diplomacy (Wilson)

BIG STICK DIPLOMACY

“Speak softly and carry a big stick.” ~TR Believed that the U.S. had to build up a strong

military Military sphere of influence

The military would provide the “threat” of force in order to protect American interests The threat would allow America to back up its word

A LATIN AMERICAN POLICE FORCE

Roosevelt Corollary – Says that US will intervene in any Latin American country whose stability was in question (get rid of European influence) Military sphere of influence

Examples: Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti

Mixed Opinions

DOLLAR & MORAL DIPLOMACY

William H. Taft Dollar Diplomacy – urge banks and business to

invest in Latin America Economic sphere of influence

Woodrow Wilson Wilson was more an anti-imperialist Thought using money or force would hurt the

U.S. and Latin America Promote democratic gov’ts

GREAT WHITE FLEET

Roosevelt sends U.S. navy on a global cruise

16 white battleships to show that U.S. is a power in the Pacific and the world

THE PANAMA CANAL

1880 – French company begins work on a canal across Panama Ferdinand de Lesseps (same man who

built the Suez Canal) After a decade, the canal was

canceled (disease and terrain) 20,000 dead in 9 years (French give up)

Ferdinand De Lesseps

Builder of the Suez Canal and hired by the French to build

the Canal in Panama

AMERICAN MOTIVATIONS

1) Boost the nation’s economy2) 2) Shorten journey b/w eastern

factories and Asian markets

REVOLUTION IN PANAMA

French (Bunau-Varilla) help the Panamanians rebel They want out.

Roosevelt supports Varilla by sending a warship (U.S.S. Nashville)

With support from U.S., rebellion is successful U.S. recognizes Panama as a new nation

Many believe it is a violation of Colombian rights (eventually pay them $25 million)

BUILDING THE CANAL Problems

Disease-carrying mosquitoes (yellow fever, malaria)

Humidity Frequent accidents

William Gorgas – sent to Panama to reduce death from disease

The Size More than 43,000 workers at one

time 61 million pounds of dynamite

Completed in 1914 (5,600 workers die from disease)

Yellow Fever trouble spots today. Panama is still

included.South America Africa

SIGNIFICANCE OF CANAL

50 mile canal Trip was 8,000 miles

shorter Gateway between the

Atlantic and Pacific “The Land Divided, the

World United” One of the two most

important canals in the world

The Inauguration of the Canal Zone

– S.S. Ancon

WORLD WAR I

America as a World Power Unit

EUROPE BEFORE WAR Fewer nations than today All nations have national self-

interests hegemony = power

Balkan Peninsula is constantly unstable

Many nationalities Great reliance on Alliance system Belief that war would be quick and victorious

Nationalities of Europe (1914)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

The “sick man” of Europe

Mediocre military, industrial economy

An empire whose best days were a century or two past

Biggest Problem: Ethnic Tensions

The Austro-Hungarian Empire

Many different ethnic groups

FRANCE

First place in no category, last place in no category

Only Republic Up until 1815

enjoyed hegemony in Europe

Relatively large, wealthy, and powerful

Jittery about Germany

GERMANY

Unified in 1871 Most Industrialized Most Feared Army Cultural Clashes

and Rivalry with Russia and France

Fairly autocratic rule by Kaiser Wilhelm II

GREAT BRITAIN

Greatest Naval Power Greatest Empire Fairly Good Relations

with All Nations Most Stable

Government Relatively Small

Population Industrialized, but

eclipsed by Germany

ITALY

Newcomer (Unification in 1860s)

Relatively poor and underdeveloped compared to other major powers

Relative loser in imperialist land-grab

Looking for Legitimacy

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

RUSSIA

Europe’s Slow Giant Enormous Population and Natural

Resources Ethnic tensions with Germany Territorial tensions with Austria-Hungary Fearful of Revolution

LONG TERM CAUSES OF THE WAR

M Militarism A Alliances I Imperialism N Nationalism

(M)ILITARISM Definition –

development of armed forces and their use as a diplomatic tool

Military spending to defend empires; everybody wanted a stronger military than their competition

By 1890 – Great Britain is greatest naval power; Germany is greatest land power

Other countries quickly join the race

European competition for the greatest navy and most advanced

technology

(A)LLIANCES

Triple Entente – France, Great Britain and Russia (a.k.a. the “allies”)

Triple Alliance – Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (a.k.a. the “central powers”)

Purpose was to maintain the balance of power and stop war from occurring

The system primarily set up by Otto Von Bismarck (German statesman)

Otto Von Bismarck (1815-1898) – Considered the

founder of the German Empire and architect of the Alliance

System

Bismarck helped to maintain the balance of power in

Europe, but was forced to resign from German

government in 1890 by William II.

Kaiser Wilhelm II (1859-1941) – Emperor of Germany

Wilhelm led Germany through World War I and gave up the

throne in 1918. Fled to Holland and lived there till his death. Very much an advocate of

German nationalism

(I)MPERIALISM

Definition - Building of empires economically and politically (not exclusive to the US)

Colonies provide raw materials, markets, and extension of power

Leads to competition and increased militarism

All nations begin to extend their influence throughout the “third world”

(N)ATIONALISM

Definition – devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation

Social Darwinism and ethnic differences

Leads to competition and rivalry among European countries

Pan-Slavism A united country of Slavic people protected by Russia (leads to outbreak of war)

THE ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND& THE JULY CRISIS

ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND

Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary Nephew of the

current king – Franz Joseph

DANGEROUS TO SERBIA Would have

granted Southern Slavs autonomy (self-rule) but couldn’t let them be independent

Ended possible revolution in Bosnia and reunification with Serbia

JUNE 28, 1914 Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo, Bosnia on a goodwill tour

200th anniversary of A-H’s rule over Bosnia

Last photo of Archduke and Princess alive – leaving city hall after their banquet.

BAD CHOICE… Gavrilo Princip and “Black Hand” gang shot Ferdinand while he visited Sarajevo

Princip as he is arrested and before he can shoot himself

GAVRILO PRINCIP:FACTS:

(1) WANTED TO FREE BOSNIA FROM THE RULE OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND MAKE IT PART OF SERBIA ONCE AGAIN

(2) MURDERED ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND AND HIS PREGNANT WIFE SOPHIA

(3) HIS PURPOSE WAS TO SEND A MESSAGE TO AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND PROMOTE NATIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION

(4) THE ASSASSINATION WAS PLANNED AND SUPPORTED BY THE SERBIAN GOVERNMENT

Question:

Is Gavrilo Princip a terrorist or freedom fighter?

Archduke and Princess lying in state

JULY CRISIS

Austria confers with Germany for almost 1 month

Germany offers unlimited and unconditional support

RUSSIA’S ROLE

Austria tries to provoke Serbia into war July 23 – delivered 24 point ultimatum

Serbia submits to all but 1 condition A-H can’t come into Serbia to investigate

July 28 A-H declares war on Serbia Felt bound to help defend Serbia (Pan-

Slavism) July 30-31 – Russia mobilized against A-H

and Germany – also asked France to mobilize

July 31 – A-H mobilized against Russia Germany began to mobilize and gave Russia

a 12 hr. deadline to stop their mobilization Russia refused to stop

FURTHER DECLARATIONS OF WAR

August 1 – Ger. Declares war on Russia August 3 – Ger. Declares war on France

Italians were left out of loop Claim ignorance and insult

Brit. Fears a Ger. victory August 4 – Brit. Joins France and Russia

Includes Canada, New Zealand, Australia, Ireland…

WHERE IS AMERICA?

U.S. is officially neutral Individuals are divided on who

they should support (or to support any nation at all)

AMERICAN NEUTRALITY

INTERVENTIONISTS ISOLATIONISTS

Split ties due to immigration Support Germany

German ancestry Irish looking to gain

independence from Britain

Support Britain Common culture,

language, and legal system

German attack on Belgium

Economic ties w/ British

Socialists criticize war Conflict over markets and

economic control U.S. should be an

example peace William Jennings Bryan

Fear of families experiencing horrors of war

SINKING OF THE LUSITANIA

Sailing from New York to England (carrying civilians and munitions)

May 7, 1915 Sunk by a German U-Boat

LUSITANIA

1,198 killed (128 Americans) Wilson demands an apology, money,

and commitment not to use submarines

Germans agree to most; Americans back down and remain neutral

THE SUSSEX PLEDGE

German U-boat sinks French liner “Sussex”

March, 1916 Sussex Pledge Germans

promise not to sink merchant ships without warning and without saving human lives

U.S. Congress agrees to begin building up the army and navy

U.S. is still aiding in the war effort but not yet officially involved in the war

ZIMMERMANN NOTE

Arthur Zimmermann – German ambassador to Mexico

If Mexico joins a German alliance, Germany would help to restore territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona back to Mexico

Note is made public and outrages Americans

ELECTION OF 1916

Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) – Charles Evans Hughes (Republican) Wilson narrowly wins election as

continues to work for peace Calls for a “peace without victory”

THE ELECTORAL RESULTS

THE FINAL STRAW

Wilson says “the world must be made safe for democracy” in his call for war to Congress

Germans continue use of unrestricted submarine warfare

April 6, 1917 – U.S. Congress declares war

“It is a war against all

nations…the challenge is to all

mankind.”

RECRUITING & RAISING AN ARMY

Selective Service Act (May 1917) Required all men between 21-30

to sign up for military service (opposed by many)

Random selection Later made to include ages 18-45 3 million men drafted 2 more million volunteer 400,000 African Americans serve.

Women worked as clerks, nurses, stenographers and radio operators

THE AMERICAN IMPACT

Mass Production 1) ship workers

exempt from draft 2) Emphasize

importance of ship making

3) Fabrication techniques used

Built elsewhere, but assembled at the shipyard

4) Gov’t took over some commercial and private ships

AMERICAN ARRIVAL

Europe had been at war for more than 2 years already.

Convoy system warships guard troop carriers across the Atlantic (soldiers and supplies reach safely)

June 14, 1917 – General John J. Pershing and the American Expeditionary Forces (“Doughboys”) Fresh and enthusiastic troops A boost in morale

American forces turn the tide of the war in a time of desperate need

General John J. Pershing, leader of the

American Expeditionary Forces

Pershing fought in both the Spanish American War and was in charge

of tracking down Pancho Villa before the United States headed off to war in Europe

The American Expeditionary Forces, or

“Doughboys”

The trench system of the Western Front stretched for 400 miles from the North Sea on the coast of Belgium

to the Alps of Switzerland

THE TRENCHES

Systems of digging out the ground to protect army

Both sides utilize the trenches Life in the trenches was uncomfortable

and quite bleak “no man’s land” barren expanse of

mud with shell craters and barbed wire

BBC Trenches

Image of soldiers “going over the top” – meaning to climb over the trenches and charge across “no man’s land”

LIFE IN THE TRENCHES

Disease runs rampant through the trenches

Rats infest the trenches in thousands

Lice cause Trench fever severe pain followed by deadly fever

Trench foot Fungal infection of the feet Caused by cold, wet and

unsanitary trenches Could cause gangrenous

conditions and result in amputation.

TRENCHES (CON’T)

Trench warfare creates a stalemate in France that neither army can break

Combined with the new technology of the war, this creates massive casualties that have never been seen before

Soldiers fixing bayonets

preparing to go “over the top” and charge the other trenches.

Machine gun fire from the other trenches create huge casualties

Aerial view of trench network near Villecey

Water-filled trench at Passchendaele

THE DAILY GRIND

1. Clean Rifle2. Eat Breakfast (unofficial truce)3. Complete Daily Chores -refilling of

sandbags, repair the duckboards, and the draining of trenches.

4. Sleep, write letters, etc.5. Wait for nightfall (most action

happened then)

WEAPONS OF WARAmerica as a World Power

MACHINE GUN Modified during World War I (most

effective weapon) Up to 600 rounds/minute

Considered “weapon of mass destruction” (MWD)

Mainly used as a defensive weapon Problems: (1) immobile (2) overheating

(3) frequently jammed

Above and to the right : German made WWI Bergmann MP18 machine gun

Below: U.S. made WWI Browning machine gun

WITH EVERY WEAPON, EACH NATION HAS ITS OWN MODEL

FLAMETHROWER

Psychological weapon of terror

Idea to launch burning fuel

Used to clear defenders before infantry charge

Later used as extensions from tanks

Most WWI flamethrowers were operated in teams and one person carried a pack of fuel

TANKS AIRPLANES

Caterpillar treads Constructed w/ steel Used more to

destroy barbed wire defenses

First used in WWI (By British in 1916)

Still have many weak areas

First used in WWI mostly as scout planes

Machine guns mounted for “dogfights” and used for early bombing

Air balloons also used for scouting

WWI style tank with caterpillar tracks

Left: Typical WWI airplane

Below: WWI style seaplane

Below: WWI style bomber, not used till

end of war

Right: Airplane with camera mounted to

serve as surveillance of enemy troops

Left: WWI biplanes flying in formation

Eddie Rickenbacker – Leading American pilot with 26 victories

Manfred Von Richthofen a.k.a. “Red Baron” – leading German pilot with 80

victories

Above: Air ships were relatively new to the scene and used for

scouting and eventually to drop bombs

Right: Anti-Air Guns

WWI style searchlights used to find airplanes.

Radar would not be used until the Second World War

POISON GAS

Physical and psychological weapon First used by the French

Chlorine fog – suffocates (choking attacks), burns, and blinds victims (yellow-green gas)

Phosgene – caused violent coughing and choking w/ delayed effect (next step up)

Mustard Gas – caused internal and external blisters

Gas attacks receive condemnation (topic of debate for years)

Casualties From Gas - The Numbers

Country Total Casualties Death

Austria-Hungary 100,000 3,000

British Empire 188,706 8,109

France 190,000 8,000

Germany 200,000 9,000

Italy 60,000 4,627

Russia 419,340 56,000

USA 72,807 1,462

Others 10,000 1,000

World War I gas masks – Gas attacks created fear among the troops and were

created to break the stalemate

Gas masks for man and horse demonstrated by American soldier

A MENTAL WAR

Mental Illness Shell Shock – called Post Traumatic

Stress Disorder today Thousands were discovered to suffer Lack of sleep

MEDICINE BREAKTHROUGHS Treating wounds and injury becomes

more advanced (along w/ fighting infection)

Use of rehabilitation Skin-graft technology to heal face

wounds (leads to plastic surgery) Red Cross Ambulances used

THE AMERICAN HOMEFRONT

America as a World Power Unit

GOALS OF HOMEFRONT ORGANIZATIONS Raising money

for the war

Gaining public support for the war

PAYING FOR THE WAR

$35.5 billion spent on the war 1/3 from taxes

Progressive Income Taxes on tobacco, liquor,

and luxury goods The rest from bonds

“Liberty” and “Victory” Loans

AMERICAN INDUSTRY

War Industries Board Encourage mass production Eliminate waste Set up production quotas and distributed raw

materials Bernard Baruch, set up in 1917

Impact on Labor American industry grows by 20% Largely responsible for allied victory in the war With so many white men off to war, women and

blacks found many jobs in the factories

CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES

Food Administration Herbert Hoover Set crop prices and

regulate food exports Families conserve

food, coal, gas Daylight savings time

Encourage Americans to plant “victory gardens” to save food for the soldiers

PATRIOTISM & PROPAGANDA

Committee on Public Information Promote the war to American public

Posters, paintings, cartoons, and speeches

George Creel (former muckraker) “Star Spangled Banner” sung at

many public occasions “100 percent Americanism” Support for the war is great

William Tyler Page

• Writes American’s Creed”

• Part of an essay contest

ENSURING LOYALTY

Espionage Act (1917) Punished anyone found guilty of helping

the enemy, hindering recruitment, or inciting revolt.

Sedition Act (1918) Prohibited speech that was “disloyal,

profane, scurrilous, or abusive about the government, flag, Constitution or armed forces.”

WERE THOSE NEW LAWS CONSTITUTIONAL? Do you think that the Sedition Act and

Espionage Act violate the Constitution of the United States of America?

Schenck v. U.S. – Supreme Court says the Espionage Act is constitutional. Oliver Wendell Holmes (Supreme Court

Justice) says there are cases where the first amendment right of free speech can be limited (cases of clear, and present danger, like wartime)

Eugene V. Debs – an outspoken opponent of

the war effort – was given a 10 year sentence for

speaking out against the war and draft.

Citizens collect books from the Chicago Public Library to send over to soldiers fighting

in Europe

THE END OF WAR, 14 POINTS, AND TREATY OF VERSAILLES

America as a World Power

END OF THE WAR

Russia pulls out of war in 1917 Germans concentrate forces and make a

push on the western front U.S. troops arrive just in time

Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood, and 2nd Marne No invasion or decisive battle (war of

attrition)

ARMISTICE DAY

•November 11, 1918 Armistice day (cease fire)•48,000 U.S. dead in battle, 62,000 of disease•22 Million total deaths in Europe

HOW TO SOLVE THE PEACE???

What were the long-term and immediate causes of war? Explain briefly.

How should a peace treaty have resolved these problems?

WILSON’S 14 POINTS

• January 1918

• Wilson presents his plan for peace (Intended end the causes that had begun the war in the first place)

• Proposed an international organization called the League of Nations to preserve peace in the world

• The 14 points truly express Wilson’s optimism and idealism

1. Self determination (personal independence) of all peoples

2. Arms reduction

3. Non-punishment

4. Formation of the League of Nations

5. Freedom of the Seas

6. No secret treaties

7. Free and open trade

Ideals in Wilson’s Fourteen Points

What did Wilson hope

the League of Nations would

accomplish?

PEACE IN PARIS United States - primarily concerned with maintaining

world peace Woodrow Wilson

France – punish Germany Georges Clemenceau

Italy – gain land and spoils of war Vittorio Orlando

Britain – punish Germany, not as bad as France David Lloyd George

The “Big Four” have a difficult time compromising on the right course of action for Europe and the world

From the left: David Lloyd

George of Great Britain, Orlando

of Italy, Clemenceau of

France and Wilson of the United

States

• Germany blamed, demilitarized, forced to pay reparations ($33 billion)

• Treaty written without German representation

• Anschluss (Combining of Germany and Austria) forbidden forever

• League of Nations created but Germany not admitted

Treaty of Versailles

• Map altered with little regard for ethnic or true national boundaries

• Poland created out of Germany and Russia

• France given the Alsace Lorraine province

• Czechoslovakia created out of Germany and Austria-Hungary

• Yugoslavia created by combining Montenegro, Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, and other small territories

• Austria-Hungary broken up

• England received mandates territorial holdings in the Middle East from the Ottoman Empire

Treaty of Versailles

Great Britain “forgot” about its promises

to both Arab Muslims and Jews

to create an independent

homeland for them in their holy lands

DISAGREEMENT OVER THE LEAGUE

No L.O.N. Fear of war w/out

Congressional approval

U.S. involvement in issues beyond its concern

Henry Cabot Lodge

For the L.O.N. Claim that

cooperation among nations would create peace

Wilson’s idea and U.S. as a world leader

Franklin Roosevelt

WILSON AND THE LEAGUE

Wilson attempted to convince the American public and U.S. Congress to pass a treaty allowing the League of Nations Partisanship –rivalry among political parties-

defeats the L.O.N. Wilson collapses from exhaustion and suffers

a stroke days later Congress never passes the treaty League of Nations begins without the support

of the United States

Wilson tours America to convince the citizens of the League of

Nations

The Ideal League The League in Practice

All nations should be members. Not all nations were members (eg. USA and Russia).

All nations should be equal partners in the League.

Not equal partners because major powers made decisions in the Council.

The League should be able to make decisions quickly and easily.

League structure was weak, disagreement caused delays.

National interests should be second to the league’s interests.

Nations were more interested in their OWN affairs, especially after 1929 with the economic crisis.

•Members should obey the League’s sanctions: The Moral Sanction.•The Economic Sanction.•The Military Sanction.

It was ignored (eg. Japan in Manchuria – 1931). Offenders could trade with none League members (eg. Abyssinia Crisis – 1935/6).It wasn't realistic to use violence to stop violence.

The Ideal versus Real League of Nations