america in world war i. militarism what is it? –keeping a standing army always prepared for war...
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America in World War I
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MILITARISM• What is it?
– Keeping a standing army always prepared for war
– Armed forces as tool of diplomacy
• Which European country is strongest?– Great Britain because of navy– BUT by 1890, Germany has largest
army reserve and has begun building navy to rival that of Great Britain
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ALLIANCES• What is it?
– Commitment to support one another if attacked
• Why?– Security through balance of power
• Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, Russia)• Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Ottoman Empire)– BUT alliances are like dominos – once one
country becomes involved, their allies have no choice but to fight
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IMPERIALISM• What is it?
– Policy of extending a nation’s authority over other countries by social, economic, political, or military means
• Why is this significant?– European nations were competing against each other
How is Imperialism related to Militarism?
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NATIONALISM• What is it?
– Belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation
• National interests and national unity should be placed ahead of global cooperation
• Foreign affairs should be guided by self-interest• Impact?
– France and Germany are competitors – won’t become Allies
– Russia’s role as protector leads them into the war– Ethnic groups want their own nations
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M.A.I.N.
Not sure how you’ll remember all of this? Just remember that these are the MAIN
causes of WWI!
M – Militarism
A – Alliances
I – Imperialism
N – Nationalism
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The Spark: An Assassination
“The powder keg of Europe”
• Area with long history of nationalist uprisings
• Serbia’s Slavic population wanted to establish their own state and take over Bosnia
• Austria-Hungary controlled Bosnia
• June 1914: Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, gunned down by a Serbian radical
The Archduke is assassinated in Sarajevo in June 1914
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Immediate Cause of World War I:
Assassination• Gavrilo Princip? Who??
– Serbian assassin with strong feelings of Nationalism
• This starts a war?!– Countries unable to solve
problems through diplomacy– Alliances called into play!
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Why Didn’t America Get Involved?
• America was isolationist– “Why should I get involved
in someone else’s problems?”
• Country had divided loyalties
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Questions to Consider1. Is isolationism really an option for a
country as powerful as the United States?
2. What are the disadvantages of isolationism?
3. What are the advantages?
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The Economics of WWI
• U.S. had loaned extensive $$ to Western Europe
• U.S. had stronger economic ties with Allies than Central Powers
• Even though U.S. was officially neutral:– Traded heavily with Britain and France
– Complied with a British embargo on trading with Germany
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United States Neutrality• Germany using “unrestricted submarine warfare”
– Any ship traveling in waters around Great Britain was subject to attack by U-boats
– Initially U-boats attacked only military and merchant ships
• May 7, 1915: Passenger ship Lusitania struck by German torpedo and sinks in 18 minutes
– 1,198 of the 1,959 passengers go down with the ship, including 120 Americans
• Germany agreed to stop attacking passenger ships if U.S. stopped trading with Britain
History Channel Video Clip!
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Wilson Wins Reelection (1916)
• Very close election Wilson’s victory linked to his promise of further neutrality
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The Zimmerman Note• February 1917: discovery of Zimmermann Note
• Secret message from German diplomat to Mexican government
• Suggested Mexico attack U.S.
• Promised Mexican government control of Texas, Arizona and New Mexico (territory that had once belonged to Mexico)
• Germans hoped that war with Mexico would keep U.S. out of Europe
• American public PISSED
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A Declaration of War
• Germany asks U.S. to get Britain to end food blockade– Otherwise will renew unrestricted
submarine war– Britain refuses
• Kaiser announces U-boats will sink all ships in British waters
• Four unarmed American merchant ships sunk
• April 2, 1917: U.S. declares war
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Mobilizing An Army
• Selective Service Act - men register and are randomly chosen for service
• African Americans are put in segregated units; excluded from navy, marines
• Women in put into Army, Navy, and Marines as nurses, secretaries, and phone operators
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• Convoy system—destroyers escort merchant ships across Atlantic– losses from U-boat attacks drop dramatically
• Navy helps lay mines across North Sea, keeps U-boats out of Atlantic
• By 1918: Germans have difficulty replacing boats and trained submariners
U.S. Naval Contributions
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The “Doughboys”
• After 2.5 years of fighting, Allied forces are exhausted and demoralized
• U.S. troops bring numbers, enthusiasm, and supplies
• “Doughboys” greatly impressed by European cities, especially Paris, but horrified by the battle conditions
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Allies Stop German Advance
Russian Revolution and overthrow of the Tsar results in major changes
• Russia surrenders in 1917• Germans shift entire focus to Western
Front–come within 50 miles of Paris
• Americans help stop German advance, turn tide against Central Powers
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Getting Public Support• Difficult with tradition
of isolationism and neutrality
• Wilson cast war in moral terms: “making the world safe for democracy”
• Played on people’s ideas of America as the savior
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Changing the Economy
• Economy shifts from producing consumer goods to war supplies– Congress gives Wilson direct
control of much of the economy
• War Industries Board: main regulatory body– mass-production,
standardization of products
• Conservation measures adopted by public in every aspect of life
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A New War Economy
• Industrial wages rise but so do costs of food and housing
• Large corporations make enormous profits• Unions grow (dangerous conditions, child
labor, unfair pay)• Wilson creates National War Labor Board to
settle disputes
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War Financing
• U.S. spends $35.5 billion on war effort
• 1/3 paid through taxes, 2/3 borrowed through sale of war bonds
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Committee on Public Information
• Propaganda: biased communication designed to influence people
• Former muckraker heads Committee on Public Information
• Uses visual works and printed matter to promote war
• Get volunteers to speak about war, distribute materials
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Women in the War• Many women take jobs
previously held by men• Volunteer work for war effort• Some active in peace
movement • Women’s effort bolsters
support for suffrage - 19th Amendment passed in 1919
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Anti-Immigrant Hysteria
• Attacks on immigrants increase, especially those from Germany, Austria-Hungary
• Espionage and Sedition Acts passed –person can be fined, imprisoned for interfering
with war effort, speaking against government
• Violated 1st Amendment: used to prosecute loosely defined antiwar activities
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An Unforeseen Problem
Flu Pandemic of 1918
• International flu epidemic of 1918 has devastating effect
• As many as 30 million people die worldwide
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THE WAR ENDSWith the fall of Germany, the Allies must decide on peace terms
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The Collapse of Germany
1918: balance of power shifts• Many Germans gave up without a fight, ready to be
done with the war
The End of WWI• Nov 3, 1918: Austria-Hungary surrenders• German soldiers and sailors rebel, socialists
establish a new German Republic• November 11, 1918: Germany signs armistice
(truce)
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An Uneasy PeaceLeaders of four major Allied countries all had different
goals after WWI
1. French = punish Germany, make them pay for war
2. British = punish Germany, but not weaken it
3. Italy = gain territory
• Mostly ignored during peace talks
4. U.S. = President Wilson’s 14 Points
• Underestimated how angry other countries were – gave up other Points to get the League of Nations
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Wilson’s Fourteen Points
President Wilson’s plan for peace:• 1-5 dealt with why countries could declare war
• 6-13 dealt with new boundary changes• Boundaries based on self-determination - ethnic
groups would decide what nation to belong to instead of the winning countries dividing up the world
• 14th created the League of Nations• International peace keeping organization
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The Treaty of Versailles - 1919
• After the war, several issues needed to be dealt with1. Debt
2. Military Threats
3. Territorial Disputes
4. Blame
$
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Britain
• British people wanted to punish Germans “Squeeze them until the pips squeal!”
• Representative weary of punishing Germany too harshly
• Wanted to make Germany pay for all of France damages and costs of war
• In favor of harsh punishment for Germany
France
Italy• Declared war on Germany 1915
(when it changed sides)
• Italy promised land in exchange for turning Germany from an ally to an enemy
United States• Less causalities, less anger?
• Believed that Germany should be treated fairly and a League of Nations established to deal with future conflicts
THE BIG FOUR
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Issue #1: DEBT$• Britain and France heavily in debt• Didn’t want to pay debt – didn’t think they were
responsible
Treaty Solution: Reparations • Germany and Central Powers held responsible
for ALL financial losses
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Issue #2: MILITARY THREATS• Many feared another Great War• France wanted to separate the Rhineland from Germany
– If Germany didn’t have their industrial center, would be less able to threaten France again
Treaty Solution:• Rhineland demilitarized• German army capped at 100,000 men
– Volunteers only - no draft• German Navy destroyed• Germany use of tanks and heavy artillery FORBIDDEN
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Establishment of the League of Nations
• International group• Created to prevent future conflicts • Based on the idea of Collective Security
– Group of nations act together to preserve peace
– “All for peace, none for war!”
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Issue #3: TERRITORIAL DISPUTES
• Many areas of Europe were in political turmoil • Partly a result of collapsing empires
Treaty Solutions:• Germany lost land and all colonies • France gains back Alsace-Lorraine• Ottoman Empire divided between France and
Britain• 9 new countries created
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Issue #4: BLAME
• After the devastation of the war, people wanted to be able to put the blame somewhere
Treaty Solution:• The War-Guilt Clause
– Germany had to accept the blame for the entire war
– Had to admit they were solely responsible for atrocities committed during the war
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Weaknesses of Treaty
• Germany couldn‘t pay back reparations• Germany hated the War Guilt Clause• Russia felt ignored
– Not invited to meeting and had suffered the highest number of causalities
– Lost more territory than Germany and was determined to get it back
• U.S. Senate voted down membership in the League of Nations– Most Americans wanted nothing to do with Europe’s
problems