America Comes of Age

1823-1900

Warning to Europe:1. The Americas are “closed to future colonization by any European powers.”

2. Do not impose your systems of government in the Western Hemisphere.

3. Do not interfere in Latin America “for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny.”

Our Pledge:We will stay out of European affairs.

Roots of ExpansionismNational greatness required competition with EuropeManifest Destiny and war with MexicoIndustrial market demandMilitary developmentWhite Man’s Burden

We do not want to fight, But by jingo, if we do,We’ll scoop in all the fishing grounds And the whole dominion too!

Sanford B. Dole

“The Hawaiian

pear is now fully ripe,

and this is the golden

hour for the United

States to pluck it.”

Cleveland wavered on annexation

1898 Congress proclaimed Hawaii an American territory

1959 Hawaii became the 50th state

Puck magazine published this cartoondepicting Cuba's difficult situation in the 1890s.

Joseph Pulitzer’s

World

William Randolph Hearst’s Journal

Valeriano “Butcher” Weyler

Crisis over Cuba

1895: Anti-Spanish Revolt

US: $50 million invested; $100 million imports

Spanish Commander Weyler’s “reconcentration” policy; 200,000 Cubans died

McKinley: “bidder for the admiration of the crowd”

A Spanishunderwater

Mine?

On-boardammunitions?

US War with SpainSpanish make Concessions

McKinley sends war message toCongress

Joint Congressional Legislation:recognized Cuban independence;authorized U.S. force to expelSpanish from Cuba

Teller Amendment: no US “sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control” in Cuba (implication: US will leave once Cuban independence is established)

Platt Amendment (to 1901 army appropriations bill):

U.S. withdrawal only after Cuba agreed not to make treaties with foreign powers that would limit Cuban independence and not to become indebted to foreign countries; in effect until 1934.

Reoccupied 1906-1909; again 1912; established naval base at Guantanamo Bay

By 1920, US investments reached $500 million

War in the Philippines

1898 Admiral Dewey steams US fleet into Manila Bay destroying or capturing all 10 Spanish ships

Philippine Islands stepping stone to Chinese markets

US Mission: “to educate the Filipinos, and to uplift and civilize and Christianize them, and by God’s grace do the very best we could by them.”

Philippines:7,000 islands, 400 inhabited1898: population 5 million

In 1899, 125,000 American troops arrived to put down independence rebellion by

“our little brown brothers.”

27-year-old Emilio Aguinaldo

The Unruly Philippines

Organized independence movement to oust Spain

Declared Filipino independence and wrote democratic constitution

Ordered attack on U.S. base at Manila when U.S. refused to withdraw from Philippines

Captured by U.S. forces in 1901

20,000 Filipinos die fighting for independence; 4,000 Americans died (10X more than Spanish-American War)

US implements reconcentration policy

1902 Philippine Government Act promises eventual self-government

Independence granted in 1946

Secretary of State John Hay

China forced to self-divide into spheres of foreign influence

Russia built Manchurian RR

Germany exacted 99-year lease on port of Chaozhou and mining and RR rights in Shandong province

Secretary of State John Hay notes to Europe

Do not interfere with American trading rights in China

Do not grant privileges to traders from own countries

OPEN DOOR TO CHINA

Anti-Foreign Sentiment

Boxer RebellionSecret Society of the Harmonious Righteous Fists

Killed foreigners and Chinese converts to Christianity1900: Occupied Beijing; fought off by international armyHay issued second notes reaffirming open trade in China

Panama Canal

1879

• French begin building

• Corruption, mismanagement, yellow fever resulted in $400 million loss in 10 years

• Offered rights from Colombia to US for $109 million; lowered to $40 million

Hay-Herran Agreement

Granted US 99-year lease on property; $10 million, $250,000/year

Rejected by Colombia, wanted to renegotiate with US

Roosevelt and Philippe Bunau-Varilla (Fr. Co. Official) orchestrated revolution on isthmus of Panama (11/3/03) with US naval ship offshore

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers undertook vigorous drainage project to remove yellow fever mosquito

August 1914: 1st ship traveled through

THE ROOSEVELT

COROLLARYto the

Monroe Doctrine

Asserting U.S. right to intervene in Latin America

Speak softly and carry a...

Threatening military force to influence politics in other countries