america & the world

America & the WorldChapter 20

Section 1: Expansion in the Pacific• Goals• Identify the major factors that drove imperialism• Explain how the United States acquired Hawaii• Describe the U.S. role in China• Discuss how Japan became a world power

• Pennsylvania State Standards – 8.1.9.A, 8.1.9.B, 8.2.9.A, 8.2.9.B, 8.3.9.A, 8.3.9.B, 8.3.9.C, 8.3.9.D, 8.4.9.C

The Impulse for Imperialism• Imperialism: quest for

colonial empires

• Where: Africa, Asia, Latin America

• Why: Markets, Raw Materials, Power, Prestige

• Colonize: Protect interests, prevent competition

The Impulse for Imperialism• “Small states are of the past and have no future…The great

nations are rapidly absorbing for their future expansion and their present defense all the waste places of the earth. It is a movement which makes for civilization and the advancement of the race. As one of the great nations of the world, the United States must not fall out of line of march.”

~ Henry Cabot Lodge

The Impulse for Imperialism• The Influence of Sea Power upon

History, Alfred Thayer Mahan of the U.S. Naval War College• Strong navy• Overseas bases

• Other reasons for expansion• Spread political system• Christian religion

Acquiring Hawaii

• Location: Pacific Ocean, about 2,000 miles west of California• Attraction: • Tropical climate• Lava-enriched soil• Possible naval bases• Fueling stations for ships

American Influence in Hawaii• 1st U.S. contact – trading and whaling ships

• Missionaries• Spread Christianity• Settled• Raised crops especially sugar

• Sugar industry exploded, Americans gained influence over King Kalakaua

• Sugar deal (no tariff)

• Pearl Harbor, Annex Rumors, Bayonet Constitution

• McKinley Tariff (1890) – sugar to U.S. duty-free, crushes Hawaiian sugar industry, U.S. produces receive a subsidy (payment from the government)

A Nationalist Queen• Queen Liliuokalani – took over

Hawaii after Kalakaua died• Favored independent Hawaii

• U.S. Minister John L. Stevens• Ordered marines to surround and

occupy capital building and the queen

• Queen surrendered her throne• Sanford B. Dole – became president

• President Grover Cleveland unhappy• President William McKinley happy

U.S. Involvement in China• History of trading with China – 1784 Empress of China

• Closed versus Open countries

• Spheres of Influence: regions where a particular country has established rights or power in an area

• The Open Door Policy• Proposed by Secretary of State John Hay• Keep all China ports open to all nations• Never accepted / Nor rejected = Hay announced it’s approval

The Boxer Rebellion• Fists of Righteous Harmony

(the Boxers)• Resented foreigners &

missionaries• Blame for problems

• 8 week siege

• China maintained sovereignty but forced to pay $333 million to European powers for damages!

An Emerging Japan• 1854 – Commodore Matthew Perry’s visit to

Japan, open up trade between the nations

• As Japan emerged rapidly into a strong nation, competition between Russia for Chinese lands developed.

• 1904 – Russo-Japanese War broke out in Manchuria

• Portsmouth, New Hampshire: President Roosevelt negotiated a peace treaty (subsequently won Nobel Peace Prize)

• U.S. reminded Japan of their military might – world cruise

Section 2: War with Spain

• Goals• Describe Spain’s response to the revolt in Cuba.• Explain the significance and impact of the Spanish-

American War.• Identify the economic effects of the major battles of the

Spanish-American War.• Explain what happened to the Philippines after the

Spanish-American War.


Conflict in Cuba• Cuba• Located 90 miles from Florida Keys• American interests• Under Spanish rule

• José Martí – Advocate for Cuban independence

• Actions of Gen. Valeriano Weyler…200,000 Cubans died!!!

The United States Reacts• Many Americans sympathetic…

why? • Influence of the Media• William Randolph Hearst, “New

York Journal” (Citizen Kane similarities)

• Joseph Pulitzer, “New York World”• Yellow Journalism

• “Remember the Maine!”• Feb. 15th 1898 • 260 sailors died• Cause?• War! April 25th 1898

War with Spain (Philippines)• Teller Amendment: Once Cuba won

its independence, government and control up to its people, not U.S.

• 1st Battle fought in the Philippines…why?• Ast. Sec. of the Navy, Theodore

Roosevelt• Commodore George Dewey

• Emilio Aguinaldo – assists U.S.• Led rebel army of Filipino patriots

War with Spain (Cuba)• Fighting in Cuba• Obstacles

• Men• Training• Uniforms

• Rough Riders

• Aftermath of the War• U.S. gains Puerto Rico, Guam,

Philippines ($20 mil)• Spain gave up all claim to Cuba• Approximately 5,400 U.S. soldiers died

Uproar over the Philippines• Annexation Debate• Arguments for:

• Trade• Democracy• Keep out European powers

• Arguments against• Violation of our own country’s

ideals

• Philippine Government Act (1902)• Jones Act of 1916• Philippines gain independence in

1946

Section 3: Expansion in Latin America• Goals• Describe how the United States governed Cuba and

Puerto Rico.• Analyze and identify the major obstacles in the

construction of the Panama Canal.• Summarize U.S. policy toward Latin America during the

late 1800s and early 1900s.


Governing Cuba & Puerto Rico• Cuba• Platt Amendment: Cuba a

protectorate• 1934 – renounce right to interfere

• Puerto Rico• The Foraker Act: territorial govt in P.R.• The Jones Act: granted U.S.

citizenship, elect both houses of legis.• 1952 – became a self-governing

commonwealth

The Panama Canal• Why?• Early French effort• 1st U.S. attempt• Rebuffed• Roosevelt furious

• Roosevelt “I took the Canal Zone and let Congress debate” (supported rebellion)

• Work begins (1904), opens (1914)• Obstacles?

Relations with Latin America• Enforced Monroe Doctrine• The Roosevelt Corollary• Protects Dominican Republic• International Police Power

• Dollar Diplomacy

Section 4: Conflict with Mexico

• Goals• List the major events of the Mexican Revolution.• Explain why the United States intervened in Mexico.• Report on the outcomes of the Mexican Revolution.


Mexico Under Díaz• Mexico before Díaz• Neglect• Crime• War

• Restored order• Brought American Investment• Many Mexicans did not receive the

benefits of economic growth

The Mexican Revolution• Díaz won re-election (1910) by force & fraud• Emiliano Zapata – called for land distribution• Francisco Madero – unified opposition forces and let the

Mexican Revolution• Díaz resigned in May 1911

• United States supported Madero• Lack of control• Díaz supporters fight back• Victoriano Huerta (Madero’s general) seized control• Madero – imprisoned and later murdered

The Mexican Revolution cont.• Huerta continued to fight against an array of opponents.• Venustiano Carranza• Francisco “Pancho” Villa• Emiliano Zapata• Álvaro Obregón

U.S. Intervention• Huerta lost recognition from

President Wilson (U.S.)• U.S. lifts embargo on arms sales to

Mexico

• Tampico• USS Dolphin stationed• Crew members were arrested• Released but U.S. demanded

apology…ironic???

• Occupation of Veracruz• Huerta resigns, fled to Spain

The Revolution Winds Down• By 1915• Villa and Zapata controlled about 2/3 of Mexico• Carranza controlled Mexico City (U.S. recognized)

• Villa invaded U.S. soil at Columbus, New Mexico• Wilson ordered capture of Villa, sent General John J. Pershing

after him

• Carranza solidified power, new constitution included progressive reforms but state owned resources

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