America Secedes America Secedes From the EmpireFrom the Empire

CHAPTER 8

2nd CONTINENTAL CONGRESS• Bloodshed at Lexington Bloodshed at Lexington

And Concord was a call And Concord was a call to armsto arms

• 2nd Continental 2nd Continental Congress- May 10, Congress- May 10, 1775- all 13 colonies1775- all 13 colonies– New AppealsNew Appeals– Raised money to Raised money to

create an army and create an army and navynavy

– George Washington George Washington was made was made commander of the commander of the armyarmy

– Established a group Established a group to write a Declaration to write a Declaration of Independenceof Independence

– Page 132Page 132

1775-1776Curious War of Inconsistency

• Attempts to avoid Attempts to avoid war were war were unsuccessfulunsuccessful– May 1775- May 1775-

Ticonderoga- Ethan Ticonderoga- Ethan Allen and Benedict Allen and Benedict ArnoldArnold

– June 1775- Bunker June 1775- Bunker HillHill

– July 1775- Olive July 1775- Olive Branch PetitionBranch Petition

– August 1775- The August 1775- The colonies were at colonies were at rebellion- Treasonrebellion- Treason

– Sept. 1775- HessiansSept. 1775- Hessians

– Oct. 1775-Falmouth, Oct. 1775-Falmouth, MaineMaine

– Winter 1775-Canada- Winter 1775-Canada- Arnold and Arnold and MontgomeryMontgomery

– June 1776- Norfolk, June 1776- Norfolk, VaVa

– March 1776- March 1776- Dorchester Heights- Dorchester Heights- British evacuate British evacuate BostonBoston

– Spring and summer Spring and summer 1776- Colonial 1776- Colonial victories at Moores victories at Moores Creek Bridge and Creek Bridge and Charleston LandingCharleston Landing

COMMON SENSE• Loyalty to the Loyalty to the

empire was deeply empire was deeply ingrainedingrained– Colonial unity was Colonial unity was

poorpoor– Open rebellion was Open rebellion was

dangerousdangerous• Americans were Americans were

shocked into shocked into backing backing IndependenceIndependence– Burning of Norfolk Burning of Norfolk

and Falmouthand Falmouth– The hiring of The hiring of

HessiansHessians

• 1776 Publication of “Common Sense”“Common Sense” one of the most influential pamphlets ever written

• Author- Thomas Paine Author- Thomas Paine “The Royal Brutes of “The Royal Brutes of Britain”Britain”

• Paine and the idea of Paine and the idea of RepublicanismRepublicanism– Independence and the Independence and the

development of development of RepublicRepublic

– Power should flow Power should flow from the peoplefrom the people

– ““Consent of the Consent of the Governed”Governed”

– Page 136-137Page 136-137

• Self-government prepared the Self-government prepared the colonists wellcolonists well..– Practiced Republicanism and democracyPracticed Republicanism and democracy– Absence of hereditary aristocracyAbsence of hereditary aristocracy– Relative Equality- Land OwnershipRelative Equality- Land Ownership– Citizen “Virtue” was a common ideaCitizen “Virtue” was a common idea– Individuals needed to sacrifice their Individuals needed to sacrifice their

personal self interest for the public personal self interest for the public goodgood

– Not all Patriots agrees- pgs 137-138Not all Patriots agrees- pgs 137-138

• 22NDND Continental Continental Congress Congress appointed a appointed a committee to committee to prepare a formal prepare a formal statement of statement of Separation.Separation.

• Written by Thomas Written by Thomas JeffersonJefferson

• Approved by Approved by Congress. July 4Congress. July 4thth, , 17761776

• Pages 137-139Pages 137-139

PATRIOTS VS VS LOYALISTS• PatriotsPatriots (Whigs)

not only fought the British, but also the LoyalistsLoyalists (Tories)

• Many colonists were apathetic or neutral

• PatriotsPatriots and BritishBritish fought for the allegiance and support of the civilian population

• A struggle for the hearts and minds of the people

• The BritishBritish proved fatally inept. Pg 146

• Many families split over the issue- The Franklins

• LoyalistsLoyalists were about 16% of the population

• Educated, wealthy, and cultured- benefited from the ties with BritainBritain

• 80,000 loyalistloyalist chose to leave the colonies

• 50,000 loyalistsloyalists served the BritishBritish

• BATTLE CHART ASSIG.BATTLE CHART ASSIG.

REVOLUTION IN DIPLOMACY• France was eager to France was eager to

inflame the quarrel in inflame the quarrel in America.America.

• America badly needed America badly needed help in their struggle help in their struggle against Britain.against Britain.

• An alliance was bornAn alliance was born• America had America had

revolutionary ideas in revolutionary ideas in internal affairs:internal affairs:– End colonialism and End colonialism and

mercantilismmercantilism– Supported free trade Supported free trade

and freedom of the and freedom of the seasseas

– Rule of law instead of Rule of law instead of brute powerbrute power

• Continental Congress Continental Congress established a “Model established a “Model Treaty” to guide Treaty” to guide American diplomatsAmerican diplomats– No Political ConnectionNo Political Connection– No Military ConnectionNo Military Connection– Only Commercial Only Commercial

ConnectionConnection• The bonds of mutual The bonds of mutual

commercial interests commercial interests would guarantee would guarantee peaceful relations peaceful relations among statesamong states

• Franklin’s actions in Franklin’s actions in FranceFrance

THE PEACE AT PARISAfter Yorktown,

many Britons were weary of war and ready to come to terms.

Three American peace negotiators gathered at Paris:Ben FranklinJohn Adams John Jay

THE PEACE AT PARIS Congress instructed

them to make no separate peace and to consult the French at all times

Both France and Spain wanted an independent America limited to east of the Appalachian Mts.

France feared a strong America

John Jay secretly negotiated with the English and quickly came to terms with the English in 1782.

Treaty of Paris 1783Britain formally

recognized the Independence of the United States

Boundaries were set:Mississippi River in

the WestGreat Lakes to the

northSpanish Florida to

the southShare of fishing

rights off of Newfoundland

Loyalists were to be respected and lands restored

All British debt would be paid.

TREATY OF PARIS